Overview of the diversity of erythrocyte blood group antigens

During the differentiation and maturation of erythrocytes, the surface molecules of erythrocytes are gradually expressed and stabilized. These molecules are to be antigenic in addition to their functions of maintaining cell membrane structural stability, material transport and exchange of cells and signal transmission between cells. The antigenic molecules on the erythrocyte surface are called erythrocyte blood group antigens. The blood group antigens and their corresponding blood group antibodies in vivo are important indicators for clinical blood transfusion and organ transplantation, and also form the basis for research on blood group related diseases. Three hundred and sixty-eight erythrocyte blood group antigens have been confirmed so far, which are classified into 39 blood group systems, 5 blood group collections and 2 blood group series. Based on the diversity of blood group antigens and their composition of glycolipids, glycoproteins and other molecules, this study mainly reviews the classification, molecular structure, antibody response and gene regulation of blood group antigens, and explains the main reasons for the diversity of blood group antigens.     

Effect of UV radiation and the autotransfusion of UV-irradiated blood on the content of cationic proteins in the neutrophilic granulocytes of calves

A study was made of the influence of UV-irradiation (254 nm) of blood in vitro, of the autotransfusion of UV-irradiated blood (AUVIB), and of the mixture of UV-irradiated and intact blood in vitro on the content of bactericidal cation proteins (CP) in blood neutrophil of calves suffered from dyspepsia and broncho-pneumonia. Age differences were noticed in CP contents and their decrease in neutrophils following AUVIB in vivo and administration of the mixture of blood in vitro. The decrease in cell CP contents is presumably due to neutrophil degranulation and CP release into the blood plasma. Since the initial mechanisms of neutrophil degranulation are located on the cell surface, the CP release is supposed to result from a membranotropic effect of UV-irradiated blood on the intact autologous blood. This effect may explain the increase in nonspecific resistance of organism after the AUVIB, being one of the main therapeutic phenomena of the AUVIB-therapy.     

Effects of blood meal source on the reproduction of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were fed blood meals from a live chicken (LC), chicken blood in Alsever's (AC) solution, defibrinated bovine blood (DB), or bovine blood in citrate (CB) and incubated at 28° C. The effects of different blood meal sources were evaluated with respect to rates of blood feeding and reproduction (i.e., fecundity and fertility) over two gonotrophic cycles. Mosquitoes that fed on the first blood meal were subjected to a second blood meal as follows (first blood meal / second blood meal): LC/LC, LC/DB, DB/DB, CB/CB, AC/AC. Fecundity and fertility of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus were significantly (P < 0.05) greater in mosquitoes fed LC blood; however, fecundity and fertility in different treatment groups varied by gonotrophic cycle. These results contribute to our understanding of the impact of blood meal source on feeding and reproduction in Cx. p. quinquefasciatus. The potential impacts of blood meal source on virus transmission experiments are discussed.     

The influence of oxygen barotherapy on erythropoiesis in the recuperative period of hemorrhagic collapse]

Under the effect of high-pressure oxygen therapy (2 atm of O2 for 40 min) in anemic rats (blood loss - 2,8% of body weight in the course of 30 min) erythropoiesis in the bone marrow was more intense and led to effective restoration of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the peripheral blood. Biphasic character of accumulation of erythropoientins in the blood serum of rats was seen on the 1st and the 10th days after acute blood loss. Erythropoiesis inhibitor was revealed in the blood serum of rats on the 15th day. A conclusion was drawn on the importance of erythropoietins and high pressure oxygen therapy in the mechanism of blood regeneration following the loss of blood.     

Effects of blood type and blood handling on feeding success,longevity and egg production in the body louse,Pediculus humanus humanus

The effects of feeding different types of human blood to human body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), on feeding success, longevity and numbers of eggs laid were investigated using an artificial blood‐feeding system in the laboratory. No significant differences were found between lice fed on different human blood types for any of the parameters tested. However, when lice were fed on human blood of one blood type followed immediately by a different blood type, they took significantly smaller bloodmeals, their longevity was reduced and they laid fewer eggs per female than control lice that had been fed twice on the same human blood type. When lice were fed human blood that had been stored for 1–26 weeks, the quantity of blood taken, the proportion of lice that became fully engorged and lice longevity diminished gradually as the storage time of the blood increased, but there was no effect of storage time on the mean number of eggs laid per female. However, lice would not feed on 26‐week‐old blood. The type of anticoagulant used had a significant effect on the proportion fed, longevity and number of eggs laid per female. Generally, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)‐treated blood reduced longevity and the number of eggs laid per female to a greater degree than heparinized or citrated blood. Lice fed on rabbit blood took significantly larger amounts of blood, lived longer and laid a higher mean number of eggs per female than lice fed on human blood.     

Cardiovascular effects of dietary copper deficiency

Dietary copper deficiency may impair cardiovascular health by contributing to high blood pressure, enhancement of inflammation, anemia, reduced blood clotting and arteriosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to compile information on the numerous changes of the heart, blood and blood vessels that may contribute to these cardiovascular defects. These alterations include weakened structural integrity of the heart and blood vessels, impairment of the use of energy by the heart, reduced ability of the heart to contract, altered ability of blood vessels to control their diameter and to grow, and altered structure and function of circulating blood cells. The fundamental causes of these changes rest largely on reduced effectiveness of enzymes that depend on copper for their activity.     

Effect of human blood feeding on the fecundity, fertility and biological cycle of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

The effect of several human blood fractions artificially fed to Rhodnius prolixus Stal 1859 on oviposture (fecundity), egg-hatching (fertility) and life cycle was observed. Specimens fed on man's blood were more fecund than those fed with woman's blood. There were no significant differences in fertility related to host sex. The nymphal development time and number of feedings to molt to the following instar were estimated. Animals fed only on blood plasm did not finish nymphal development, while those fed only blood red cells ended their life cycle in the third nymphal instar. Total life cycle lasts 129 days in individuals fed with whole blood.     

椎动脉狭窄内血液两相流动数值模拟分析

目的:对应用三维重构得到的人体真实椎动脉进行血液两相流数值模拟,与经典单相流牛顿血液模型对比,分析动脉粥样硬化等病因与椎动脉狭窄处的血流动力学关系。方法:把考虑血细胞和血浆的两相流血液模型应用到逆向工程方法构建的基于人体生理解剖特征的椎动脉三维几何模型中去进行数值模拟,分析血细胞分布情况等血流动力学参数,并与单相流模型的模拟结果进行对比。结果:通过瞬态模拟计算,得到了椎动脉在心动周期内不同时刻的两相流和单相流模型的血流动力学参数。结论:通过对比单相流数值模拟结果,得出血管狭窄处血细胞出现聚集,血流更加复杂和低壁面切应力分布等与动脉粥样硬化及血栓的形成相关的结论。并且与两相流模型相比,单相流模型存在如无法获得如血细胞分布等不足,为进一步深入研究椎动脉等疾病的发病机理提供方法和理论支持。     

东菱精纯克栓酶对高粘血症患者血流变的影响

目的观察东菱精纯克栓酶对高粘血症患者血液流变学的影响,并探讨其影响机制。方法用东菱精纯克栓酶治疗２８例高粘血症患者。结果东菱精纯克栓酶能明显地降低血粘度,表现为全血粘度、血浆比粘度、全血还原粘度及纤维蛋白原水平降低。结论东菱精纯克栓酶通过降低高粘血症患者血粘度而起治疗作用。     

Effect of D,L-carnitine, acetyl-D,L-beta-methylcholine chloride and glycine betaine on some processes of carbohydrate metabolism of humans and goats.

Oral administration of carnitine in normal and diabetic subjects showed a marked decrease in the level of blood glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) except for the three hour samples in diabetic subjects, while a decrease in the level of subsequent blood pyruvate samples was observed during the OGTT in normal and diabetic subjects after the administration of carnitine. During the OGTT, the peak of blood glucose and blood pyruvate level was generally delayed in the diabetic subjects. Furthermore, the mean blood pyruvate levels were elevated above those of normal subjects during the late stages of the test. The mean levels of blood glucose and blood pyruvate of all samples after the administration of carnitine were significantly higher in diabetics than the corresponding values in noramls. Carnitine administration decreased the total blood amino acid nitrogen level only in diabetic subjects. Carnitine caused a highly significant increase in the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase in normal and diabetic subjects, while it had no effect on the activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase. In goats, the level of blood glucose during the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was not affected by carnitine (1,3 or 6 mg/kg body weight). Carnitine in all doses used had no effect on the total blood amino acid nitrogen during the IVGTT, or on the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase and serum aspartate aminotransferase in the fasting samples. Acetyl-D,L-beta-methylcholine had no effect on the level of blood glucose, total blood amino acid nitrogen, the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase or serum aspartate aminotransferase in normal and diabetic subjects. The level of blood pyruvate decreased both in normal and diabetic subjects, in the samples that represented the peak of the curve. Glycine betaine had no effect on blood glucose, pyruvate, total blood amino acid nitrogen and the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase or serum aspartate amino transferase in normal and diabetic subjects or in goats.     

Evaluation of blood pressure control after bilateral glomectomy: effects of propranolol treatment

The effects of bilateral glomectomy on arterial blood pressure and heart rate and the response to the pressor tests were studied in a women of 37. Arterial pressure and ECG were recorded by the continuous unrestricted Oxford method. Hypotension, increased blood pressure variability and tachycardia rapidly developed 2 days after surgery, indicating sympathetic hyperactivity and/or deactivation of vagal tone. Wide blood pressure fluctuations were present on standing and abnormal blood pressure responses to head up tilting and to the Valsalva maneuver were observed reflecting a less prompt and precise control of blood pressure. Treatment with propranolol reduced tachycardia and blood pressure variability. After 5 and 17 months of this therapy propranolol was withheld for 36 h. Tachycardia was still present and blood pressure fluctuations were recorded on assuming the upright posture. However, the heart rate and pressure response to the Valsalva maneuver were normal after 17 months, indicating an improvement of the reflex control of blood pressure.     

Study of the luteinizing hormone-induced increase of ovarian blood flow during the estrous cycle in the rat

CYF rats were anesthetized on various days of the 4-day cycle and blood samples were collected at 5-min interals from the ovarian vein before and after i.v. administration of 5 micrograms/100 g BW of luteinizing hormone (LH). Ovarian venous outflow, blood pressure and hematocrit were continuously recorded, and from the blood samples progesterone (P) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Ovarian blood flow and P secretion showed a parallel increase on Day 1 (estrus), on Day 2, and on the afternoon of Day 4 (proestrous). LH increased ovarian blood flow each day of the cycle together with P and E2 secretion; however, no relationship was seen between the initial value of hormone secretion and the LH-induced increase of ovarian blood flow. Inhibition of hormone secretion by cycloheximide prevented the LH-induced increase of ovarian blood flow; moreover, a decrease in ovarian blood flow parallel with the diminution of hormone secretion was observed. Indomethacin pretreatment abolished the hyperemic effect of LH and partially inhibited the LH-induced increase of hormone secretion. Propranolol blocked the LH-induced increase of ovarian blood flow and blunted the effect of LH on hormone secretion. It was concluded that in LH-induced hyperemia, cAMP, prostaglandins and other vasoactive metabolites released during the process of hormone synthesis, and also a beta-adrenergic mechanism, are involved in the regulation of ovarian blood flow.     

Effect of gold nanoparticle on the microscopic morphology of white blood cell

Background:  In medicine, there is limited knowledge on the toxicity of nanoparticles. In medicine, there has been limited knowledge on the effect of nanoparticles on the white blood cell.
Objective:  To evaluate the effect of gold nanoparticle on the microscopic morphology of white blood cell.
Setting:  Chulalongkorn Univesity, Bangkok, Thailand.
Method:  This study was performed as an experimental study. Mixture of gold nanoparticle solution and blood sample was prepared and analysed.
Result:  This work revealed that after mixing the blood sample with gold nanoparticle solution, accumulation of gold nanoparticle in the white blood cell was observed.
Conclusion:  The effect of gold nanoparticle on the white blood cell can be detected and this knowledge can be used in cytotoxic drug treatment.     

Effects of blood collection on wild birds: an update

Blood sampling is often critical for answering a variety of questions about wild birds. However, it is important to assess the impacts, if any, of blood collection on wild birds. Here, we examined the effects of blood sampling on adults or nestlings in three species of free-living birds. First, we examined the effects of blood collection on annual survival and reproductive success in adult buff-breasted wrens Thryothorus leucotis in Panama. In adult wrens, blood collection from the brachial vein during the breeding season had no effect on annual survival or reproductive success. Second, we examined whether blood collection influenced mass gain in developing smooth-billed anis Crotophaga ani in Puerto Rico. In developing anis, blood collection from the femoral or jugular veins had no effect on mass gain of nestlings. Third, in developing European starlings Sturnus vulgaris in British Columbia, Canada, blood collection from the brachial vein had no effect of body condition. Blood collection from the jugular vein had a transient effect on body condition during the first week post-hatch, but this effect disappeared by the second week of age. Lastly, we present an extensive up-to-date review of the literature on the effects of blood collection on free-living avian species. Taken together, these data show that blood collection has no major negative effects on developing or adult birds in the wild.     

Study of the trajectory of erythrocyte movement in microvessels using a method of automatic image analysis

Many physiological and pathological processes in the circulation are related to changes of blood rheological properties. Since blood represents a specific suspension of cells in plasma the mentioned changes are to a great degree dependent on behavior and interaction of red blood cells (RBC). For investigation of blood flow structure in microvessels we developed an algorithm and worked out a program for automatic treatment of RBC movement on the basis of automatic image analysis system "Leitz-TAS" (Ernst Leitz, FRG). The program was based on computation of coordinates of blood cell centers. Further we calculated the following values: the vector of displacements (S), its projection on both axes (dx, dy), their relationship (dy/dx), the relationship of RBC radial coordinate to vessel radius (y/R), and the velocity of RBC movements (V). Proceeding from these data we obtained such parameters, as e.g., the velocity profile, the radial displacements of red cells, etc. by which we could judge on the blood flow regime, the flow structure and changes of blood rheological properties.     

Attraction of mosquitoes to volatiles associated with blood.

Responses of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex nigripalpus to volatiles and compounds associated with bovine and avian blood that were presented in collagen membranes were evaluated in olfactometer and landing assays. The presence of attractants produced by blood was supported by more attraction of all species to blood than water controls in the olfactometer. Females of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus were more attracted to bovine blood than to avian blood, but there was no difference in Cx. nigripalpus responses. In landing assays, significantly more females of all species landed on casings with blood than on water controls. There was no difference in landing of Ae. aegypti on bovine or avian blood. However, significantly more females of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. nigripalpus landed on avian blood compared to bovine blood. Blood presented in collagen casings was an effective method for evaluating in-flight attraction and landing in all three species. In the olfactometer, several individual compounds elicited attraction in all species, but none were as attractive as blood for all species. In landing assays, several organic acids and sulfides elicited landing, with Ae. aegypti responding to the greatest number of compounds. These assay methods are effective for evaluation of volatile compounds from blood, and although responses were obtained to several compounds, none were as effective as blood in the olfactometer and landing assays.     

影响Ⅱ型糖尿病动物模型KK／Upj—A^y／J小鼠血糖的因素

目的探讨营养,年龄及性别等因子对Ⅱ型糖尿病动物模型-KK／Upj-A^y／J小鼠血糖的影响。方法尾部取血,用血糖仪测定实验组和对照组动物的血糖并进行实验分析。结果实验组血糖值明显高于对照组;实验组发病动物的比例也明显高于对照组动物;对照组8月龄小鼠血糖值低于糖尿病的发病标准;实验组年龄对动物的血糖影响较小;实验组和对照组性别基本不影响动物的血糖。结论（1）在同样携带A^y黄色肥胖糖尿病基因的遗传作用的条件下,饲料中的营养成分是影响小鼠血糖的主要因素,（2）动物的年龄是影响血糖的另一主要因素。（3）性别对动物血糖的影响不大。     

Influence of Electromagnetic Radiation Produced by Mobile Phone on Some Biophysical Blood Properties in Rats

Effects of electromagnetic radiation produced by mobile phone on blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hemolysis, Osmotic fragility, and blood components of rats have been investigated. Experimental results show that there are significant change on blood components and its viscosity which affects on a blood circulation due to many body problems. Red blood cells, White blood cells, and Platelets are broken after exposure to electromagnetic radiation produced by mobile phone. Also blood viscosity and plasma viscosity values are increased but Osmotic fragility value decreased after exposure to electromagnetic radiation produced by mobile phone.     

Characteristics of the changes in the natural killer activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes during pregnancy

The influence of blood plasma of women of the 1st and 3rd pregnancy trimester and of cord blood on natural killer (NK) activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes of non-pregnant women was investigated. The maximum suppressive activity on NK was observed with plasma of pregnant women of the 3rd trimester with low NK-activity. Data suggesting the involvement of estradiol in this suppressive activity was obtained. No suppressive activity of cord blood plasma was found despite the low NK-activity of cord blood.     

Factors Affecting Blood Pressure Variability: Lessons Learned from Two Systematic Reviews of Randomized Controlled Trials

Systematic reviews can often reveal much more than the original objective of the work. The objectives of this retrospective analysis were to answer three basic questions about blood pressure variability: 1) Does blood pressure entry criterion have an effect on baseline blood pressure variability? 2) Do thiazide diuretics have a significant effect on blood pressure variability? and 3) Does systolic blood pressure vary to the same degree as diastolic blood pressure? This analysis of blood pressure variability is based on resting standardized research setting BP readings from two systematic reviews evaluating blood pressure lowering efficacy of thiazide diuretics from double blind randomized controlled trials in 33,611 patients with primary hypertension. The standard deviation reported in trials was the focus of the research and the unit of analysis. When a threshold systolic or diastolic blood pressure value is used to determine entry into a trial, baseline variability is significantly decreased, systolic from 14.0 to 9.3 mmHg and diastolic from 8.4 to 5.3 mmHg. Thiazides do not change BP variability as the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure did not differ between thiazide and placebo groups at end of treatment. The coefficient of variation of systolic blood pressure was significantly greater than the coefficient of variation of diastolic blood pressure. Entry criterion decreases the baseline blood pressure variability. Treatment with a thiazide diuretic does not affect blood pressure variability. Systolic blood pressure varies to a greater degree than diastolic blood pressure.