陕西秦岭半仓山蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004~2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensisChouetRan的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末~6月上旬为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬~8月中旬为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35~60 d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4~8 d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35~180粒,卵期5~9 d;幼虫型,共4龄,历期38~50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8~18 d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

Effects of para-aminobenzoic acid on radiosensitivity of mice of different strains

The aim of the work was to study the possible protective effect of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) on the radiation lethality in mice of three inbred lines (BALB/cLacY, C3H/HeY, 101/Hy), stock YT1 and hybrids (C3H/He x 101/H)F1. The PABA solution was given to the mice intraperitoneally in single doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg 40-50 min prior to irradiation with doses of 6 to 8 Gy depending on the line and sex of mice. The used doses of gamma-radiation were roughly LD75/30. The radioprotective effect of PABA was observed in all variants of the experiment but it was relatively low. The protection coefficient varied from 0 to 0.45. The protective effect depended on the line and sex of mice and on the dose of the injected substance.     

Characterization of the Lipids of Six Strains of Bacteroides ruminicola

The lipids of six strains of Bacteroides ruminicola were characterized. The nonpolar lipid accounted for 6 to 24% of the total lipid and was composed of diglycerides, triglycerides, and free fatty acids. The phospholipid fraction contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphosphingolipids, and trace quantities of phosphatidic acid. In three strains the phosphosphingolipid fraction made up more than half of the total lipid. The fatty acids in the nonpolar, acyl- and phosphosphingolipid consisted of a homologous series of branched and normal chains from 12 to 19 carbons. The long-chain base isolated from the phosphosphingolipids consisted of a homologous series of branched and normal chains from 14 to 24 carbons.     

Karyotype Analysis of 5 Species of Polygonatum Mill.

The present paper reports the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of five species in Polygonatum from Anhui of China. The materials used in this work are listed in Table 1, Photomicrographs of somatic metaphase and karyograms of the five species of Polygonatum in Plate 1, 2, 3, the idiograms in Fig. 1-11 and a comparison of the karyotype of them is provided in Table 2. The results are shown as follows: 1. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.)Druce Two materials were examined. One from Mt. Huangshan, Anhui, has 2n= 16 = 10m (3sc)+ 6sm (Plate 1 :A, B). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 1. The chromosomes range in length from 2.85 to 8.85 μm, with the total length 48.63μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.11, The karyotype belong to Stebbins’(1971) 2B. The two chromosomes of the first pair have arm ratios 1.01 and 1.29 respectively, and The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the short arm, showing heterozyosity .The chromosome num ber of 2n= 16 in P. odoratum and its karyotype are reported for the first time. The other from Langyashan, Chu - xian, Anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 10m (Isc)+2sm+6st(2sc) (Plate 1: C, D). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 2. The chromosomes range in length from 2.43 to 8.29μm, with the total length 46.67µm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.41. The karyotype is also of 2B. In a somatic chromosome complement the 2nd pair have one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. 2. Polygonatum filipes Merr. Two materials were examined. One from the Huangshan, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes: 2n= 16 and 2n=22. This paper reports one of them. The karyotype formula is 2n=22=8m+8sm(2sc)+6st(Plate 3: Q, R). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 3. The chromosomes range in length from 2.55- 5.85μm, with the total length 45.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.29. The karyotype belongs to 3B. The other material from the Fangchang, Anhui, is shown to have four cytitypes: 2n= 14, 2n= 16, 2n=20 (Plate 3: W) and 2n=22. This paper reports two of them. Type I: the karytype formula is 2n=14=10m+4sm (Plate 3: S, T). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 5. The chromosomes range in length from 2.59 to 7.61μm, the total length 37.44μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.94. the karyotype belongs to 2B. Type II :The karyotype formula is 2n=16=8m+4sm+4st (Plate 3: U, V). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 4. The chromosomes range in length from 2.65 to 8.21 μm, the total length 46.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.10. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The chromosome numbers of 2n=20, 2n= 14 and 2n=22, and karyotype of 2n= 14 and 2n=22 in P. filipes are reported for the first time. 3. Polygonatum cytonema Hua Two materials were examined. One from the Langyashan, Chuxian, anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 8m (2sc)+ 6sm+ 4st (Plate 2: K, L). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 7. The chromosomes range in length from 3.41 to 9.21 μm, the total length 56.34μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.70. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The other material from the Huangshan, Anhui, has two cytotypes: 2n=20 and 2n= 22. Type I: The karyotype formula is 2n= 20= 8m+ 6sm+ 6st (Plate 2: M, N). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 8. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 5.03μm, with the total length 32. 91μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2. 87. The karyotype is also of 2B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=22=6m+ 8sm+4st+ 4t (Plate 2: O, P ). The idiogram is Shown in Fig. 10. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 4.95 μm, with total length 35.05μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.83. The karyotype brlongs to 3B. 4. Polygonatum desoulayi kom. The material from Xuancheng, Anhui, is found to have karyotype 2n = 22 = 10m (2sc) + 6sm (lsc) + 6st ( Plate 2. I, J). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 6. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 5.61μm, with the total length 41.98μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.02. The karyotype is also of 3B. The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. The chromosome number and karyotype of Chinese material are reported for the first time. 5. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. The material from the Langyashan, Chuxian, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes. Type 1: the karyotype formula is 2n = 18 = 2m+ 2sm+ 10st+ 2t+ 2T (Plate 1: G, H). The idiogram is shown in Fig.9. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 4.03μm, with total length 28.28μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.17. The karyotype classification belongs to 3B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=24=6m+4sm+12st+2T (Plate 1: E, F). The idiogram is shown in Fig. II. The chromosomes range in length from 2.01 to 5.03μm, with total length 41.36μm and the ratio of longest to shortest 2.50. The karyotype is also of 3B. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of Chinese material are reported for the first time.     

Effect of protonation of nucleic acid bases on the energy of formation of the Watson-Crick pairs

Neutral and protonated nucleic bases and their complexes were calculated using a modified MNDO method. On the basis of the obtained proton affinities we conclude that proton transfer from positively charged amino acid residues to nucleic bases is quite possible. The protonation influence upon the structure and the energy of complementary base pairs was studied. The protonation of guanine is shown to stabilize the GC complex, but the protonation of cytosine destabilizes it. The energy of the AU pair increases upon protonation of adenine due to ion--dipole interactions. The protonation of uracil leads to a proton transfer between the bases and to the stabilization of the AU pair.     

Composition of cell walls of 2 mutant strains of Streptomyces chrysomallus

The cell walls and peptidoglycans of two mutant strains, Streptomyces chrysomallus var. carotenoides and Streptomyces chrysomallus var. macrotetrolidi, were studied. The strains are organisms producing carotenes and antibiotics of the macrotetrolide group. By the qualitative composition of the peptidoglycans the mutants belong to Streptomyces and are similar. Their glycan portion consists of equimolar quantities of N-acetyl glucosamine and muramic acid. The peptide subunit is presented by glutamic acid, L, L-diaminopimelic acid, glycine and alanine. The molar ratio of alanine is 1.2-1.3. The mutant strains differ in the content of carbohydrates, total phosphorus and phosphorus belonging to teichoic acids. Teichoic acids of the cell walls of the both strains are of the ribitolhosphate nature. The cell walls of the mutants contain polysaccharides differing from teichoic acids and consisting of glucose, galactose, arabinose and fucose. The influence of the cell wall composition of the mutant strains on their morphology and metabolism and comparison of the data relative to the mutant strains with those relative to the starting strain are discussed.     

溶液黏度对相转化水凝胶微针制备的影响

目的:选择黏度适宜的高分子溶液,制备相转化水凝胶微针。方法:通过考察两种型号的聚乙烯醇本身的黏度性质、溶液温度、几种不同性质的高分子材料,包括透明质酸、预胶化淀粉等可能影响聚乙烯醇溶液黏度的因素,使用粘度计测定其黏度值并作图比较,观察溶液黏度变化的规律。将所制溶液分别制备微针以观察针形的好坏,选择合适制备相转化水凝胶微针的溶液黏度范围。结果:实验表明黏度范围在2.5万至13万m Pa·s之间的聚合物溶液较为粘稠且流动性适宜。结论:在该黏度范围内的聚合物溶液可用以制备相转化水凝胶微针,适用于工业化生产。     

Composition of the milt of some teleost fishes

The milt composition of six freshwater teleosts was studied, and the measured parameters showed clear specific differences between species. The highest spermatocrits and sperm densities were observed in perch, Perc afluviatilis , and burbot, Lota lota , and the lowest in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri , and whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus . Fructose concentrations in the seminal plasma were small compared to mammalian values. The glucose concentrations in the seminal plasma were five times higher than those of fructose, and higher in landlocked salmon and rainbow trout than in the other species. The citric acid concentration of all species except whitefish showed a significantly positive correlation to either spermatocrit or sperm density. The role of citric acid in the seminal plasma of fishes was also assumed to be important. The glycerol concentration in the seminal plasma was comparatively high, and highest in whitefish. This was assumed to be related to the high applicability value of glycerol as a cryoprotective agent for whitefish sperm. The high glycerol concentration was also assumed to be related to the lipolytic capacity of the testis in the studied species.     

Significance of physical attachment of fungi for bio-treatment of water

The inhibitory effect of xenobiotics known to damage cell surface structures was studied. The sensitivity of suspended cells of the two fungi Candida maltosa and Fusarium proliferatum was compared with that of artificial or natural biofilms of these fungi. The results obtained indicate that the resistance of attached cell populations to model xenobiotics is increased compared with suspended cells. Only the attached fungal cells had the capacity to degrade acetone and phenol and to adapt to increasing concentrations of these substances, so they seem ideally suited for bioremediation of waste water.     

Comparison of adhesion of wound isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to immobilized proteins

AIMS: To determine the ability of 149 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from burns, other wounds and environmental isolates to adhere to immobilized proteins. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ability to bind to immobilized fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, collagen, IgG and lysozyme was studied using a microtitre plate assay. The strains were very diverse. Binding to fibrinogen was most frequent, followed by fibronectin, collagen and laminin. Binding to IgG and lysozyme was weak and few strains showed strong binding. Numerical analysis showed that 65% of the strains infecting burns had similar properties and bound to fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen and IgG. The strains infecting other wounds had more variable characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The ability to adhere to proteins is important in wound infection, but clinical isolates were diverse in their ability to bind to the proteins tested. Burn wounds were more likely to be infected with strains showing multiple binding characteristics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study confirms the importance of adhesins in clinical infection.     

Age-Related Dynamics of Discrimination of the Orientation of Rectangular Gratings at the Resolution Limit of the Visual System

The visual acuity of 215 observers between the ages of 3 and 20 years was measured by determining the minimal size of rectangular gratings, when the observer could discriminate horizontal and vertical gratings. The study of the influence of similar surrounding patterns on the assessment of visual acuity was conducted in parallel. The visual acuity was shown to increase with age and to reach the level typical of adults at about 11 years. All the observers had impaired discrimination of the orientation of gratings when the surrounding gratings were arranged close to each other. The distances at which the impairment occurs gradually decrease with increasing age up to 20 years from 2.75 to 1.5–0.75 periods of the test frequency. The problem of the formation in ontogenesis of possible mechanisms ensuring visual acuity and the ability to perform the task of objects' segmentation from the surrounding is discussed.     

眼科手术等候期患者家属对健康教育需求的调查

目的:了解眼科手术等候期患者家属对健康教育的需求。方法:采用自行设计的调查问卷对100名在患者手术过程中等候的家属进行调查。调查内容包括手术等候中希望获得的相关信息及其需求程度,需要的健康教育方式及每种健康教育的需求程度。结果:1).眼科手术等候中,家属强烈需要的信息有手术效果(76%)、术后饮食指导(60.4%)、手术费用(57.3%)、患者目前病情(54.2%)、术后头位指导(51%)。2).最需要的健康教育方式是与医生护士交谈(66%)。结论:对手术等候期的患者家属应根据需求实施科学有效的健康教育,用恰当的方式及时提供家属想要了解的信息,使他们具有良好的应对能力和心理承受能力,在照顾患者的过程中为患者提供有效的支持系统。     

Identification of the acrasin of Dictyostelium minutum as a derivative of folic acid

The acrasin of the slime mold Dictyostelium minutum was isolated from aggregating cells and purified. The compound was species specific and more active in the aggregative than in the vegetative stage. Three observations strongly suggest a structural relationship between the acrasin and folic acid. (1) Folic acid inhibited acrasin degradation by D. minutum. (2) Methotrexate, an antagonist of chemotaxis towards folic acid, also inhibited the response to the acrasin. (3) The chemotactic response to an excess of folic acid was delayed. The response was also delayed to simultaneously tested low amounts of a related compound, but not to unrelated compounds (Van Haastert, 1982). The response to the acrasin was observed to be delayed by excess of folic acid. The acrasinase was identified as a folic acid C9-N10 splitting enzyme. Based on chromatographic properties and biological activity of the acrasin and folate derivatives, the chemical structure of the acrasin is discussed.     

Current problems of immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases and standardization of medical immunobiological preparations

The state of immunoprophylaxis in the whole of the USSR and in individual Union Republics in 1981-1982 is ralyzed. The connection between an increase in diphtheria, pertussis and measles morbidity and the widening of the scope of contraindications to vaccination has been revealed. The optimum vaccination tactics in Union Republics with regard to differences in their climatic conditions and demographic situation is planned. The problems of the standardization of prophylactic and therapeutic immunobiological preparations are considered. Organizational measures leading to the improvement of their quality are outlined.     

Modulation of the activity of insulin-dependent enzymes of lipogenesis by glucocorticoids.

Administration of triamcinolone or dexamethasone to rats led to a prompt, marked and persistent rise in liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. The activity of fatty acid synthetase increased to a lesser extent and after a more prolonged glucocorticoid treatment, whereas the changes in that of NADP-malate dehydrogenase and ATP-citrate lyase were not appreciable. The overall channeling of [1-14-C]acetyl-CoA to fatty acids was enhanced. The triamcinolone effect on acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity appeared to be dependent on the coincident hyperinsulinemia since it was not obtained in alloxan-diabetic rats, whereas the alanine-aminotransferase-inducing effect of this hormone was additive to that of insulin deficiency. In adipose tissue triamcinolone treatment caused a reduction in the activity of all lipogenesis enzymes and blunted their response to insulin administration. The antagonism of glucocorticoids toward insulin, selectively modulating the responses of the insulin-sensitive enzymes in liver and adipose tissue is discussed. The rise in hepatic lipogenic capacity, through the retention of the ability of insulin to induce acetyl-CoA carboxylase, may be physiologically important in restraining the ketogenesis from acetyl-CoA despite the increased fat utilization during glucocorticoid excess.     

四种植物花蜜腺的解剖学研究

通过对石竹、庐山小檗、活血丹和紫云英四种植物花蜜腺的外部形态、显微切片和扫描电镜观察,了解到石竹花蜜腺是雄蕊类型,蜜汁通过角质层间小孔分泌;庐山小檗花蜜腺是花被类型,其每个分泌表皮细胞的外切向壁中央向内凹陷与角质层之间形成角质层下空隙,蜜汁由表皮细胞分泌后贮存于角质层下空隙中,在蜜汁积累过程中不断增加对角质层的压力,最后冲破角质层分泌到体外;活血丹和紫云英花蜜腺属于花托类型,前者蜜汁从分泌表皮细胞通过角质层直接渗出,后者蜜汁通过变态气孔分泌。本试验的四种植物花蜜腺中维管组织有三种不同类型。     

The influence of gramicidin A and valinomycin of the permeability of mammalian erythrocytes.

1. The K+ transport in erythrocytes induced by gramicidin A or valinomycin is a first-order reaction. The activation energy of the induced transport is low and amounts to 6 and 10 kcal/mole, respectively. The indirect method for calculation of the driving force of diffusion, c, is given; in pig erythrocytes the c value for gramicidin A is 21.7, and for valinomycin 35.4 mM-KCl. 2. The valinomycin-induced transport was found to be the same in erythrocytes and biomolecular lipid membranes. The gramicidin A-induced transport corresponds to that of a single gramicidin channel, and not to the multichannel transport observed in the model systems. 3. Erythrocytes of various mammals show large differences in sensitivity to the ionophores. No correlation could be found between membrane lipids and the induced permeability. The role of membrane proteins in ionophore-induced permeability is discussed.     

MC方法在血糖无损检测探测器设计中的应用

本文针对多模光纤光束垂直入射到皮肤组织表面的情况,利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了三层皮肤组织中光的传输和分布情况,给出了皮肤组织表面漫反射率变化曲线和组织内光通量变化曲面,并对其变化进行分析,并将分析结果应用到血糖无损检测光纤探测器的设计中。     

Two types of haemolytic activity of detergents

The nonionic detergent Triton X-100 at concentrations of about 0.003 to 0.008% causes swelling followed by the haemolysis of erythrocytes suspended in 160 mM KCl. The rate of haemolysis increases with the increase in detergent concentration. Finally all the erythrocytes are haemolysed. The resistance of erythrocytes to this detergent decreases with an increase in temperature. The effect of Triton X-100 is explained by increased membrane permeability to KCl and colloid osmotic haemolysis. The anionic detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), at concentrations of about 0.003 to 0.001% causes the haemolysis of a certain number of erythrocytes. This number increases with an increase in detergent concentration. The resistance of erythrocytes to SDS increases with an increase in temperature. The effect of SDS is explained by direct disruption of membranes by the detergent.