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1.
Mary Ellen Druyan Dean Bass Richard Puchyr Karen Urek David Quig Emmett Harmon William Marquardt 《Biological trace element research》1998,62(3):183-197
Expected values, reference ranges, or reference limits are necessary to enable clinicians to apply analytical chemical data
in the delivery of health care. Determination of references ranges is not straightforward in terms of either selecting a reference
population or performing statistical analysis. In light of logistical, scientific, and economic obstacles, it is understandable
that clinical laboratories often combine approaches in developing health associated reference values. A laboratory may choose
to:
Effects of external contamination and anecdotal information from clinicians may be considered.
The clinical utility of hair analysis is well accepted for some elements. For others, it remains in the realm of clinical
investigation. This article elucidates an approach for establishment of reference ranges for elements in human scalp hair.
Observed levels of analytes from hair specimens from both our laboratory’s total patient population and from a physician-defined
healthy American population have been evaluated. Examination of levels of elements often associated with toxicity serves to
exemplify the process of determining reference ranges in hair. In addition the approach serves as a model for setting reference
ranges for analytes in a variety of matrices. 相似文献
1. | Validate either reference ranges of other laboratories or published data from clinical research or both, through comparison of patients test data. |
2. | Base the laboratory’s reference values on statistical analysis of results from specimens assayed by the clinical reference laboratory itself. |
3. | Adopt standards or recommendations of regulatory agencies and governmental bodies. |
4. | Initiate population studies to validate transferred reference ranges or to determine them anew. |
2.
Hair samples of 655 children (3–6 yr of age) from metropolitan and small cities in Korea were analyzed to determine the content
of 23 minor and trace elements with the aim of assessing reference values. Fifteen essential elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mg,
Mn, P, Na, K, Cr, Se, Li, V, Co, Mo) and 8 harmful elements (Pb, Al, Hg, As, Cd, Ba, Bi, U) were taken into account. Measurements
were performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The overall mean values were as follows (μ/g): Al, 8.78; As,
0.11; Ba, 0.32; Bi, 0.04; Ca, 212.47; Cd, 0.08; Co, 0.01; Cr, 0.47; Cu, 15.51; Fe, 12.62; Hg, 0.49; K, 34.10; Li, 0.01; Mg,
12.29; Mn, 0.29; Mo, 0.07; Na; 27.14; P, 121.21; Pb, 1.68; Se, 0.75; U. 0.04; V. 0.08; Zn, 69.99. There was no significant
difference in hair mineral content between children living in metropolitan and small cities. There were positive correlations
between age and the level of Zn, Ca, Na, P, Mn, and Li, but negative correlations between age and the level of Cr, V, and
U. The proposed reference values for hair Zn, Mg, Ca, As, and Cd of Korean children were lower than those of other countries,
but the values for other elements of hair were not significantly different from those of other countries. 相似文献
3.
T. C. Pan T. H. Lin C. L. Tseng M. H. Yang C. W. Huang 《Biological trace element research》1993,39(2-3):117-128
Blackfoot disease is a peripheral vascular disease resulting in gangrene of the lower extremities. Though extensive epidemiological
study has implicated that high arsenic content in artesian well water of the endemic area, bears some important connection
with the disease, the etiology of the disease is still unknown. In this study, attention is paid to multielement determination
in order to find out whether the trace elements in hair of Blackfoot disease patients are different from those of the controls.
Experimental results indicate that the concentrations of As and Se in hair of patients are significantly higher than those
of the controls, but Ca and Zn are significantly lower than those of the controls. The possible connection of these elements
with the etiology of the disease is discussed. 相似文献
4.
Reference values for trace and ultratrace elements in human serum determined by double-focusing ICP-MS 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Cristina Sariego Muñiz José Luis Fernández-Martin Juan Manuel Marchante-Gayón José Ignacio García Alonso Jorge B. Cannata-Andía Alfredo Sanz-Medel 《Biological trace element research》2001,82(1-3):259-272
Reference values for trace and ultratrace elements concentrations in healthy human serum, measured by double-focusing inductively
coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), are presented. Blood donors from Asturias (Spain) were selected as the reference
population (n=59). Blood samples were collected, after donation, taking the necessary precautions to avoid contamination. All subjects
analyzed had normal renal function and nutritional status, as shown from their creatinine and albumin levels. A total number
of 14 elements (Al, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Pb, and U) were monitored almost simultaneously. Serum samples
were diluted 1+4 with ultrapure water and matrix interferences were corrected using Sc, Ga, Y, and Tl as internal standards.
Fe, Cu, and Zn were also determined by isotope dilution analysis (IDA).
Reference trace element concentrations intervals observed containing 95% of the reference distribution after excluding outliers
are presented. Fourteen serum samples from hemodialysis patients were also analyzed for comparison. High levels of Al, Cr,
Sr, Mo, Mn, Pb, U, Co, and Cu and low levels of Fe, Zn, and Rb were found in the serum samples from hemodialysis patients
compared to the corresponding reference values observed in this work. 相似文献
5.
A model describing the incorporation of trace elements from environment into the hair structure is presented. Model predictions
for radial and longitudinal concentration profiles are given. Comparison with elemental data is satisfactory. 相似文献
6.
Much is known about the essentiality of the halogens fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), and iodine (I), but very little has been
discussed with respect to bromine (Br). As a member of the halogen family its chemical properties are comparable to those
of other halogens, but its presence has been masked by the presence of I and Cl in chemical analyses. By virtue of new technology
and a special computerized machine called the Kevex Model 0600 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Induced X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
(EDXRF), we can specifically identify bromine in different compartments and verify its concentration accurately. In order
to establish standard values of Br concentrations and evaluate the nature of its presence in humans, samples of serum, urine,
and hair were collected from ten healthy adult males and analyzed for bromine content. Our samples had normal distributions,
with serum bromine levels ranging from 3.2 to 5.6 μg/mL, urine levels between 0.3 to 7.0 μg/mL, and hair levels determined
from 1.1 to 49.0 μg/mL. These levels, especially those of serum bromine, have been encountered by other examiners whose samples
also had normal distributions. These findings suggest to us that bromine may well be an essential trace element, as are its
other halogen family members. 相似文献
7.
Laura Perrone Renata Moro Margherita Caroli Rosario Di Toro Giancarlo Gialanella 《Biological trace element research》1996,51(1):71-76
Hair trace element (TE) (Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Br, Rb, Sr, Pb) levels from 336 healthy subjects were measured by the Proton-Induced
X-ray Emission (PIXE) method. The subjects were divided in three groups: 157 full-term neonates (75 male and 82 female), 86
children (41 male and 45 female) ages 6 to 11 yr, and 93 adolescents (51 male and 42 female) 11 to 16 yr old. Cu, Zn, Cr,
and Br show an increase from birth to 8 yr and then decrease. Fe, Mn, and Sr strongly decrease up to 8 yr and then remain
almost stable. Sex differences are present in Fe, Zn, and Br of children and in Cu, Cr, and Br of adolescents. 相似文献
8.
Mila Tommaseo Ponzetta Serenella Nardi Irene Calliari Mirco Lucchese 《Biological trace element research》1998,62(3):199-212
Pb, Cd, and Ni contents were determined in the scalp hair of the Asmat of Irian Jaya (Indonesian New Guinea) on 35 adult subjects.
These data are presented together with those of Al, Ca, Ti, Fe, Cu, Zn and Sr, which were determined in previous research
on the same group. Hair samples were analyzed by EDXRS and ICP. Trace elements were also determined in 12 soil samples from
the same area by EDXRS (Al, Si, K, Ca, Fe) and ICP (Cu, Sr, Ti), and by AAS (Cd, Ni, Pb). When hair element levels are compared
and discussed with those of other New Guinea populations, acculturated and nonacculturated tropical groups, populations from
Western countries and from polluted areas, and “recommended levels” in the literature, they greatly exceed Western levels
and generally fit those of other New Guinea populations, stressing the importance of common environment, subsistence, and
behavior. The results of soil analyses are consistent with the presence of those elements in hair, and their quantitative
distribution follows a common trend. Metal mobility in soil, patterns of absorption, and transfer from soil to plants and
to humans are considered here. 相似文献
9.
Standard reference materials and data quality assurance in the biomedical analysis of trace elements
Accurate and precise analytical data of the concentrations of bioanalytes in bioclinical studies are of fundamental importance.
Quality assurance procedures should always be performed to check the overall analytical work. This can be conveniently performed
if appropriate standard reference materials with known concentrations of the analyte object of study are available. This paper
underlines the key points related to the production and use of biological standard materials for trace element analysis. In
particular, the present situation in the field of trace element determination in human biological fluids and the related problems
are illustrated. The considerations given in this work may contribute to the preparation of the new biomarker standard materials. 相似文献
10.
Study of the age and sex dependence of trace elements in hair by correspondence analysis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Valerie Zakrgynska-Fontaine Jean-Christophe Doré Tiiu Ojasoo Françoise Poirier-Duchêne Claude Viel 《Biological trace element research》1998,61(2):151-168
The aim of the study was to examine the potential of multidimensional analysis, and in particular of correspondence analysis
(CA), in bringing to light the influence of sex and age on trace element (TE) concentrations in hair from an unselected French
population. Sixteen elements (S, Hg, Se, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Cr, Mg, Al, Ca, Cu, Ag) were assayed by inductively coupled
argon plasma (ICAP) emission specrroscopy in the scalp hair of 135 men and 346 women. In spite of the high background noise,
CA was able to reveal the differing patterns in males and females. For instance, in this population, higher relative levels
of the essential elements, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu, but also of Ag, characterized women’s hair, whereas higher relative levels
of the heavy metals, Fe and Pb, were associated with men’s hair. Al and Ag were unexplainedly high in the hair of the youngest
members of the population. The Cu and Co of youth seemed to give way to a predominance of Zn in maturity. The hair of individuals
in their forties tended to be richest in Ca and Mg, but these elements decreased with advancing age. Heavy metals (Hg, Pb,
Fe) accumulated with age, whereas Se, Mn, and Cr seemed independent of age. CA is manifestly a very useful tool for revealing
underlying dimensions in complex dynamic systems and unsuspected relationships among variables. Clearly, the significance
of the high Al and Ag contents in the hair of certain members of the population, especially of the very young, needs to be
investigated from both physiological and toxicological aspects. 相似文献
11.
Reference values in biological specimens are crucial to estimate the type and magnitude of environmental and occupational
exposure: Because of its importance in the excretion of noxious substances and to the noninvasive mode of its collection,
urine is a useful specimen for monitoring studies. Thus, the concentrations of six trace elements (Al, Co, Mo, Nb, Ni, and
Ti) were determined in 100 urine samples of the Budapestian population by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The
obtained creatinine adjusted concentrations (medians) are (in μg/g) 9.9, 0.6, 53.5, 0.4, 1.5, and 8.5 for Al, Co, Mo, Nb,
Ni, and Ti, respectively. 相似文献
12.
The central nervous system (CNS) should be especially sensitive to disturbances in trace element concentrations because of
its high metabolic rate and low capacity for regeneration. Comparatively few studies have been made on trace elements in the
CNS, which prompted us to begin a study of trace elements in four different brain lobes of the CNS, as well as in the spinal
cord. Samples were obtained at autopsy and handled carefully in order to avoid contamination. They were freeze-dried and sealed
in quartz tubes that were irradiated in a nuclear reactor. A simple chemical separation into six fractions was performed.
The gamma spectra for these fractions was registered using a Ge(Li) detector and a computerized multichannel analyzer. Results
for the following elements were obtained: Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Rb, Se, and Zn, as well as for Na and K (not reported).
Other elements were also detected in some samples. Using this technique, brain samples from ten patients with Alzheimer’s
disease and ten control cases were examined. 相似文献
13.
Orkide Donma Sacit Günbey Mehmet Ali Taş M. Metin Donma 《Biological trace element research》1990,24(1):39-47
Zinc, copper, and magnesium concentrations in hair were measured in groups of children varying in one condition—protein-energy
malnutrition, ricketts, thalassemia, malignancy, cardiac failure, or after prolonged infection and in healthy controls. As
compared with controls, copper and magnesium concentrations were low in all groups, whereas higher values were obtained for
hair zinc. These results showed that a generalized copper and magnesium deficiency were observed in the southeastern part
of Turkey. However, zinc deficiency couldn’t be detected as far as the hair zinc values were concerned, although all of the
subjects fell within the 50 percentile limits for their age-appropriate weights and heights. 相似文献
14.
Sidney A. Katz 《Biological trace element research》1993,36(1):1-5
Various animal models have been employed for research on the significance of measuring trace element concentrations in the
human scalp hair. The objects of such research were the establishment of relationships between the concentrations of trace
elements in human scalp hair and (1) their concentrations in other compartments of the human body or (2) specific pathophysiological conditions. The guinea pig appears to be the animal of choice for such studies because the elemental
composition and growth pattern of its hair parallel those of the human scalp hair. 相似文献
15.
The concentrations of 19 trace element in hair samples from 1273 residents of Harbin (China), Medan (Indonesia), and Tokushima
(Japan) were measured by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The mean concentrations of Ba, Ca, and Se were
significantly higher in the Harbin hair samples when compared to those from Medan, but Al, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, Pb, Ti, Zn,
and K were significantly higher in Medan than in Harbin hair samples. The differences in the mean concentrations of As, Cr,
Mg, P, Sn, and Sr between the Medan and Harbin lots were not significant. In the Tokushima hair samples, Na and K were significantly
higher, but As, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sn, Sr, and Se were significantly lower than in the Harbin hair samples. The differences
in the mean concentrations of Al, Cu, Fe, P, Ti, and Zn between Harbin and Tokushima were not significant. In the Medan hair
samples, Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sn, Sr, Ti, and Zn were significantly higher, but P and Se were significantly
lower than in Tokushima hair samples. Differences in mean concentrations of Na and K between Tokushima and Medan were not
significant. 相似文献
16.
A particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis method is presented, which allows measurement of eight elements (i.e., K,
Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, and Rb) in human brain samples of only a few mg dry weight. The precision and accuracy of the method
were investigated by analyzing animal brain matter with both PIXE and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The
method was applied to measure the 8 elements in 46 different regions of 3 human brains. The sections analyzed originated from
either the left or the right cerebral hemisphere, brain stem, and cerebellum. For one of the brains, sections were also analyzed
from 26 corresponding regions of both hemispheres. For all elements, similar concentrations were found in the corresponding
areas of the left and right sides of the brain. The concentrations (in μg/g dry weight) of the elements K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se,
and Rb were consistently higher in cortical structures than in white matter. Deep nuclei and brain stem, which have a mixed
composition, showed intermediate values for K, Zn, Se, and Rb. A hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the various
brain regions clustered into two large groups, one comprising gray and mixed matter regions and the other, white and mixed
matter brain areas. 相似文献
17.
Calcium,magnesium, and other elements in the red blood cells and hair of normals and patients with premenstrual syndrome 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Shamberger RJ 《Biological trace element research》2003,94(2):123-129
This study compared the levels of 18 red cell elements and 22 hair elements in 46 patients (median age: 36.2 yr) diagnosed
with PMS (premenstrual syndrome) to 50 normals (median age: 37.7 yr). Significantly lower amounts of calcium, chromium, copper,
and manganese were found in the blood of patients with PMS. The ratios of Mg/Ca and K/Na and toxic metals such as lead, arsenic,
and germanium were significantly elevated in the PMS patients. In hair, mercury and the Zn/Cu ratio were significantly greater
in the PMS patients than the controls, but iron, potassium, and the Mg/Ca ratio were lower. The highly significant Mg/Ca ratio
in blood cells may be indicative of a more complex relationship between PMS and magnesium and calcium than either element
alone. The significantly lower blood cell calcium level found in these studies may provide additional evidence that PMS may
be related to a calcium-deficiency state or a metabolic defect involving calcium. 相似文献
18.
Daniel B. Hrdy 《American journal of physical anthropology》1978,49(2):277-282
Hair samples from 76 burials at Semna South (Sudanese Nubia) were examined using a variety of techniques. Electrophoresis and fluorescence microscopy indicated some oxidation of the cuticule and keratin protein had taken place. However, the cuticular structure and the lack of fluorescence of the cortex indicate that the low humidity and non-alkaline conditions preserved the physical and chemical properties of the hair well. Pigmentation, even allowing for oxidation of melanin, showed a higher proportion of lighter samples than is currently associated with the Nubian area. Hair form analysis showed medium diameter and scale count; the curling variables were intermediate between European and African samples. There was a high ratio of maximum to minimum curvature (a measure of irregularity), approached only by Melanesian samples. Meroitic and X-group burial types were not statistically significantly different (largely due to sample sizes), but the X-group, especially males, showed more African elements than the Meroitic in the curling variables. Principal components analysis showed the Semna sample to be significantly different from seven populations examined earlier. 相似文献
19.
Validity of hair mineral testing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shamberger RJ 《Biological trace element research》2002,87(1-3):1-28
The variance of testing was compared between the College of American Pathologists clinical survey and that of a recent review
about hair mineral testing. The review suggested that the accuracy of hair mineral testing was unreliable. In general, there
was a greater range of variance in the College of American Pathologists testing results. These latter results are based on
laboratory testing and are used as a “yardstick” to determine if a laboratory passes or fails that analyte and are considered
a “gold standard.” An extract, which resulted from a method that avoided the washing step, was compared among five laboratories.
Very good precision resulted, indicating that the varied washing steps used by the laboratories in a recent review were probably
the source of much variance.
Analysis of hair analysis seemed to yield important information in several historical or forensic cases involving Ludwig von
Beethoven, Napoleon Bonaparte, ex-US-presidents Zachary Taylor and Andrew Jackson, and Charles Hall, an Arctic explorer.
Several elements that were reviewed, including arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, germanium, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel,
and thallium, showed relationships between body burden, dosage, and exposure or toxicity. Evidence of toxicity could not be
found by measuring hair aluminum or vanadium. Chromium, selenium, and zinc seemed to have nutritional value. Ratios of hair
elements with clinical importance could not be found. 相似文献