西瓜嫁接防病害

西瓜枯萎病是一种毁灭性病害。目前防治此病尚无特效药物,多采用轮作换茬、客土改良、土壤消毒等措施预防,但在西瓜大面积种植地区,轮作换茬土地调整不开,土壤消毒费工费时,因此,采用西瓜嫁接是目前比较先进且行之有效的方法。西瓜嫁接采用南瓜或葫芦苗作砧     

西瓜组培苗嫁接技术的研究

西瓜组培苗往往不易移栽成活,且生长差。通过砧木嫁接的方法,可提高苗的成活率并改善苗的生长状况。实验研究了接穗炼苗的天数、接穗叶片数、接口用不同外源激素处理与嫁接成活率的关系。条件优化后,嫁接后成活率可达85％,为西瓜优良品种的快速繁殖以及西瓜抗虫、抗病、品质改良等基因工程的研究奠定了基础。     

用葫芦做亲本进行西瓜嫁接的技术

用葫芦做亲本进行西瓜嫁接的技术杜守成（山东省沂南县苏村中心中学,２７６３６１）西瓜不能重茬,需每年更换地块,否则会出现大面积的死秧,使西瓜产量大幅度下降。利用葫芦做亲本进行西瓜嫁接的方法可以克服因重茬不能种瓜的难题,同时利用葫芦的根系发达,使西瓜的产...     

葫芦籽嫁接西瓜栽培技术

为了解决西瓜重茬及西瓜枯萎病的发生,提高西瓜种植户经济价值的问题,使瓜农获得较为理想的经济效益。本文从西瓜嫁接技术到栽培管理及注意事项几个方面论述了用优质葫芦籽嫁接西瓜的方法。     

西瓜枯萎病及抗性育种研究进展

西瓜枯萎病是一种毁灭性的土传真菌病害,给西瓜生产造成了严重的经济损失,选育抗性新品种是防治西瓜枯萎病的一种有效手段.主要对西瓜枯萎病的症状、病原、侵染途径、抗性机制及抗性育种等方面进行了综述,并对西瓜枯萎病及抗性育种研究进行展望.     

枯萎病菌侵染后棉苗体内多酚氧化酶活性的变化

氟乐灵诱发处理及枯萎病菌侵染可明显提高棉苗叶片和根部组织中多酚氧化酶活性。枯萎病菌侵染后,经氟乐灵诱发处理并产生诱导抗性的棉苗及抗病品种棉苗中多酚氧化酶活性快速上升,增加幅度大,而感病品种棉苗中酶活性前期无明显增加,后期才有一定程度的上升,由此认为,多酚氧化酶可能在棉花对枯萎病的抗性及由氟乐灵诱发的诱导抗性中起作用。     

基于RAPD、ISSR和AFLP对西瓜枯萎病菌遗传多样性的评价

利用RAPD、ISSR和AFLP分子标记技术对50个西瓜枯萎病菌株进行了分析。结果表明,21个RAPD引物、21个ISSR引物和21对AFLP引物分别对供试菌株扩增出113、134和389条带,三种分子标记的遗传相似系数比较一致,均可揭示西瓜枯萎病菌的遗传变异特点。三种分子标记产生的聚类分析结果存在一定差异,其中RAPD类群与生理小种和地理来源之间均不存在明显关系;而AFLP和ISSR类群与生理小种之间存在一定相关性,与菌株的地理来源关系不明显.     

致腐真菌侵染对梨果实愈伤组织防御机制的影响

以梨果实愈伤组织为材料,对轮纹病原菌(Botryosphaeria berengriana f.sp.piricola,BBP)和褐腐病原菌(Monilinia fructigena Honcy,MFH)侵染后的组织细胞膜透性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和防御酶系活性进行了测定,试图从细胞水平探讨防御酶系活性变化与组织感病进程的关系及其在组织生理防卫机制中的作用.结果表明:（1）接种褐腐病菌的组织出现褐变早,腐烂扩展速度和严重程度均明显高于接种轮纹病菌的组织;接菌后其相对电导率和MDA含量均呈上升趋势,且接种褐腐病菌的组织上升程度也远高于轮纹病菌侵染的组织.（2）愈伤组织接菌后120 h内,过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性均表现出先升后降的趋势,但各种酶活性高峰峰值和出现的时间不同;轮纹病菌侵染的组织内各种防御酶活性均显著高于褐腐病菌侵染的组织,这与其受侵染组织腐烂慢、褐化程度低相对应.研究发现,防御酶系在组织对病原菌侵染的生理防卫反应中发挥了重要作用,其活性变化与果实防腐能力呈正相关.     

基于RAPD、ISSR和AFLP对西瓜枯萎病菌遗传多样性的评价

利用RAPD、ISSR和AFLP分子标记技术对50个西瓜枯萎病菌株进行了分析。结果表明,21个RAPD引物、21个ISSR引物和21对AFLP引物分别对供试菌株扩增出113、134和389条带,三种分子标记的遗传相似系数比较一致,均可揭示西瓜枯萎病菌的遗传变异特点。三种分子标记产生的聚类分析结果存在一定差异,其中RAPD类群与生理小种和地理来源之间均不存在明显关系;而AFLP和ISSR类群与生理小种之间存在一定相关性,与菌株的地理来源关系不明显。     

基于RAPD、ISSR和AFLP对西瓜枯萎病菌遗传多样性的评价

利用RAPD、ISSR和AFLP分子标记技术对50个西瓜枯萎病菌株进行了分析。结果表明,21个RAPD引物、21个ISSR引物和21对AFLP引物分别对供试菌株扩增出113、134和389条带,三种分子标记的遗传相似系数比较一致,均可揭示西瓜枯萎病菌的遗传变异特点。三种分子标记产生的聚类分析结果存在一定差异,其中RAPD类群与生理小种和地理来源之间均不存在明显关系;而AFLP和ISSR类群与生理小种之间存在一定相关性,与菌株的地理来源关系不明显。     

棉花抗枯萎病相关ERF-B3亚组转录因子的克隆与表达

以拟南芥ERF-B3亚组转录因子的AP2/ERF结构域为探针,利用NCBI中的棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)EST数据库,通过电子克隆结合RT-PCR方法,从枯萎病菌诱导后的高抗枯萎病品种‘中棉所12’克隆到1个与抗枯萎病相关的ERF-B3亚组转录因子基因GhB301。序列分析结果显示,GhB301基因cDNA全长593 bp,开放阅读框384 bp,编码127个氨基酸,含有一个保守的AP2/ERF结构域。实时荧光定量PCR检测该基因的表达显示,枯萎病菌诱导后,GhB301基因在棉花根中、抗病品种中优势表达;在乙烯、水杨酸、干旱、低温及高盐的诱导下表达量均发生变化。研究结果表明,GhB301基因可能参与了棉花对病原菌、激素及非生物胁迫的应答反应。     

棉花抗枯萎病相关转录因子基因的克隆与表达

以枯萎病菌诱导棉花基因表达谱中获得的差异表达bZIP作为探针,采用电子克隆结合RT-PCR方法从棉花抗枯萎病品种‘中棉所12’中克隆了1个TGA转录因子基因,命名为GhTGA2.2。序列分析表明,该基因的cDNA全长1 356bp,编码451个氨基酸,预测分子量为50.04kD,等电点为5.85,含有保守的bZIP结构域。系统进化树分析表明,GhTGA2.2属于bZIP亚家族的TGA转录因子,与拟南芥AtTGA2、烟草NtTGA2.2亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR分析表明,经枯萎病菌诱导后,GhTGA2.2基因在抗病品种中呈上调表达,随处理后时间的推移,其相对表达量呈先升高后降低的趋势,并于处理后24h表达量达到最大;水杨酸诱导后1h,GhTGA2.2基因相对表达量迅速增加;茉莉酸和乙烯诱导后GhTGA2.2基因的相对表达量明显降低,呈下调表达。研究推测,GhTGA2.2基因可能通过水杨酸信号传导途径参与对枯萎病菌的防御反应。     

大豆根瘤内抗棉花枯萎病菌株的筛选及其防病试验

【目的】采用优良抗病性内生菌资源来控制棉花枯萎病是一种有效的措施。本研究从大豆根瘤中筛选棉花枯萎病拮抗性内生细菌,探索其对棉花枯萎病菌丝的抑制作用和代表菌株特性,为发掘和应用防病、抗逆优良菌株提供理论基础。【方法】采用对峙法和代谢液培养法对大豆根瘤内生细菌进行棉花枯萎病菌抑菌性筛选,显微观察法研究筛选菌株引起病原菌菌丝变化,通过菌株培养特征、理化特性和16S r DNA序列同源性分析确定菌株系统发育地位,比色法测定DD174耐盐碱性,盆栽试验验证防病效果。【结果】经复筛和代谢液试验有5株拮抗性较强菌株,被作用病原菌菌丝畸形、细胞壁消失、自溶,菌丝基部加粗、分支增多,呈树根状;菌丝被菌苔包埋而溶解、断裂,菌丝末端球形膨大。对棉花枯萎病菌的抑制作用主要通过菌体产生胞外代谢物发挥作用。菌株DD174、DD176和DD179最相似菌株分别为Bacillus oceanisediminis H2T(GQ292772)和B.thuringiensis ATCC 10792T(AF290545),菌株DD165和DD166最相似菌株均为Stenotrophomonas maltophilia LMG 958T(X95923)。DD174能耐受6%盐浓度,p H 10生长良好,具有一定耐盐碱能力。DD174处理组防治效果达76.32%,其他防效均在62%以上,可作为棉花枯萎病的生防菌株资源。【结论】大豆根瘤内存在棉花枯萎病内生拮抗细菌,其中有些菌株具有一定耐盐碱能力,对棉花枯萎病病原菌及病害有一定抑菌和防病作用。     

Differential induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in date palm roots in response to inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis and to elicitation with fungal wall elicitor

The inoculation of the roots of resistant (BSTN) and susceptible (JHL) cultivars of date palm seedlings byFusarium oxysporum f. sp.albedinis (Foa) induces an increase in activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (E.C. 4. 3. 1. 5., PAL). The post-infectional response in the PAL activity in the resistant cultivar roots was faster and higher than that in the susceptible cultivar. However, the elicitation of the seedlings by the hyphal wall preparation (HWP) ofFoa induces an identical PAL response in the resistant and the susceptible cultivars. The elicitor activity of HWP was dose-dependent, the optimal concentration which induces a maximum PAL activity was 10 mg of mycelium per mL. The elicitor present in the HWP was thermostable since its elicitor activity was maintained after heat treatment (121 °C for 45 min). The treatment of the HWP with protease (Pronase E) does not have an effect on the HWP elicitor activity. However, the treatment of the HWP with sodium periodate inhibits its elicitor activity. This data suggests that the HWP elicitor is a carbohydrate compound. In addition, the HWP elicitor is non-specific since it induces identical responses of the PAL activity in two cultivars showing different behaviors to the pathogen. The absence of specificity of HWP elicitors and the differential response of the PAL activity to the infection byFoa and to the elicitation by the HWP are discussed. An explanation of the general interactions between plant and parasite is proposed.     

拮抗棉花枯萎病菌的地黄内生细菌筛选、鉴定和促生潜能

[目的]为了筛选棉花枯萎病菌拮抗性菌株资源,从药用植物地黄根块中分离内生细菌,分析优良菌株的促植物生长特性和耐盐碱特性,发掘优良菌株资源,为研发棉花枯萎病生防菌剂提供参考价值.[方法]采用平板对峙法对分离内生细菌进行棉花枯萎病菌拮抗性试验,荧光显微镜观察法研究病原菌菌丝的变化、分光光度计法测定吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量和1...     

Hydroxylation of steroids by Fusarium oxysporum, Exophiala jeanselmei and Ceratocystis paradoxa

The potential of Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense UAMH 9013 to perform steroid biotransformations was reinvestigated using single phase and pulse feed conditions. The following natural steroids served as substrates: dehydroepiandrosterone (1), pregnenolone (2), testosterone (3), progesterone (4), cortisone (5), prednisone (6), estrone (7) and sarsasapogenin (8). The results showed the possible presence of C-7 and C-15 hydroxylase enzymes. This hypothesis was explored using three synthetic androstanes: androstane-3,17-dione (9), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (10) and 3α,5α-cycloandrost-6-en-17-one (11). These fermentations of non-natural steroids showed that C-7 hydroxylation was as a result of that position being allylic. The evidence also pointed towards the presence of a C-15 hydroxylase enzyme.The eleven steroids were also fed to Exophialajeanselmei var. lecanii-corni UAMH 8783. The results showed that the fungus appears to have very active 5α and 14α-hydroxylase enzymes, and is also capable of carrying out allylic oxidations.Ceratocystis paradoxa UAMH 8784 was grown in the presence of the above-mentioned steroids. The results showed that monooxygenases which effect allylic hydroxylation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement were active. However, redox reactions predominated.     

Combined application of botanical formulations and biocontrol agents for the management of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) causing Fusarium wilt in banana

Plant products along with biocontrol agents were tested against Fusarium wilt of banana caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Of the 22 plant species tested, the leaf extract of Datura metel (10%) showed complete inhibition of the mycelial growth of Foc. Two botanical fungicides, Wanis 20 EC and Damet 50 EC along with selected PGPR strains with known biocontrol activity, Pseudomonas fluorescens 1, Pf1 and Bacillus subtilis, TRC 54 were tested individually and in combination for the management of Fusarium wilt under greenhouse and field conditions. Combined application of botanical formulation and biocontrol agents (Wanis 20 EC + Pf1 + TRC 54) reduced the wilt incidence significantly under greenhouse (64%) and field conditions (75%). Reduction in disease incidence was positively correlated with the induction of defense-related enzymes peroxidase (PO) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Three antifungal compounds (two glycosides and one ester) in D. metel were separated and identified using TLC, RP-HPLC (Reverse Phase-High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) and mass spectrometry. In this study it is clear that combined application of botanical formulations and biocontrol agents can be very effective in the management of Fusarium wilt of banana.     

Management Fusarium wilt on melon and watermelon by Penicillium oxalicum

The potential of the biological control fungus Penicillium oxalicum to suppress wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis and F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum on melon and watermelon, respectively, was tested under different growth conditions. The area under disease progress curve of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis infected melon plants was significantly reduced in growth chamber and field experiments. In glasshouse experiments, it was necessary to apply P. oxalicum and dazomet in order to reduce Fusarium wilt severity in melons caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis. For watermelons, we found that P. oxalicum alone reduced the area under the disease progress curve by 58% in the growth chamber experiments and 54% in the glasshouse experiments. From these results, we suggested that P. oxalicum may be effective for the management of Fusarium wilt in melon and watermelon plants.     

Isoforms of trehalase and invertase of Fusarium oxysporum

Enzymatic assays and native PAGE were used to study trehalase and invertase activities, depending on culture age and different sugar conditions, in cell-free extracts, culture filtrates and ribosomal wash of Fusarium oxysporum. The activity of invertase preceded that of trehalase; in the exponential phase of growth, mainly invertase activity was produced, whereas trehalase activity was high in the stationary phase. In this last phase of growth, the activity of intracellular trehalase was repressed by monosaccharides, whereas disaccharides, especially lactose and starch, enhanced the activity of intracellular and extracellular trehalase. However, invertase activity was not repressed under these conditions and had the maximal activity in the presence of saccharose. Intracellular trehalase appeared in a single, high-molecular weight (120 kDa) form, whereas the extracellular enzyme appeared in a single, low-molecular weight (60 kDa) form. The activity pattern of invertase isoforms indicated the occurrence of three forms of intracellular enzyme with the main activity band at 120 kDa and two isoforms of extracellular enzyme. In the ribosomal wash, high-molecular weight isoforms of both trehalase and invertase were identified. A possible role of trehalase and invertase in carbohydrate metabolism of fungal pathogens is also discussed.     

设施黄瓜连作土壤对黄瓜枯萎病菌致病力的影响

为系统研究设施蔬菜连作障碍的发生机制,探讨连作年限对蔬菜土传病害病原菌致病力的影响。本文以山东省德州市王杲铺镇看水庄村不同连作年限的设施黄瓜大棚中采集的土壤样品为研究对象,通过测定其土壤理化性质分析土壤次生盐渍化的程度,并用不同连作年限土壤进行盆栽实验,分析黄瓜植株的生长情况、发病情况及黄瓜枯萎病菌在黄瓜植株内和根际土壤中的定殖情况,研究不同连作年限土壤对黄瓜枯萎病菌致病力的影响。结果表明,所有土壤样品的pH均在8.0以上,呈碱性;土壤样品的全磷含量与pH变化趋势一致;连作8年土壤中黄瓜枯萎病菌在黄瓜植株茎部的定殖数量最多,黄瓜植株的病情指数和发病率最高,说明黄瓜枯萎病菌在黄瓜植株茎部定殖数量多少与黄瓜植株的病情指数和发病率高低的变化趋势一致。综上所述,本研究为设施蔬菜土壤土传病害的防控提供了理论依据。