甘肃小陇山锐齿栎种群结构分析

利用种群统计中的年龄结构,静态生命表和波谱分析的方法,对甘肃小陇山沙坝林业实验基地和麦草沟自然保护区中的锐齿栎种群结构动态进行分析,结果表明该种群年龄结构为衰退型。而静态生命表分析显示锐齿栎种群的存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,死亡率曲线有两个高峰;谱分析结果表明在锐齿栎种群自然更新的过程表现出明显的周期性。     

燕山山脉黄檗种群结构与动态特征

黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）为我国珍稀濒危物种，具有较高的药用价值。以燕山地区野生黄檗种群为研究对象，采用典型抽样对8个保护区内的黄檗进行全面调查，通过编制静态生命表并绘制存活曲线，分析种群年龄结构和种群变化规律，并通过种群动态量化和时间序列预测分析种群未来数量变化。结果表明：（1）黄檗种群结构总体上呈倒"J"型，但存在外部干扰时，种群结构数量变化动态指数为1.017%，表明该种群趋于稳定型；（2）静态生命表及相关曲线分析显示，黄檗种群存活数量整体上随着径级增大，个体数量逐渐下降；黄檗种群的生存期望在不同径级间存在波动，而第Ⅶ径级的生存期望最高，种群存活曲线符合Deevey-Ⅱ型，黄檗种群具有前期减少、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点；（3）时间序列预测分析表明，在未来2、4、6、8个径级之后，黄檗中老龄个体数量将逐渐增加。黄檗种群濒危的主要因素是幼苗数量少，且呈现散生分布状态，建议加强幼苗抚育工作，提高幼苗的存活率，保护和改善生境，从而促进黄檗种群的自然更新和恢复。     

濒危植物单性木兰种群径级结构和生命表分析

单性木兰是我国特有的濒危植物。对广西北部木论自然保护区内的单性木兰代表种群进行调查,分析其种群径级结构和存活曲线,编制了静态生命表。结果表明:雄株与雌株的比例约1.06:1,幼苗和幼树在种群中占有较大的比重,单性木兰种群的径级结构呈非典型的金字塔型分布,为稳定型种群;存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型,种群在两个低龄级Ⅰ和Ⅲ出现相对较高的死亡高峰,死亡率分别为0.23和0.35,而高径级趋于稳定。     

孑遗植物水松(Glyptostrobus pensilis)种群生命表和谱分析

对屏南水松(Glyptostrobus pensilis)种群依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代替年龄结构,采用匀滑技术,编制水松种群静态生命表,绘制死亡率曲线、危险率曲线及存活曲线,分析水松种群动态变化趋势.结果表明,水松种群的存活曲线趋于Deever-Ⅲ型,幼苗稀缺是其濒危的重要原因之一.水松种群天然更新过程是通过水松不同龄级的株数分布波动而表现的,谱分析表明,水松种群动态不仅受基波影响,而且在第10龄级呈现较小的周期波动,其机制与水松高生长特性有关.     

小陇山国家级自然保护区华山松种群更新动态分析

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,将林木依胸径大小分级,以林木径级结构代替年龄结构,采用分段匀滑技术编制小陇山国家级自然保护区华山松种群静态生命表,对其种群年龄结构、死亡率曲线、损失度曲线、存活曲线、生存函数曲线及其幼苗的更新动态、死亡率和原因进行分析。结果表明:该种群属于增长型,表现出前期增长,中期稳定,后期衰退的特点;该种群的整个生命过程,显示了三次死亡高峰,其中幼苗死亡率较高,以后的死亡率低而平缓,符合种群的自然动态规律,也指出"天保工程"实施的意义和效果;该研究指示了华山松的动态以及种群的变化趋势,对保护区已经实施的生态监测和森林保护有着十分重要的意义。     

不同生境条件下四合木（Tetraena mongolicaMaxim.）种群结构特征

对天然分布区及不同生境内四合木种群的径级结构、年龄结构、冠幅结构、高度结构及空间结构特征进行了比较分析,运用静态生命表描述了四合木种群年龄结构动态变化规律,应用Clark-Evans的 R值法计算出四合木个体空间分布格局指标.结果表明:四合木种群径级、龄级与高度级结构均基本呈正态分布,冠幅级结构呈现出近乎指数型的衰减趋势;但不同生境的四合木种群因所处微环境各异,在径级、龄级、高度级、冠幅级结构上表现出一定差异.四合木种群的存活率随龄级的增大而降低,死亡率和消失率随龄级的增大而升高,其存活曲线接近于DeeveyⅠ型,表明该种群为下降种群.不同生境的四合木种群个体分布均不均匀,其空间分布为随机型.     

石河子地区不同生境梭梭种群数量动态分析

对新疆石河子莫索湾地区阳坡、阴坡、坡脊、坡谷4个生境条件下的梭梭种群动态、大小结构等进行了实地调查研究,并编制静态生命表分析存活曲线和死亡曲线.结果表明,石河子地区的梭梭种群基本属于进展型或稳定型,幼龄个体多,中老龄个体少.不同生境的种群密度存在差异,其中坡谷种群密度最大;不同坡向种群生命表显示,种群在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级时死亡率较高,随着年龄增加,死亡率逐渐降低,Ⅴ、Ⅵ径级由于生理衰老死亡率上升;种群期望寿命在Ⅰ、Ⅱ径级较高,随着年龄增加,期望寿命逐渐下降;不同坡向的梭梭种群的存活曲线均接近于DeeveyⅢ型.在石河子莫索湾地区,梭梭种群应以保护为主,适当抚育为辅,从而促进群落持续发育.     

长白山北坡岳桦种群结构及动态分析

以“空间代时间”的方法 ,以种群径级结构代替年龄结构 ,采用静态生命表、生存分析和空间格局分析方法 ,探讨了长白山北坡不同海拔分布的岳桦种群的结构和动态规律。结果表明 ,在海拔 180 0、190 0和 2 0 0 0m ,随海拔升高 ,岳桦种群密度增大 ,径级分布范围减小 ,种群存活曲线由DeeveyⅡ型过渡到DeeveyⅠ型 ,种群由稳定型过渡为增长型 ,说明岳桦种群由低海拔向高海拔 ,群落处于不同的演替和发展阶段。而且随着岳桦径级的增大 ,其分布格局由集群分布过渡到随机分布。     

濒危植物太白红杉种群年龄结构及其时间序列预测分析

为了阐明太白红杉(Larix potaninii var.chinensis)种群的年龄结构和未来发展趋势,合理保护现有资源,在太白山地区调查了 29个样地(10 m×10m),对处于不同生境的 5个种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和时间序列预测进行了分析。种群年龄结构分析表明,各种群个体数量主要集中于Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ龄级(个体数量比重占68.64％),幼、老龄个体数量较少。受所处生境条件影响,不同种群年龄结构特点不同:海拔较低的种群(B)由于水热条件适宜,林内有林窗出现,幼龄级个体数相对丰富;而其他种群由于幼龄个体严重缺乏,衰退趋势明显。太白红杉不同种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管所处的生境差异较大,但存活曲线基本属于Deevey Ⅲ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏程度有关,一般V-Ⅸ龄级死亡率较高。时间序列分析表明,在未来20、60、100和200年中,各太白红杉种群均会呈现老龄级株数先增加后减少的趋势,种群稳定性维持困难。太白红杉种群年龄结构和动态趋势与银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)等其他濒危植物比较,导致种群衰退的原因相似:在郁闭的林下种子萌芽和幼苗生长困难。应该利用太白红杉喜光、耐旱和中老年个体产种量丰富的特性,对现有太白红杉林分实行就地保护,合理抚育管理。低海拔地区,应适当间伐非目的树种     

茂兰喀斯特森林梓叶槭种群结构与数量动态

梓叶槭是中国特有的珍稀濒危树种,国家二级保护植物,为了明确梓叶槭种群的结构特征及其种群生存现状,该研究在黔、桂交界处的茂兰国家级喀斯特森林自然保护区选取典型森林群落,应用每木调查法从梓叶槭高度（H）、径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和寿命期望等方面分析梓叶槭种群结构及其数量动态规律,为退化喀斯特森林生态系统的恢复重建提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）茂兰喀斯特森林中梓叶槭在群落中的重要值较低 ［槽谷(0.255),漏斗(0.243),坡地(0.188）］为非优势种。（2）梓叶槭种群主要分布在槽谷森林、漏斗森林和坡地森林等3种不同地形部位的群落类型中,在槽谷森林中分布数量最多,其次是漏斗森林,坡地森林中长势较差且数量最少。（3）梓叶槭在不同生境均严重缺乏Ⅰ径级 ［胸径（DBH） < 2.5 cm,H < 33 cm］ 个体,但Ⅱ径级（DBH < 2.5 cm,H = 33 cm）个体占较大的比例,中、大径个体较少,表现为稳定型种群。（4）不同生境梓叶槭种群存活数（除Ⅰ径级）随着径级增加而降低,死亡率（q_x）和致死力（K_x）曲线大致呈上升趋势,生命期望单调下降,且Ⅰ径级在不同生境的死亡率均为负数,说明其幼苗严重不足,存活曲线趋于DeeveyⅡ型。研究认为,茂兰喀斯特森林中梓叶槭种群幼苗在发育过程中死亡率较高,而且受到的种间竞争较为激烈,加之茂兰喀斯特生境的严酷性和土壤营养空间缺乏,造成梓叶槭生长速度缓慢,故梓叶槭种群的衰退与严酷的喀斯特生境、人为干扰有关。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.