不同中药提取物对苹果采后保鲜活性筛选

采用市售的39种中药为材料,以"富士"苹果(Malus pumila Mil)为供试果蔬,采用喷雾法,测定了供试中药提取物对采后苹果果实的室温保鲜活性,以期筛选出具有较高保鲜活性植物源物质,为开发新型植物源果蔬保鲜剂提供依据。结果表明:在苹果室温贮藏过程中,茵陈蒿、花椒和知母的乙醇提取物具有较好的保鲜活性,在浓度为1.0 mg DW/m L时能够显著降低苹果的坏果率、失重率,有效延缓其硬度、口感、风味、Vc的变化,提高其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶及过氧化物酶活性,抑制相对电导率的上升,保鲜效果明显。这3种植物具备开发成为果蔬保鲜剂的潜力,值得进一步研究。     

18种植物源物质对枸杞鲜果的保鲜活性

为延长枸杞鲜果的贮存时间,开发专用植物源保鲜剂,采用浸泡法初步研究18种植物提取物对枸杞鲜果的保鲜作用。结果表明,荷叶乙醇提取物和柠檬油对枸杞鲜果具有较好的保鲜活性,在1 g/L和1 mL/L剂量时,处理5 d后好果率分别为78.64%和72.22%,质量损失率分别为7.68%和8.13%,显著优于标准药剂1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP 0.25 μL/L,P<0.05）;其次为肉桂油、丁香叶油、香紫苏油、卡楠加油、丹参提取物和知母提取物,好果率均在50%以上;最佳使用剂量筛选表明,荷叶乙醇提取物和柠檬油二者分别在2 g/L和400 μL/L时对枸杞鲜果的保鲜效果最好,处理5 d后枸杞鲜果好果率均在80%以上,显著优于1-MCP（0.25 μL/L）处理。可见荷叶提取物和柠檬油对枸杞鲜果具有较好的保鲜活性,值得进一步研究。     

荷叶离褶伞保鲜方法及其贮藏效果

新鲜食用菌含水量高,组织脆弱,采后品质易发生劣变。荷叶离褶伞是近年来新兴的一种食药用真菌,味道鲜美且富含营养和药用价值,受到消费者喜爱,但目前关于荷叶离褶伞的保鲜研究较少。本研究以新鲜荷叶离褶伞为试材,探究温度、包装方式以及不同保鲜处理对荷叶离褶伞贮藏品质的影响,旨在确定较适合荷叶离褶伞的贮藏保鲜条件。结果表明,0.75μL/L1-MCP处理结合不打孔PE袋和托盘包装于4℃条件下储藏是荷叶离褶伞较为适宜的保鲜条件,在该条件下,荷叶离褶伞的亮度值L*、硬度、弹性、内聚性、可溶性固形物含量最高,失重率和褐变程度最小,荷叶离褶伞保持了较好的品质,试验结果为荷叶离褶伞保鲜提供了理论参考。     

CO2和1-MCP组合处理对磨盘柿贮藏效果的影响

以磨盘柿采后果实为材料,研究1-MCP的处理以及CO2脱涩与1-MCP组合处理对磨盘柿室温和0~1℃贮藏过程中果实硬度、可溶性单宁含量、总抗坏血酸(TAA)含量以及抗氧化活性的影响。结果显示:(1)贮藏过程中柿果实硬度随时间延长呈下降趋势,室温贮藏CO2处理5 d、CO2处理后进行1-MCP(CO2//1-MCP)处理10 d、1-MCP处理后进行CO2(1-MCP//CO2)处理15 d、CO2与1-MCP同时(CO2+1-MCP)处理30 d均完全软化,0~1℃贮藏75 d后硬度最高的是CO2+1-MCP处理(12.43 kg.cm-2),最低的是CO2//1-MCP处理(2.80 kg.cm-2),甚至低于CO2处理(5.71 kg.cm-2);(2)柿果实可溶性单宁和总抗坏血酸(TAA)含量与脱涩有关,CO2处理、CO2//1-MCP处理、1-MCP//CO2处理和CO2+1-MCP处理大幅低于CK和1-MCP处理,1-MCP处理抑制了可溶性单宁和TAA含量的下降;(3)室温贮藏中除CO2处理之外的处理柿果实总酚含量呈小幅上升趋势,0~1℃贮藏中CK、1-MCP处理、1-MCP//CO2处理和CO2+1-MCP处理的总酚含量稳定在9.91~12.38 mg.g-1FW之间,CO2处理和CO2//1-MCP处理于30 d之后迅速下降,至75 d时分别只有6.83和6.32 mg.g-1FW;(4)各组处理柿果实ABTS自由基清除能力和氧自由基清除能力值(ORAC)的变化趋势与总酚含量大致相当。研究发现,1-MCP能有效阻止磨盘柿果实贮藏期间的硬度、可溶性单宁含量、TAA含量以及抗氧化活性的下降,CO2脱涩与1-MCP处理的不同顺序对硬度和抗氧化活性影响巨大,但对可溶性单宁和TAA含量影响甚微;先CO2脱涩后1-MCP处理对磨盘柿贮藏效应影响不大,1-MCP处理和高浓度CO2脱涩同时进行是磨盘柿脱涩保鲜的最优方案。     

抑制水果采后致腐真菌的植物资源研究进展

新鲜水果采摘后易受周围环境的病原微生物特别是真菌侵染而腐烂。开发水果防腐保鲜剂,降低水果腐烂率,不仅有助于人体健康,也减少了经济损失和资源浪费。用植物资源及其提取物制成的植物源水果防腐保鲜剂具有安全、环境友好对人、动物等非靶标生物无害或毒性较小等优点,已成为水果保鲜领域的研究热点。本文对水果采后主要病害和致腐真菌、易感染水果及主要症状等进行总结,对具有抑制致腐真菌活性的植物资源及研究状况进行概述,为后期植物源防腐保鲜剂的开发提供参考。     

用于樱桃番茄保鲜的纳米银复合膜材料研究与应用

纳米银（silver nanoparticles, AgNPs）及其他纳米颗粒因具有抑菌和阻隔特性,在果蔬保鲜中的应用越来越受到重视。为了开发高效的果蔬绿色保鲜涂膜,利用菊花提取物绿色合成了纳米银,并研究了其对交链孢霉菌的抑制性能。制备了AgNPs和壳聚糖（chitosan,CTS）的AgNPs-CTS复合涂膜,并考察了其对樱桃番茄保鲜的影响。结果发现,所合成AgNPs呈球形,尺寸小且分散良好,对交链孢霉菌具有良好的抑菌活性。樱桃番茄的保鲜试验表明,AgNPs-CTS涂膜的保鲜性能优于CTS组和空白组,贮藏15 d后AgNPs-CTS涂膜对保持樱桃番茄中较高的可溶性固形物、滴定酸和Vc含量具有积极作用,并能显著降低樱桃番茄的腐烂率和失重率。综上表明,该AgNPs合成方法可减少有毒化学试剂的使用,绿色环保,抑菌性能良好,其与壳聚糖复合成膜可应用于樱桃番茄的采后保鲜。研究结果可为绿色环保纳米银复合保鲜涂膜的开发及应用提供科学参考。     

不同贮藏条件对沙田柚果实苦味物质含量的影响

沙田柚原产广西,营养丰富且适合高血压和糖尿病等患者食用,近年来在沙田柚产业中存在品质下降、有苦味、异味生成等问题。为了研究不同贮藏条件下沙田柚苦味物质的含量变化,该文利用高效液相色谱仪,对室温包薄膜袋(A)、室温不包薄膜袋(B)和4℃低温不包薄膜袋(C)三种不同贮藏条件下,沙田柚外果皮、中果皮、囊衣、汁胞和种子中柚皮苷、柠檬苦素和诺米林在贮藏过程中的含量变化进行了测定。结果表明：沙田柚果实苦味物质以柚皮苷为主,主要分布在中果皮和囊衣中,柠檬苦素主要分布在种子和外果皮中,诺米林主要分布在种子中。各处理果实在贮藏过程中苦味物质含量变化不同,其中柚皮苷含量略有上升,柠檬苦素和诺米林含量整体呈下降趋势,略有波动,而汁胞中柠檬苦素和诺米林含量先上升再下降。三种不同贮藏条件相比,4℃低温不包薄膜袋贮藏的果实汁胞中柚皮苷和柠檬苦素的含量最高,在贮藏第30天,A、B、C 三种不同贮藏条件果实汁胞中柚皮苷含量分别为(0.139±0.006)、(0.190±0.009)和(0.194±0.019) mg?g-1,柠檬苦素含量分别为(47.28±1.91)、(33.64±1.90)和(84.19±5.56)μg?g-1。与此相反,外果皮、中果皮、囊衣和种子中柚皮苷、柠檬苦素和诺米林含量最低。该研究结果为采后沙田柚贮藏保鲜方式的选择提供了理论指导。     

16种植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨的生物活性测定

测定了16种植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨成螨的产卵忌避、驱避及毒杀生物活性。试验结果表明,海芋、山苍子及盐肤木茎叶的乙醇提取物有明显的产卵忌避作用,忌避率在96.43%以上;山苍子、枫香植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨成螨的驱避作用明显,驱避率在80%以上;山苍子、盐肤木茎叶、牡荆和幌伞枫提取物对桔全爪螨成螨的毒杀效果明显,在处理72h后,死亡率在92%以上。     

生物保鲜技术在果蔬防腐中的应用及研究进展

随着人们对食品安全问题的普遍关注,果蔬保鲜技术发展迅速,寻求一种更安全、高效的生物保鲜剂成为食品保鲜领域的研究趋势。本文介绍了生物保鲜技术的基本原理;总结了三类主要生物保鲜技术在果蔬防腐中的应用,包括利用微生物菌体及其代谢产物的保鲜、天然提取物的保鲜以及基因工程保鲜技术;最后讨论了各种生物保鲜技术的不足及今后发展的方向。     

金柚贮藏真菌病害及保鲜技术研究

1998年5月-2000年10月间调查了梅州柚果贮藏期的真菌病害,它们是:①柚果绿霉病(Penicilliumdigitatum),②柚果炭疽病(Collettrichumgloeosporioides),③柚果黑腐病(Alternariacitri),④柚果焦腐病(Diplodianatalensis)和⑤柚果酸腐病(Oosporacitri-aurantii)等5种.从几种安全性高的保鲜剂中筛选出1个混用配方,该配方对柚果贮藏防腐保鲜效果明显,贮藏5个月无病斑果达100%,6个月也只有20%的柚果出现少量病斑,且柚果几项质量指标较好.     

Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on postharvest physiological changes of ‘Zaohong’ plum

Plum is a highly perishable fruit and postharvest fruit softening limits its shelf life. The aim of this work was to study the specific effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on physiological changes in ‘Zaohong’ plums. Plums were treated with 500 nL L⁻¹ 1-MCP at 20°C for 18 h followed by 20°C storage. The results showed that 1-MCP treatment significantly reduced endogenous ethylene production and the activities of ethylene biosynthetic enzymes’ (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, ACS and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase, ACO) in plum fruit during storage when compared with untreated fruit. Although 1-MCP treatment inhibited ethylene production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) accumulation, it did not inhibit the accumulation of N-malonyl-ACC (MACC). Higher firmness was also found in 1-MCP-treated plums than in controls. During storage, superoxide anion (O₂^−·) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels decreased in 1-MCP-treated fruit. 1-MCP treatment also regulated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities during storage. Xylanase activity was upregulated while activities of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methyl esterase (PME) and cellulase enzymes in the fruit were downregulated by 1-MCP treatment. In conclusion, 1-MCP might be a potent compound for extending both storage period and shelf life of ‘Zaohong’ plums by suppressing ethylene biosynthesis, regulating cell wall degradation enzymes and reducing fruit softening.     

聚赖氨酸联合1-MCP处理对草菇保鲜效果的影响

草菇营养丰富,但不耐贮藏,现有保鲜方法无法有效延长其贮藏期,因此延长草菇保鲜期是草菇产业化工厂生产亟待解决的关键技术。本研究以V23草菇为材料,分别用1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）、聚赖氨酸（ε-PL）、ε-PL联合1-MCP处理草菇,比较不同处理方法对贮藏期草菇感官、理化品质的影响,筛选出草菇贮藏的最优方法。结果表明：与其他处理组相比,ε-PL联合1-MCP处理能显著减少草菇的水分散失、保持菇体质构及表面色泽（P<0.05）;最佳组合处理浓度为0.3g/kg ε-PL和0.75µL/L 1-MCP,该处理下草菇能够保持良好的感官品质,维持较高水平的CAT、SOD活性,减少失水和MDA积累,抑制PPO活性,与其他不同处理组相比有显著性差异（P<0.05）。研究表明,0.3g/kg ε-PL联合0.75µL/L 1-MCP处理可以显著延长草菇货架期,为食用菌保鲜提供一个新思路。     

Analysis of physiological and biochemical changes in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Allison) after the postharvest treatment with 1-Methylcyclopropene

Kiwifruits have limited shelf life under ambient conditions. However, it is necessary to extend its life so as to make it available for longer time in the market and to make it commercial fruits in India. Hence, the present study was designed to observe the effect of different concentrations of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on physiological and biochemical parameters which have great influence on post harvest life and quality of kiwifruits. Kiwifruits cv. Allison was treated with different concentrations of 1-Methylcyclopropene (0.5 μL/L, 1 μL/L, 2 μL/L) and un-treated fruits served as control. 1-MCP treatment was given for 24 h at 20°C. After treatments, the fruits were transferred to ambient storage, and observations on different physiological and biochemical parameters were recorded at 3 days interval. Our results indicated that all concentrations of 1-MCP delayed ripening of kiwifruits but 2 μL/L concentrations was the most effective in doing so. Fruits treated with 1-MCP at 2 μL/L started ripening after 12th day of storage whereas untreated fruits started ripening even on 6th day. Polygalactouronase (PG) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme activities were lesser in 1-MCP treated fruits than control. 1-MCP treated fruits respired less and evolved lesser ethylene.     

Effects of 1-MCP and exogenous ethylene on fruit ripening and antioxidants in stored mango

Mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Tainong) fruits were harvested at the green-mature stage in Hainan and air-freighted to the laboratory at Peking. The fruits were treated with either 1 μl l⁻¹ 1-MCP or 5 μl l⁻¹ ethylene for 24 h and stored at 20°C for up to 16 days. 1-MCP maintained fruit firmness, whereas exogenous ethylene decreased fruit firmness. Exogenous ethylene accelerated the increase in ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase, whereas 1-MCP reduced both. Exogenous ethylene stimulated and 1-MCP inhibited the production of H₂O₂ of mango fruit during storage. Ascorbic acid was maintained at a high concentration in 1-MCP-treated fruit but was low in ethylene-treated fruit. 1-MCP inhibited activities of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase. These results suggest that 1-MCP could play a positive role in regulating the activated oxygen metabolism balance. Baogang Wang and Jianhui Wang contributed equally to this work.     

1-Methylcyclopropene influences biochemical attributes and fruit softening enzymes of ‘Santa Rosa’ Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.)

Postharvest life of plum is only 3–4 days, and to make it available for longer period in the market, studies were conducted with the use of 1-MCP (1-Methylcyclopropene) at two maturity stages (climacteric and pre-climacteric) of ‘Santa Rosa’ plums i.e.,. plums were treated with 1-MCP (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 μL L^?1 and ¼ Celfresh tablet) for 24 h at 20°C. After packaging the treated and untreated plums in CFB boxes, these were transported to Delhi, and stored at super market conditions. During storage observations on biochemical attributes and fruit softening enzymes were recorded at 3 day’s interval. Our results revealed that all parameters of plums were significantly influenced by maturity stage, and 1-MCP treatment. All 1-MCP treatments have maintained significantly higher levels of phenols, AOX (Antioxidants), anthocyanin content, and delayed fruit ripening and softening by interfering with fruit softening enzymes like PG (Polygalacturonase) and PME (Pectin methyl esterase). In general, fruits of climacteric stage have higher levels of phenolic and anthocyanin contents and AOX activity than plums of pre-climacteric stage. The activities of fruit softening enzymes like PG and PME were significantly influenced by all concentrations of 1-MCP, but the best inhibition was observed in Celfresh treated plums. Thus, Celfresh tablet can be used for extending the marketability of ‘Santa Rosa’ plums for about 6 days.     

Lignin Deposition and Effect of Postharvest Treatment on Lignification of Green Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)

To understand how lignin synthesis is regulated after harvest, detached green asparagus stalks (Asparagus officinalis L.) were treated with 1 μl l⁻¹ of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), 50 μg l⁻¹ gibberellic acid (GA₃), 2% (v:v) ethanol or 1 μl l⁻¹ ethylene. The results showed that lignin concentration in asparagus stalks stored at room temperature rapidly increased. Three conventional precursors of lignin, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (coumaric acid), 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid) and 4-hydroxy-3-mythoxycinnamic acid (ferulic acid), were found to be the major phenolics in the asparagus stalks. Furthermore, the concentrations of O₂⁻ in asparagus stalks steadily increased during the storage. Deposition of lignin in harvested asparagus was significantly reduced by treating the stalks with GA₃, 1-MCP or ethanol. The concentration of lignin in stalks treated with GA₃, 1-MCP or ethanol was 32, 20 or 27% lower, respectively, than in controls 3 days after treatment. Treating stalks with ethylene enhanced lignin synthesis (p<0.05). The concentration of total phenol in stalks was also significantly reduced by GA₃, 1-MCP and ethanol, but was enhanced by ethylene treatment. However, the concentration of active oxygen (O₂^−⋅) in stalks was significantly reduced by treatment with GA₃, 1-MCP and ethanol, but was enhanced by treatment with ethylene. Our study show that postharvest treatment with 1-MCP, GA₃ or ethanol may be applied to improve the quality of green asparagus.     

Delay ripening of ‘Qingnai’ plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) with 1-methylcyclopropene

‘Qingnai’ plum fruit were treated with 0, 250, 500 or 1000 nL L⁻¹ of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 6 h and stored at 20 °C. The fruit firmness, peel color, chlorophyll content, titratable acidity (TA), respiration rate and ethylene production, chlorophyllase, pectin methylesterase (PME) and polygalacturonase (PG) activities were monitored during postharvest ripening of ‘Qingnai’ plums. ‘Qingnai’ plums without 1-MCP treatment soften very rapidly at room temperature after harvest, showing a continuing decrease in hue angle, chlorophyll content, TA and increase in chlorophyllase, PME and PG activities during postharvest storage. In contrast, the 1-MCP-treated fruits showed reduced ethylene production and respiration rate and delayed softening, which was associated with the reduction in the activity of PME and PG. The 1-MCP treatment also significantly inhibited the chlorophyllase activity and peel color development in ‘Qingnai’ plums during postharvest ripening at 20 °C. These results suggest that 1-MCP treatment may be useful for maintaining the fruit quality and extending the postharvest shelf-life of ‘Qingnai’ plums.     

Comparison of cyclopropene, 1-methylcyclopropene, and 3,3-dimethylcyclopropene as ethylene antagonists in plants

A comparison has been made of cyclopropene (CP), 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), and 3,3-dimethyl-cyclopropene (3,3-DMCP) in their ability to protect plants against ethylene. In bananas, both CP and 1-MCP are effective around 0.5 nL L^–1, and 3,3-DMCP was effective at 1 L L^–1. Bananas treated with CP and 1-MCP again become sensitive to ethylene at 12 days and those treated with 3,3-DMCP at 7 days. Mature green tomatoes are protected by 5–7 nL L^–1 of 1-MPC for 8 days at 25°C and tomatoes treated with 3,3-DMCP at 5–10 L L^–1 are protected for 5 days. Carnation flowers are protected with CP or 1-MCP after exposure to 0.5 nL L^–1 for 24 hours and by 1 L L^–1 of 3,3-DMCP. The display life of Campanula flowers is increased from 3.3 to 5.4 days by 10 L L^–1 of 3,3-DMCP and to 9 days by 20 nL L^–1 of 1-MCP. Ethylene inhibition of pea seedlings is reduced by treatment with 1-MCP at 10 L L^–1 of ethylene but as ethylene is increased to 3000 L L^–1 growth inhibition increases. 3,3-DMCP treatment causes very little reduction of the ethylene effect even at very low concentrations.     

Effect of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene on chlorophyll catabolism of broccoli florets

Branchlets of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) were used to examine ethylene-stimulated chlorophyll catabolism. Branchlets treated with: 1) air (CK); 2) 1 µL·L^–1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 14 hr at 20 °C; 3) 1000 µL·L^–1 ethylene (C₂H₄) for 5 hr at 20 °C; or 4) 1-MCP then C₂H₄, were stored in the dark at 20 °C for up to 3 d. Chlorophyll (Chl) content and branchlet hue angle decreased during the storage period and 1-MCP treatment delayed this change. Chl degradation in broccoli was accelerated by exposure to C₂H₄, especially for Chl a. Prior treatment with 1-MCP prevented degreening stimulated by C₂H₄. Lipoxygenase activity was not altered by any of the treatments, however, 1-MCP with or without ethylene resulted in reduced activity of chlorophyllase (Chlase) and peroxidase (POD). Exposure to C₂H₄ stimulated Chlase activity and extended the duration of high POD activity. Treatment with 1-MCP followed by C₂H₄ resulted in reduced POD activity and delayed the increase in Chlase activity. The results suggest chlorophyll in broccoli can be degraded via the POD – hydrogen peroxide system. Exposure to C₂H₄ enhances activity of Chlase and extends the duration of high POD activity, and these responses may accelerate degreening. Treatment with 1-MCP delays yellowing of broccoli, an effect that may be due to the 1-MCP-induced reduction in POD and Chlase activities.     

The effects of ethylene concentration in controlled atmosphere storage of tomatoes

Previous studies have demonstrated that mature green tomatoes can be stored for up to 10 wk at 12. 5°C, 93–95% r.h. in a controlled atmosphere (CA) containing 5% CO ₂ , 5% O₂ and 90% N ₂ , and will then ripen satisfactorily in air at 20°C. The effects of different concentrations of ethylene between <0.1 and 30 μl/litre in this storage atmosphere on ripening changes and fruit quality after 5 wk CA storage and a further 8 or 9 days ripening in air were investigated using cv. Sonatine glasshouse tomatoes. Maintaining ethylene concentrations in the storage atmosphere to.1 plllitre resulted in poor and uneven ripening of the tomatoes after storage, and increased their susceptibility to infection by Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium spp. Fruit previously stored in atmospheres containing 5 to 30 μl/litre ethylene were significantly softer after ripening than tomatoes stored in lower ethylene concentrations. Overall, the best results in terms of fruit quality (colour, firmness) and a low incidence of fungal infection were achieved with 1–3 μl/litre ethylene. The practical problems in achieving and maintaining optimum conditions, including the correct ethylene level, in CA storage of tomatoes are also discussed.