Characteristics and Quality of Child Care for Toddlers and Preschoolers

In this article, we use data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care (NICHD Early Child Care Research Network, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999) to answer 3 questions. The first question is: What structural features and caregiver characteristics predict more positive caregiver behavior in child care for 1- to 3-year-old children? Positive caregiving was assessed in 5 types of care (centers, child-care homes, and care provided by in-home sitters, grandparents, and fathers) when children in the NICHD study were 15, 24, and 36 months of age (Ns = 612, 630, and 674). Across ages and types of care, positive caregiving was more likely when child-adult ratios and group sizes were smaller, caregivers were more educated, held more child-centered beliefs about childrearing, and had more experience in child care, and environments were safer and more stimulating. The second question is: What differences in caregiving are associated with the type of child care and the child's age? The highest level of positive caregiving was provided by in-home caregivers, including fathers and grandparents, caring for only 1 child, closely followed by home-based arrangements with relatively few children per adult. The least positive caregiving was found in center-based care with higher ratios of children to adults. By 36 months of age, the significance of child-adult ratio decreased, and in-home arrangements became less positive. The third question is: What is the overall quality of child care for 1- to 3-year-olds in the United States? Observed positive caregiving was determined to be "very uncharacteristic" for 6% of the children in the NICHD sample, "somewhat uncharacteristic" for 51%, "somewhat characteristic" for 32%, and "highly characteristic" for 12%. An extrapolation to the quality of care in the United States was derived by applying NICHD observational parameters, stratified by maternal education, child age, and care type, to the distribution of American families documented in the National Household Education Survey (Hofferth, Shauman, Henke, & West, 1998). Positive caregiving was extrapolated to be "very uncharacteristic" for 8% of children in the United States ages 1 to 3 years, "somewhat uncharacteristic" for 53%, "somewhat characteristic" for 30%, and "highly characteristic" for 9%.     

Microbiological Analysis of Food Contact Surfaces in Child Care Centers

A study of six child care centers was conducted to assess the microbiological quality of three food contact surfaces (one food serving surface and two food preparation surfaces) and one non-food contact surface (diaper changing surface) to determine the effectiveness of cleaning and sanitization procedures within the facilities. Aerobic plate counts (APCs) and Escherichia coli/coliform counts of 50-cm² areas on all surfaces were determined using standard microbiological swabbing methods. Samples were taken three times a day (preopening, lunchtime, and following final cleanup) twice per month for 8 months in each child care center (n = 288 sampling times). Mean log APCs over the survey period were 1.32, 1.71, 1.34, 1.96, 1.50, and 1.81 log CFU/50 cm² for the six centers. Mean log coliform counts were 0.15, 0.40, 0.33, 1.41, 0.28, and 1.12 CFU/50 cm² for the same centers. Coliforms were detected in 283 of 1,149 (24.7%) samples, with counts ranging from 1 to 2,000 CFU/50 cm², while E. coli was detected in 18 of 1,149 (1.6%) samples, with counts ranging from 1 to 35 CFU/50 cm². The findings of this study demonstrated that the extent of bacterial contamination was dependent on the center, time of day, and the area sampled. While no direct correlation between contamination and illness can be made, given the high risk of food-borne illness associated with children, microbial contamination of food contact or non-food contact surfaces is an aspect of food safety that requires more attention. Emphasis on training and the development of modified standard sanitation operating procedures for child care centers are needed to reduce potential hazards.     

The Interaction of Child Care and Family Risk in Relation to Child Development at 24 and 36 Months

Family risk factors (psychosocial, socioeconomic, and sociocultural), child care characteristics (quality and hours in care), and the interactions of these variables were examined as predictors of behavior problems, prosocial behavior, and language skills in a longitudinal sample of 943 children (assessed at 24 and 36 months) enrolled in child care as infants. Family risk variables were the strongest predictors of all outcomes. Child care quality was a significant predictor of 36-month caregiver-reported social skills and 36-month language skills. Contrary to expectations, limited evidence was found to suggest child care experiences moderate the negative associations between family risk and child outcomes. Family risk interacted with child care quality in only 1 of the 5 analyses, and did not interact with child care quantity in any of the analyses. One interaction between family risk and child care was significant. Children from minority and single-parent families were rated as less prosocial by their mothers when in low-quality child care.