黄瓜转新型抗菌蛋白基因GNK2-1及其抗枯萎病的研究

GNK2-1为一种来自银杏(Ginkgo biloba)种仁的新型抗真菌蛋白, 具有较强的真菌抗性且性质稳定。序列分析表明,其结构与所有已知的抗真菌蛋白不同, 而与富含半胱氨酸的植物类受体激酶的胞外结构域相似。为探索GNK2-1基因在黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)抗病反应中的作用, 利用基因重组技术构建了GNK2-1的高效组成型表达载体, 并利用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导转入黄瓜栽培品种农城3号(Cucumis sativus ‘Nongcheng No.3’)基因组中。通过对获得的抗性植株进行PCR、RT-PCR和Western blot检测分析, 结果表明GNK2-1基因可在T₀代转基因植株中转录表达, 并能在T₁代转基因黄瓜中稳定遗传。离体枯萎病抗性鉴定结果表明, 转GNK2-1基因的黄瓜对枯萎病的抗性增强, GNK2-1可以作为黄瓜抗病性改良的潜在基因资源。     

黄瓜枯萎病抗性基因的连锁分子标记

黄瓜枯萎病是危害我国黄瓜的主要病害。本实验以黄瓜抗枯萎病亲本WIS2757和感枯萎病亲本津研2号及其F2代分离群体为试材,采用分离群体分组分析法(BSA)进行了与黄瓜抗枯萎病基因连锁的分子标记研究。AFLP分析表明:引物对P15M5扩增出的特异DNA片段P15M5-310与WIS2757黄瓜枯萎病抗性基因连锁,遗传距离为7cM。     

转WMV-2 CP基因黄瓜植株的再生

以黄瓜无菌苗子叶切段为外植体 ,通过叶盘转化法与根瘤农杆菌进行共培养建立了黄瓜的转基因系统。农杆菌菌株为LBA44 0 4,内含双元载体pBPMWMV。该质粒载体带有一个npt Ⅱ基因 (筛选具有卡那霉素抗性的植株 )和一个WMV 2CP基因。抗卡那霉素 (Kanr)的黄瓜植株经DNA分子点杂交、PCR检测以及Southernblot证实 ,外源的WMV 2CP基因确实已导入黄瓜细胞且能稳定地遗传到子一代。对WMV 2CP基因在子一代的分离进行了统计。获得的转基因子一代植株对WMV 2表现出较强的抗性 ,可以延迟发病时间 ,减轻发病程度     

表达黄瓜花叶病毒外壳蛋白的转基因番茄抗黄瓜花叶病毒侵染

通过土壤农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导将黄瓜花叶病毒外壳蛋白(CMV CP)的cDNA成功地引入番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)植株中,并得到转基因植株。用强致病力CMV株系接种后,表达CMV外壳蛋白的转基因植株表现出对CMV侵染的抗性。转基因植株RI代的抗性基因以接近3:1比例分离。对R_1代接种CMV后,表达CMV CP的植株病症减轻,发病率、病情指数及病毒积累量明显低于对照。病症出现推迟1个多月。     

转双价水解酶基因番茄植株对枯萎病抗性的提高

利用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导,首次将莱豆几丁质酶和烟草β-1,3-葡聚糖酶双价水解酶基因导入番茄品种A53(Lycopersicon esculentum cv.A53)中,获得批量转基因再生植株。对外源基因的PCR和Southern杂交结果表明,外源基因已经整合到番茄基因组中,其拷贝数1-8个不等。Northern杂交和卡那霉素喷施表明目的基因和标记基因均已得到表达,抗病性鉴定初步表明转基因植株对枯萎病的抗性显著提高。     

生长素结合蛋白cDNA的克隆及其在黄瓜中的表达

利用RT_PCR方法从拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.）中克隆了生长素结合蛋白（auxin binding protein 1）cDNA,进行了全序列测定。将该基因克隆在pBI121的35 S启动子和Nos终止子之间,得到植物表达载体p35EZ。通过根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith et Townsend) Conn）介导的方法转化黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)。对转基因植株进行了PCR和Southern检测。所得到的转基因黄瓜植株单性结实能力增强。     

黄瓜花叶病毒香蕉株系衣壳蛋白转基因烟草的研究

构了侵染香蕉的黄瓜花叶病毒两个株系的衣壳蛋白基因的植物表达载体,并通过农杆菌共培养法的基因枪法,分别将两个株系的ＣＰ基因转化入了两种烟草植株。其ＣＰ基因转化频率及植株再生率研究结果表明,农杆菌共培养法比基因枪法,土耳其烟比本生烟,农杆菌１：１０倍稀释液比培养原液和１：１００倍稀释液,具有更高的转化频率和植株再生能力。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍ ｂｌｏｔ,ＰＣＲ－Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍ ｂｏｌｔ检测ＣＰ基因整合研究结果     

生长素结合蛋白cDNA的克隆及其在黄瓜中的表达

利用RT_PCR方法从拟南芥 (Arabidopsisthaliana (L .)Heynh .)中克隆了生长素结合蛋白 (auxinbindingprotein 1 )cDNA ,进行了全序列测定。将该基因克隆在pBI1 2 1的 35S启动子和Nos终止子之间 ,得到植物表达载体p35EZ。通过根癌农杆菌 (Agrobacteriumtumefaciens (SmithetTownsend)Conn)介导的方法转化黄瓜 (CucumissativusL .)。对转基因植株进行了PCR和Southern检测。所得到的转基因黄瓜植株单性结实能力增强。     

黄瓜花叶病毒（CMV）运动蛋白基因介导的抗病性

利用Ｆｎｙ＿ＣＭＶ株系ＲＮＡ３ｃＤＮＡ克隆,构建了含有全长和编码区缺失５０１个核苷酸的运动蛋白（ＭＰ）基因植物表达载体ｐＢＭＰＲ和ｐＢＭＰＫ。在土壤农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ（ＳｍｉｔｈｅｔＴｏｗｎｓｅｎｄ）Ｃｏｎｎ）ＬＢＡ４４０４介导下转化烟草（ＮｉｃｏｔｉａｎａｔａｂａｃｕｍＬ．）品种“ＮＣ８９”,分别经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ、ＲＴ＿ＰＣＲ或Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ分析,外源基因已整合到再生植株中并得到表达。抗病性分析表明,含有缺失型ＭＰ基因的Ｒ０代转基因植株抗性较好,接种５０ｄ后,１０株转化植株中仍有５株不表现症状。在自然发病条件下,这５个含有缺失型ＭＰ基因转基因株系在Ｒ１代都表现了一定的抗病性。抗性主要表现为症状出现推迟,严重度减轻。利用ＰＣＲ筛选、种子卡那霉素抗性试验和温室抗病性测定等方法,初步认为Ｒ２代转基因烟草Ｋ＿６＿５株系为转基因抗病纯合系。而含有全长ＭＰ基因的Ｒ０代转化植株,前期没有表现明显的抗病性,但在接种４０ｄ后部分发病植株有恢复健康的趋势。     

黄瓜枯萎病生防菌HD-087产抗菌物质条件的 优化及抑菌作用初探

【目的】优化比基尼链霉菌HD-087摇瓶发酵条件,提高菌株发酵液对黄瓜枯萎病菌HU-M的抑制率,并通过拮抗试验初步评价发酵液的抑菌作用效果。【方法】采用单因素筛选及正交试验对HD-087的发酵培养基和发酵条件进行优化。经发酵液处理后,光学显微镜观察HU-M菌丝形态和孢子萌发抑制率,测定HU-M菌丝电导率。【结果】改进的发酵培养基配方为:淀粉1.00%、黄豆粉0.80%、酵母粉0.12%、CaCO30.40%。对发酵条件的研究表明:pH为6.8,180 r/min、28°C条件下,250 mL三角瓶装液量为40 mL,接种1 mL种龄为2 d的种子,发酵5 d为最佳培养条件。抑菌结果表明,HD-087产抗菌物质能造成病原菌HU-M菌丝细胞质渗漏,菌丝畸形,分生孢子萌发受抑制,5倍发酵稀释液孢子抑制率达72.1%;除此之外还能引起菌丝电解质渗漏,造成菌丝细胞膜受损。【结论】优化后的摇瓶发酵条件能提高生防菌HD-087发酵液抑菌效果,并且发酵液可破坏细胞膜明显抑制病原菌HU-M生长,具有较大开发应用潜力。     

Co-expression of a Modified Maize Ribosome-inactivating Protein and a Rice Basic Chitinase Gene in Transgenic Rice Plants Confers Enhanced Resistance to Sheath Blight

Chitinases, -1,3-glucanases, and ribosome-inactivating proteins are reported to have antifungal activity in plants. With the aim of producing fungus-resistant transgenic plants, we co-expressed a modified maize ribosome-inactivating protein gene, MOD1, and a rice basic chitinase gene, RCH10, in transgenic rice plants. A construct containing MOD1 and RCH10 under the control of the rice rbcS and Act1 promoters, respectively, was co-transformed with a plasmid containing the herbicide-resistance gene bar as a selection marker into rice by particle bombardment. Several transformants analyzed by genomic Southern-blot hybridization demonstrated integration of multiple copies of the foreign gene into rice chromosomes. Immunoblot experiments showed that MOD1 formed approximately 0.5% of the total soluble protein in transgenic leaves. RCH10 expression was examined using the native polyacrylamide-overlay gel method, and high RCH10 activity was observed in leaf tissues where endogenous RCH10 is not expressed. R₁ plants were analyzed in a similar way, and the Southern-blot patterns and levels of transgene expression remained the same as in the parental line. Analysis of the response of R₂ plants to three fungal pathogens of rice, Rhizoctonia solani, Bipolaris oryzae, and Magnaporthe grisea, indicated statistically significant symptom reduction only in the case of R. solani (sheath blight). The increased resistance co-segregated with herbicide tolerance, reflecting a correlation between the resistance phenotype and transgene expression.     

转WMV-2外壳蛋白基因西瓜植株的病毒抗性

西瓜是夏季的重要水果,病毒病是影响其品质和产量的重要原因之一。植物基因工程的发展为抗病育种提供了新途径。利用外壳蛋白(coat protein)基因转化高等植物,赋予转基因植物以相应抗病性的成功例子已很多。本文报道WMV-2CP基因在自交子一代的分离符合孟德尔3：1的分离比。经过连续4代的选择鉴定,已从T7、T11和T323个独立转化子的后代中筛选获得8个转基因纯合株系,性状表现整齐一致。Western blot结果表明,R4T7-1、T4T11-3以及R4T32-73个不同来源的株系均能表达产生外壳蛋白。转基因纯合株系WMV-2感染后的病毒抗性实验表明,与未转基因对照相比,转基因株系可以推迟发病时间,减轻发病程度。实验筛选获得的转基因株系R4T32-7表现出对WMV-2的高度抗性,为利用植物转基因技术选育抗病新品种奠定了基础。     

CMV抑制PVYN CP基因沉默及其介导的抗病性

以前曾报道用RNA介导的抗病毒策略,获得了高度抗病的表达马铃薯Y病毒坏死株系外壳蛋白基因(PVY^N CP)的转基因烟草,并对T1、T2代转基因植株进行了遗传和抗病性分析。此次以T,代转基因植株为试验材料,在筛选高度抗病植株并证明其抗病性是基于转基因沉默的基础上,采用Northern杂交的方法,证明CMV侵染抑制了转基因植株中PVY^N CP基因的沉默,而且CMV对PVY^N CP基因沉默的抑制部位是发生在接种后的新生叶上,接种叶及其下部叶片中PVY^N CP基因沉默则未受到影响。采用ELISA方法对CMV PVY^N复合接种的转基因植株进行PVY^N检测,结果表明,接种叶及下部叶没有检测到PVY^N,植株叶片对PVY^N表现为抗病。而在CMV接种后植株新生叶中则检测出了高滴度的PVY^N,植株叶片对PVY^N表现为感病。该文报道了在表达PVY^N CP基因的RNA介导抗性转基因植株中,异源病毒侵染抑制了转基因的沉默,并导致转基因植株的抗病性丧失。     

黄瓜生长素结合蛋白cDNA片段的克隆及其表达

以黄瓜子房 (幼果 )RNA为模板 ,应用逆转录 聚合酶链式反应 (RT PCR) ,首次扩增出黄瓜生长素结合蛋白基因 (ABP1)cDNA片段 ,并进行测序和同源性分析。对ABP1基因在黄瓜子房 (幼果 )中的mRNA表达水平作了初步探讨 ,结果表明 ,该基因在开花前 1d的子房中表达信号较弱 ,在授粉后 2、4和 6d的幼果中表达增强 ;开花后 2d未经授粉的子房中 ,绿而膨大、能形成单性结实果者信号较强 ,黄而萎蔫、不能形成果实者信号较弱。Southern杂交结果表明 ,黄瓜生长素结合蛋白为小基因家族编码     

Resistance against Fusarium Head Blight in Transgenic Wheat Plants Expressing the ScNPR1 gene

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a severe global wheat disease that may cause severe yield losses, especially during epidemic years. Transforming the regulatory genes in the metabolic pathways of disease resistance into wheat via transgenic methods is one way to improve resistance to FHB. ScNPR1 (Secale cereale‐NPR1), a regulatory gene for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), was isolated from S. cereale cv Jingzhouheimai and transformed into the moderately FHB‐susceptible wheat variety Ningmai 13. RT‐PCR analysis indicated that the ScNPR1 gene was stably expressed in transgenic plants. An evaluation of the resistance to FHB revealed that six ScNPR1 transgenic lines (NP1, NP2, NP3, NP4, NP5 and NP6) exhibited significantly higher FHB resistance than the wild‐type wheat Ningmai 13 and the null‐segregated plants. The expression of pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes after Fusarium graminearum inoculation was earlier or higher than those in the wild‐type variety Ningmai 13. The high expression in the early stages of PR genes should account for the enhanced FHB resistance in the transgenic lines. Our results suggest that overexpression of ScNPR1 could be used to improve FHB resistance in wheat.     

Expression of a Novel Piscine Growth Hormone Gene Results in Growth Enhancement in Transgenic Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus)

Several lines of transgenic G1 and G2 tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) have been produced following egg injection with gene constructs carrying growth hormone coding sequences of fish origin. Using a construct in which an ocean pout antifreeze promoter drives a chinook salmon growth hormone gene, dramatic growth enhancement has been demonstrated, in which the mean weight of the 7 month old G2 transgenic fish is more than three fold that of their non transgenic siblings. Somewhat surprisingly G1 fish transgenic for a construct consisting of a sockeye salmon metallothionein promoter spliced to a sockeye salmon growth hormone gene exhibited no growth enhancement, although salmon transgenic for this construct do show greatly enhanced growth. The growth enhanced transgenic lines were also strongly positive in a radio-immuno assay for the specific hormone in their serum, whereas the non growth enhanced lines were negative. Attempts to induce expression from the metallo thionein promoter by exposing fish to increased levels of zinc were also unsuccessful.Homozygous transgenic fish have been produced from the ocean pout antifreeze/chinook salmon GH construct and preliminary trials suggest that their growth performance is similar to that of the hemizygous transgenics. No abnormalities were apparent in the growth enhanced fish, although minor changes to skull shape and reduced fertility were noted in some fish. There is also preliminary evidence for improved food conversion ratios when growth enhanced transgenic tilapia are compared to their non-transgenic siblings.The long term objective of this study is to produce lines of tilapia which are both growth enhanced and sterile, so offering improved strains of this important food fish for aquaculture.     

Antifungal activity of streptavidin C1 and C2 against pathogens causing Fusarium wilt

Fusarium wilt is caused by the soil-inhabiting fungus Fusarium oxysporum ff. spp. and is one of the most devastating plant diseases, resulting in losses and decreasing the quality and safety of agricultural crops. We recently reported the structures and biochemical properties of two biotin-binding proteins, streptavidin C1 and C2 (isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensis strain KPP02129). In the present study, the potential of the biotin-binding proteins as antifungal agent for Fusarium wilt pathogens was investigated using recombinant streptavidin C1 and C2. The minimum inhibitory concentration of streptavidin C2 was found to be 16 µg ml^–1 for inhibiting the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum and F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, while that of streptavidin C1 was found to be 64 µg ml^–1. Compared with the nontreated control soil, the population density of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the soil was reduced to 49·5% and 39·6% on treatment with streptavidin C1 (500 µg ml^–1) and C2 (500 µg ml^–1), respectively. A greenhouse experiment revealed that Fusarium wilt of tomato plants was completely inhibited on soil drenching using a 50-ml culture filtrate of the streptavidin-producing strain KPP02129.     

GmHSFA1基因克隆及其过量表达提高转基因大豆的耐热性

热激转录因子在调节植物对逆境胁迫应答和热激蛋白基因表达方面起重要作用。采用生物信息学和比较基因组学方法结合RACE技术从大豆基因组中克隆到一个新的热激转录因子基因GmHsfA1, 其cDNA全长1 781 bp, 包含1个1 533 bp的开放阅读框, 编码含有510个氨基酸残基的蛋白质(GenBank登录号为AY458843)。与其他转录因子的分子结构相似,GmHSFA1也含有4个典型的结构功能域—DNA结合域、寡聚域、核定位信号和C端激活域。BLAST分析表明, GmHSFA1与其同源性最高的番茄热激转录因子LpHSFA1之间的氨基酸序列相似性为52.46%。RT-PCR、Northern和遗传转化结果显示: 1)GmHsfA1在大豆的不同组织中呈现组成型表达模式; 2)常温下转基因大豆植株的GmHsfA1表达水平明显高于非转基因对照; 3)GmHsfA1的过量表达激活了转基因大豆植株中热激蛋白基因GmHsp22在非诱导条件下的转录, 并加强了高温胁迫下另2个热激蛋白基因GmHsp23和GmHsp70的表达; 4)转GmHsfA1大豆植株的耐热温度(达52℃)明显高于非转基因植株。上述结果说明, GmHsfA1的过量表达激活或促进其下游3个热激蛋白基因的转录或表达, 明显提高了转基因大豆植株的耐热能力。     

Transgenic Rice Plants Expressing the Antifungal AFP Protein from Aspergillus Giganteus Show Enhanced Resistance to the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe Grisea

The Aspergillus giganteus antifungal protein (AFP), encoded by the afp gene, has been reported to possess in vitro antifungal activity against various economically important fungal pathogens, including the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. In this study, transgenic rice ( Oryza sativa ) constitutively expressing the afp gene was generated by Agrobacterium -mediated transformation. Two different DNA constructs containing either the afp cDNA sequence from Aspergillus or a chemically synthesized codon-optimized afp gene were introduced into rice plants. In both cases, the DNA region encoding the signal sequence from the tobacco AP24 gene was N-terminally fused to the coding sequence of the mature AFP protein. Transgenic rice plants showed stable integration and inheritance of the transgene. No effect on plant morphology was observed in the afp -expressing rice lines. The inhibitory activity of protein extracts prepared from leaves of afp plants on the in vitro growth of M. grisea indicated that the AFP protein produced by the trangenic rice plants was biologically active. Several of the T(2) homozygous afp lines were challenged with M. grisea in a detached leaf infection assay. Transformants exhibited resistance to rice blast at various levels. Altogether, the results presented here indicate that AFP can be functionally expressed in rice plants for protection against the rice blast fungus M. grisea.