园蛛总科网型不同的蜘蛛间分子系统发生关系的初步探讨

为初步探讨园蛛总科内网型不同的蜘蛛间分子系统发生关系,测定了9种蜘蛛核18S rRNA基因的部分序列。联合GenBank中的2种蜘蛛18S rRNA基因序列数据,用NJ法、MP法和ML法重建分子系统树,结果表明：（1）织圆网的园蛛科和肖蛸科蜘蛛在园蛛总科中不是姊妹群;（2）不织圆网的球蛛科和皿蛛科也不是单系发生,证实了皿蛛片网和球蛛网独立起源的观点;（3）皿蛛科蜘蛛的分子系统发生地位与肖蛸科较近、而与园蛛科较远,这表明皿蛛科和园蛛科问雄性触肢结构的相似性很可能是类似而不是同源相似。     

大腹园蛛拖丝蛋白一级结构初步研究

采用部分酸水解的方法对大腹园蛛（Ａｒａｎｅｕｓｖｅｎｔｒｏｃｏｓｕｓ）拖丝纤维蛋白进行水解,通过反相高液相色谱分离到一些重复小肽片段,对其序列分析表明,该蜘蛛拖丝蛋白与肖蛸科的棒络新妇蛛（Ｎｅｐｈｉｌａｃｌａｖｉｐｅｓ）丝蛋白的序列比较,有一个完全相同的肽段ＧＹＧＰＧ,其余所测片段测存在差异,显示不同种属的蜘蛛丝在一级结构上的同异,并探讨了结构和功能的关系。     

三种蜘蛛酯酶同工酶的比较研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对狼蛛科的拟水狼蛛、蟹蛛科的三突花蛛和肖蛸科的鳞纹肖蛸3种蜘蛛的酯酶同工酶进行了比较研究。结果表明,不同科的蜘蛛酯酶同工酶种问差异性大并有着明显的种簇特异性,推测它们的酯酶同工酶酶谱中的区带组受不同的基因位点控制,且各自的基因位点数不等;同种蜘蛛的雌蛛和雄蛛之间也有各自的酯酶同工酶谱型,但差异小,其控制基因位点大体相同。这样,我们从分子的水平上讨论了酯酶同工酶的差异性可以用来作为识别物种的附加指标。     

棉田蜘蛛群落结构及优势种分析

通过棉田定点调查,初步鉴定陕西大荔棉田计有蜘蛛8科17种,其中主要成分依次为狼蛛、皿蛛、球蛛、蟹蛛,园蛛和肖蛸等;蜘蛛群落结构在棉花苗期和蕾铃期有明显不同;Shannon-wiener多样性指数,simpson优势度和均匀度等分析,棉花苗期物种多样性明显小于蕾铃期,优势种为丁纹豹蛛和草间小黑蛛;分析了丁纹豹蛛种群消长动态。     

温度对蜘蛛抗饥能力的影响

本文对隐蛛科的白斑隐蛛、狼蛛科的星豹蛛,栅蛛科的栓栅蛛,球蛛科的八斑鞘蛛,皿蛛科的花腹盖蛛,园蛛科的角类肥蛛,肖蛸科的鳞纹肖蛸,蟹蛛科的三突花蛛,管巢蛛科的粽管巢蛛,猫蛛科的斜纹猫蛛,跳蛛科的纵条蝇狮等11科11种蜘蛛的385头成蛛,296头2龄幼蛛和126头亚成蛛共计807头蜘蛛分别在20 ℃、25 ℃、30 ℃和35 ℃ 4种恒温条件下作了的抗饥能力研究.结果显示:(1)实验蜘蛛的2龄幼蛛、亚成蛛和成蛛抗饥能力的大小与温度的高低呈负相关,即随着温度的升高,抗饥能力减小.(2)由于蜘蛛种类不同,其抗饥能力的大小也表现出很大的差异.无论是2龄幼蛛还是成蛛,均以花腹盖蛛和鳞纹肖蛸抗饥能力最差;2龄幼蛛抗饥能力最强的是角类肥蛛;成蛛抗饥能力最强的是栓栅蛛、白斑隐蛛和角类肥蛛.(3)同一种蜘蛛,由于发育阶段不同其抗饥能力也表现出很大差异,随着蜘蛛发育阶段增长,其抗饥能力加强.在本实验条件下所有蜘蛛都是以2龄幼蛛抗饥能力较差,亚成蛛次之,成蛛的抗饥能力最强.     

花生田蜘蛛群落的研究

在花生田共采集到蜘蛛41种,隶属于12科、27属。游猎型蜘蛛主要是狼蛛科、跳蛛科、猫蛛科和管巢蛛科的种类,所占比例较高,在春花生田为60.91％～86.21％,秋花生田为50.40％～90.36％。结网蜘蛛主要是皿蛛、球蛛、肖蛸和小型园蛛。在花生的不同生长季节有不同的优势科和优势种。春花生田的优势科是狼蛛科、皿蛛科和猫蛛科,优势种是类水狼蛛、拟环纹豹蛛、脉娲蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛和斜纹猫蛛;狼蛛科、猫蛛科和球蛛科是秋花生田的优势科、脉娲蛛、斜纹猫蛛和八斑鞘蛛为优势种。     

贵州省茶园蜘蛛区系分布特征

经10多年考查和鉴定,记述了贵州省茶区蜘蛛26科204种,其中优势类群园蛛科50种、跳蛛科25种、肖蛸科20种、蟹蛛科14种、平腹蛛科13种,占总种数60%.全省性种类角类肥蛛、黄褐新园蛛、草间小黑蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、三突花蛛、鞍形花蟹蛛、机敏蝇豹、纵条蝇狮、悦目金蛛、棒络新妇蛛、八斑鞘腹蛛、星豹蛛、棕管巢蛛、斜纹猫蛛、机敏漏斗蛛、浙江豹蛛、兰翠蛛、黑色蝇虎、茶色新园蛛和锥腹肖蛸等64种,占总种数31%.在我国动物区划中,贵州大部属于华中区的西部山地高原亚区,西部少数地区属于西南区的西南山地亚区.结合茶树适生格局,把茶园蜘蛛区系划分为:黔中山地丘陵区(Ⅰ)、黔东低山丘陵盆地区(Ⅱ)、黔南低山河谷区(Ⅲ)、黔北中山峡谷区(Ⅳ)、黔西高原中山区(Ⅴ).Ⅰ区发现蜘蛛21科137种,占全省总种数67%;常见的优势种有角类肥蛛、黄褐新园蛛、灌木新园蛛、青新园蛛和悦目金蛛等37种,占该区蜘蛛总种数27%;特有种为山地艾蛛、畸形艾蛛、对称曲腹蛛、西山新园蛛、小青新园蛛、四点亮腹蛛、桐庐指蛛、锯胸微蛛、黑底狼蛛、中华刺足蛛、裂额银斑蛛、贵州花蟹蛛和三斑花蟹蛛等13种.Ⅱ区发现蜘蛛26科185种,占全省总种数91%;优势种有角类肥蛛、棕管巢蛛、毁坏管巢蛛、斜纹猫蛛和三突花蛛等31种,占该区蜘蛛总种数17%;特有种有中华蟱蛛、棒络新妇蛛、四斑粗螯蛛、风雅丽蛛和江安七纺蛛等58种.Ⅲ区发现蜘蛛15科92种,占总种数45%;优势种为角类肥蛛、草间小黑蛛、食虫瘤胸蛛、驼背额角蛛和八斑鞘腹蛛等18种,占该区蜘蛛总种数20%.特有种为圆腹艾蛛、椭圆新园蛛、横带隆背蛛和凤振粗螯蛛等4种.Ⅳ区发现蜘蛛15科76种,占全省总种数37%;优势种为角类肥蛛、机敏漏斗蛛、机敏蝇豹、纵条蝇狮和黑色蝇虎等18种,占该区蜘蛛总种数24%.Ⅴ区发现蜘蛛14科64种,占总种数31%;优势种为角类肥蛛、黄褐新园蛛、机敏漏斗蛛、机敏蝇豹、黄斑菲蛛等15种,占该区蜘蛛总种数23%;Ⅳ和Ⅴ区无特有种类.Ⅲ区雨、热和光照条件较优越,但其为新辟茶区,蜘蛛种数少于Ⅰ和Ⅱ区.从西北部高寒山区向东部低丘,海拔明显降低,气候从北亚热带过渡到中亚热带,雨量、光照和积温加大,茶树等农林作物增多,茶园蜘蛛种类增多.     

花和田蜘蛛群落的研究

在花生田共采集到蜘蛛４１种,隶属于１２科、２７属。游猎型蜘蛛主要是狼蛛科、跳蛛科、猫蛛科和管巢蛛科的种类,所占比例较高,在春花生田为６０．９１～８６．２１％,秋药生田为５０．４０～９０．３６％。结网蜘蛛主要是皿蛛、珠蛛、肖蛸和小型园蛛。在花生的不同生长季节有不同的优势科和优势种。春花生男的优势科是狼蛛科、皿蛛科和猫蛛科,优势种是类水狼蛛、拟环纹豹蛛、脉蜗蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛和斜纹猫蛛;狼蛛科、猫蛛科和球     

2种不同采样方法对麦田蜘蛛群落结构的比较研究

分别于1998年11月到1999年5月和1999年11月到2000年5月间,在位于武汉市武昌区的沙湖边,使用样方和陷阱法系统采样,研究了裸粒大麦田的蜘蛛群落结构。研究结果显示,1998-1999年麦田蜘蛛群落由11科44种蜘蛛组成,1999-2000年麦田蜘蛛群落由14科59种蜘蛛组成;相同年份不同采样方法获得的蜘蛛群落优势种组成不同,陷阱法采样获得的优势种集中在皿蛛科、狼蛛科和平腹蛛科,而样方采样虽然也以皿蛛科和狼蛛科蜘蛛为主,但球蛛科、肖蛸科和园蛛科蜘蛛的比例明显上升;不同的年份使用相同的采样方法获得的蜘蛛优势种组成不同,显示了群落结构的年际变动。对2种采样方法获得的群落相似性分析显示,不同采样方法获得的群落结构相似性较小。     

浙江省茶园蜘蛛发生,分布及种类调查初报

通过几年来对浙江主要茶园蜘蛛发生,分布及种类调查,初步明确浙江省茶园蜘蛛达２０科９８种,其中八斑鞘腹蛛,草间小黑蛛,花腹盖蛛,鳞纹肖蛸,王冠园蛛等１０余种及茶园主要蛛种。     

Phylogenetic placement of the spider genus Nephila (Araneae: Araneoidea) inferred from rRNA and MaSp1 gene sequences

The family status of the genus Nephila, which belongs to Tetragnathidae currently but Araneidae formerly, was reexamined based on molecular phylogenetic analyses. In the present study, 12S and 18S rRNA gene fragments of eight species of spiders were amplified and sequenced. In addition, 3'-end partial cDNA of major ampullate spidroin-1 (MaSp1) gene of Argiope amoena was cloned and sequenced, and the 3'-end non-repetitive region's cDNA sequence of MaSp1 gene and the predicted amino acid sequence of C-terminal non-repetitive region of MaSp1 were aligned with some previously known sequences. The resulting phylogeny showed that Araneidae and Tetragnathidae are not a sister group in the superfamily Araneoidea, and the genus Nephila is closer to the genera of the family Araneidae rather than to those of Tetragnathidae. We suggest that the genus Nephila should be transferred back to Araneidae. Or the subfamily Nephilinae might be elevated to family level after it was redefined and redelimited. Furthermore, the study showed that 3'-end non-repetitive region's cDNA sequence of MaSp1 gene and C-terminal non-repetitive region's amino acid sequence of MaSp1 are useful molecular markers for phylogenetic analysis of spiders.     

Phylogenetic relationships of the spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae, Araneoidea) based on morphological and DNA sequence data

The monophyly of Tetragnathidae including the species composition of the family (e.g., Are Nephila and their relatives part of this lineage?), the phylogenetic relationships of its various lineages, and the exact placement of Tetragnathidae within Araneoidea have been three recalcitrant problems in spider systematics. Most studies on tetragnathid phylogeny have focused on morphological and behavioral data, but little molecular work has been published to date. To address these issues we combine previous morphological and behavioral data with novel molecular data including nuclear ribosomal RNA genes 18S and 28S, mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes 12S and 16S and protein‐coding genes from the mitochondrion [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)] and from the nucleus (histone H3), totaling ca. 6.3 kb of sequence data per taxon. These data were analyzed using direct optimization and static homology using both parsimony and Bayesian methods. Our results indicate monophyly of Tetragnathidae, Tetragnathinae, Leucauginae, the “Nanometa clade” and the subfamily Metainae, which, with the exception of the later subfamily, received high nodal support. Morphological synapomorphies that support these clades are also discussed. The position of tetragnathids with respect to the rest of the araneoid spiders remains largely unresolved but tetragnathids and nephilids were never recovered as sister taxa. The combined dataset suggests that Nephilidae is sister to Araneidae; furthermore, the sister group of Nephila is the clade composed by Herennia plus Nephilengys and this pattern has clear implications for understanding the comparative biology of the group. Tetragnathidae is most likely sister to some members of the “reduced piriform clade” and nephilids constitute the most‐basal lineage of araneids.     

从rRNA基因序列探讨云斑蛛属Cyrtophora的系统发生地位

由于云斑蛛属Cyrtophora蜘蛛所织的网形态上较为特殊,所以该属分类地位长期以来有异议.为从分子水平探讨该属系统发生地位,本文对相关的11种蜘蛛线粒体12S rRNA基因和核18S rRNA基因部分序列进行了测定.基于12S rRNA和18S rRNA基因序列联合数据进行的分子系统发生分析结果表明云斑蛛属属于园蛛科,该结果提示在园蛛总科分类实践中以蛛网形态特征为分类依据时要慎重考虑其可靠性.     

Oldest true orb-weaving spider (Araneae: Araneidae)

The aerial orb web woven by spiders of the family Araneidae typifies these organisms to laypersons and scientists alike. Here we describe the oldest fossil species of this family, which is preserved in amber from Alava, Spain and represents the first record of Araneidae from the Lower Cretaceous. The fossils provide direct evidence that all three major orb web weaving families: Araneidae, Tetragnathidae and Uloboridae had evolved by this time, confirming the antiquity of the use of this remarkable structure as a prey capture strategy by spiders. Given the complex and stereotyped movements that all orb weavers use to construct their webs, there is little question regarding their common origin, which must have occurred in the Jurassic or earlier. Thus, various forms of this formidable prey capture mechanism were already in place by the time of the explosive Cretaceous co-radiation of angiosperms and their flying insect pollinators. This permitted a similar co-radiation of spider predators with their flying insect prey, presumably without the need for a 'catch-up lag phase' for the spiders.     

Diversity of insects captured by weaver spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) in the cocoa agroecosystem in Tabasco, Mexico

The aim of this work was to know the diversity of insects captured by weaver spiders in a plantation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) of 6 ha in the State of Tabasco, Mexico. The study was carried out from July 2004 to June 2005 by means biweekly samples of the insects captured on the spiders webs. The total of 3,041 webs of 54 species of spiders belonging to seven families (Araneidae, Theridiidae, Tetragnathidae, Uloboridae, Pholcidae, Dyctinidae and Linyphiidae) were revised. We found 1,749 specimens belonging to 10 orders of insects, represented by 93 families, the majority of Coleoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera that constituted 74% of the identified families. The biggest number of specimens of all orders was captured by Araneidae, except of Isoptera, whose specimens were captured mainly by the family Theridiidae. The index of diversity (H'), evenness (J') and similarity (Is), applied to know the diversity of families of insects captured among families of spiders, varied from 0.00 to 3.24, 0.00 to 0.81, and 0.04 to 0.522, respectively. We conclude that there is a wide diversity of insects predated by the weaver spiders in the cocoa agroecosystem, and that there are species that can be promising for the biological control of pests.     

Biogeography and speciation patterns of the golden orb spider genus Nephila (Araneae: Nephilidae) in Asia

The molecular phylogeny of the globally distributed golden orb spider genus Nephila (Nephilidae) was reconstructed to infer its speciation history, with a focus on SE Asian/W Pacific species. Five Asian, two Australian, four African, and one American species were included in the phylogenetic analyses. Other species in Nephilidae, Araneidae, and Tetragnathidae were included to assess their relationships with the genus Nephila, and one species from Uloboridae was used as the outgroup. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed from one nuclear (18S) and two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) markers. Our molecular phylogeny shows that the widely distributed Asian/Australian species, N. pilipes, and an African species, N. constricta, form a clade that is sister to all other Nephila species. Nested in this Nephila clade are one clade with tropical and subtropical/temperate Asian/Australian species, and the other containing African and American species. The estimated divergence times suggest that diversification events within Nephila occurred during mid-Miocene to Pliocene (16 Mya-2 Mya), and these time periods were characterized by cyclic global warming/cooling events. According to Dispersal and Vicariance Analysis (DIVA), the ancestral range of the Asian/Australian clade was tropical Asia, and the ancestral range of the genus Nephila was either tropical Asia or Africa. We conclude that the speciation of the Asian/Australian Nephila species was driven by Neogene global cyclic climate changes. However, further population level studies comparing diversification patterns of sister species are needed to determine the mode of speciation of these species.     

Interactions between citrus psylla,Trioza erytreae (Hem. Triozidae), and spiders in an unsprayed citrus orchard in the transvaal lowveld

During a two year survey, a total of 3,054 spiders represented by 21 families were sampled in an unsprayed citrus orchard in the Transvaal Lowveld. Numerically the Salticidae was the dominant family (34.4%) followed by the Theridiidae (21.9%), Thomisidae (11.9%), Araneidae (7.9%), Clubionidae (7.0%) and the Tetragnathidae (3.7%). Eighteen species of spiders were observed to prey on citrus psylla,Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), while six species trap nymphs and adults under their retreats and webs. There were significant positive correlations between the weekly psylla populations and the weekly populations of web-building spiders and wandering spiders present one to four weeks later but no significant correlation between the weekly spider populations and the weekly psylla populations present one to five weeks later. This seems to indicate that while spiders are unable to keep citrus psylla populations at acceptable low levels, they may contribute in reducing their numbers.      

Bat Predation by Spiders

In this paper more than 50 incidences of bats being captured by spiders are reviewed. Bat-catching spiders have been reported from virtually every continent with the exception of Antarctica (∼90% of the incidences occurring in the warmer areas of the globe between latitude 30° N and 30° S). Most reports refer to the Neotropics (42% of observed incidences), Asia (28.8%), and Australia-Papua New Guinea (13.5%). Bat-catching spiders belong to the mygalomorph family Theraphosidae and the araneomorph families Nephilidae, Araneidae, and Sparassidae. In addition to this, an attack attempt by a large araneomorph hunting spider of the family Pisauridae on an immature bat was witnessed. Eighty-eight percent of the reported incidences of bat catches were attributable to web-building spiders and 12% to hunting spiders. Large tropical orb-weavers of the genera Nephila and Eriophora in particular have been observed catching bats in their huge, strong orb-webs (of up to 1.5 m diameter). The majority of identifiable captured bats were small aerial insectivorous bats, belonging to the families Vespertilionidae (64%) and Emballonuridae (22%) and usually being among the most common bat species in their respective geographic area. While in some instances bats entangled in spider webs may have died of exhaustion, starvation, dehydration, and/or hyperthermia (i.e., non-predation death), there were numerous other instances where spiders were seen actively attacking, killing, and eating the captured bats (i.e., predation). This evidence suggests that spider predation on flying vertebrates is more widespread than previously assumed.     

How to catch foliage-dwelling spiders (Araneae) in maize fields and their margins: a comparison of two sampling methods

The foliage‐dwelling spider fauna was collected in maize fields and on stinging nettles in adjacent margins in Bavaria, South Germany. Two different sampling methods were evaluated: drop cloth sampling and suction sampling. The overall catch was dominated by juvenile spiders, web‐building spiders, and spiders of the families Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae and Araneidae (in decreasing order). Field margins harboured more species than maize fields, whereas the total spider abundance was higher in the maize crop. Web‐building spiders such as Theridiidae and Linyphiidae were prominent in maize by individual numbers. Suction sampling with a small suction device proved to be a more efficient and consistent sampling method for foliage‐dwelling spiders than drop cloth sampling. Density and species richness of foliage‐dwelling spiders in maize was shown to be fairly high, implying that spiders of higher strata may play a more important role in biological control than suspected up to now.