标志技术在研究小皱蝽成虫种群特征中的应用

应用标志－释放－回收技术研究小皱蝽成虫的主要种群特征,结果如下：（１）成虫扩散的偏离度Ｋｕ＝２．４,为一阶峻开曲线;（２）分别用Ｐｅｔｅｒｓｏｎ和Ｊａｃｋｓｏｎ方法对种群蜜度进行了估计,结果表明,Ｊａｃｋｓｏｎ的方法较好;（３）雄虫平均寿命４０－４５,虫平均寿命１２０－１３０。天。     

小麦吸浆虫空间格局参数及其应用

本文应用聚集度指数、分析表明了小麦吸浆虫在麦田中的空间格局呈负二项分布,并探讨了吸浆虫在田间的聚集原因以及小麦吸浆虫穗虫平均密度（ｘ）与负二项分布公共ｋｃ值的关系。     

珞珈山森林土壤原生动物生态学研究及土壤原生动物定量方法探讨

１９９３年１月至１２月,用直接计数法和培养计数法对武昌珞珈山森林土壤原生动物进行了周年定量研究,发现原生动物丰度的周年动态趋势为：春季（３—５月）达到高峰,低谷出现在冬季（１—２月）,夏秋季保持较平稳的变动。原生动物丰度与土壤环境因子间的相关性分析结果表明,原生动物丰度的周年动态与土壤含水量及土壤ｐＨ值的变化呈显著的正相关,与土壤温度的变化无明显相关关系。珞珈山森林土壤原生动物优势种为梨波豆虫（Ｂｏｄｏｅｄａｘ）、球波豆虫（Ｂｏｄｏｇｌｏｂｏｓｕｓ）、卵形隐滴虫（Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｍｏｎａｓｏｖａｔａ）、长尾尾滴虫（Ｃｅｒｃｏｍｏｎａｓｌｏｎｇｉｃａｕｄａ）、线条三足虫（Ｔｒｉｎｅｍａｌｉｎｅａｒｓ）、斜口三足虫（Ｔ．ｅｎｃｈｅｌｙｓ）、长匣壳虫（Ｃｅｎｔｒｏｐｙｘｉｓｅｌｏｎｇａｔａ）、宽口圆壳虫（Ｃｙｃｌｏｐｙｘｉｓｅｕｒｏｓｔｏｍａ）。常见种有梨波豆虫（Ｂｏｄｏｅｄａｘ）、球波豆虫（Ｂ．ｇｌｏｂｏｓｕｓ）、跳侧滴虫（Ｐｌｅｕｒｏｍｏｎａｓｊａｃｕｌａｎｓ）、长尾尾滴虫（Ｃｅｒｃｏｍｏｎａｓｌｏｎｇｉｃａｕｄａ）、小滴虫（Ｍｏｎａｓｍｉｎｉｍｕｍ）、斜口三足虫（Ｔｒｉｎｅｍａｅｎｃｈｅｌｙｓ）、线条三足虫（Ｔ     

L‘—V模型在检验昆虫种群空间分布型中的应用

本文在系统研究种群聚集度批标与分布型判断准则的基础上,提出了一个新的种群聚集度指标：Ｌ’＝Ｖ／ｍ＋Ｖ。指标Ｌ’不仅可用于判断昆虫种群的空间分布型,而且Ｌ’与方差（Ｖ）之间存在关显著性的关系。     

黄鳝体内寄生隐藏新棘虫和胃瘤线虫的频率分布及季节动态

寄生虫的感染会对黄鳝（Monopterus albus Zuiew,1793）造成不利影响,其中寄生其肠道的隐藏新棘虫（Pallisentis（Neosentis）celatus van Cleave,1928）和寄生于体腔的胃瘤线虫幼虫（Eustrongylidessp.）对黄鳝健康的影响尤其严重,研究调查了以上两种寄生蠕虫在黄鳝体内的频率分布以及季节动态。在连续23个月内共调查黄鳝1980尾,结果显示,隐藏新棘虫的感染率为34.46%,平均丰度为2.948.37,平均丰度与鱼类体长之间呈显著正相关关系（R=0.16,P0.05）,平均丰度和聚集度在42 cmL48 cm体长组达到最大值后开始下降,呈现凸形曲线。胃瘤线虫幼虫感染率为15.14%,平均丰度为0.612.45,平均丰度与鱼类体长之间呈显著负相关关系（R=-0.14,P0.05）,平均丰度在24 cmL30 cm体长组达到最大值后开始逐渐下降,聚集度是在30 cmL36 cm体长组达到最大值后开始下降。各月份间隐藏新棘虫的平均丰度和感染率都有显著性差异（F=10.50,P0.05;G=84.440.05222= 33.9）,感染主要发生在春季和秋季;胃瘤线虫幼虫各月份间的平均丰度和感染率也都有显著性差异（F=6.70,P0.05;G =143.88 0.05222= 33.9）,感染主要发生在春末夏初。       

海南黄鳝体内新棘衣虫和胃瘤线虫感染初报

首次报道了海南产野生黄鳝对新棘衣虫和胃瘤线虫(幼虫)的感染情况。结果表明,新棘衣虫的感染率为46.7%,感染强度为3.80,平均丰度为1.78;胃瘤线虫的感染率为24.3%,感染强度为2.15,平均丰度为0.52;黄鳝的感染与其自身的体长有一定关系,体长190 mm以下黄鳝对线虫未发现有感染,对棘头虫的感染率亦最低,为20%,而体长191 mm以上黄鳝对棘头虫和线虫均有较高的感染率,其中体长191~220 mm黄鳝的感染率最高;棘头虫和线虫的种群在黄鳝种群中均呈聚集分布,其负二项参数k值分别为0.2539和0.2176;棘头虫和线虫的感染均以210~220 mm体长段的阳性宿主最多,分别占26.0%和34.6%。     

中国大陆部分地区Drosophila immigrans果蝇种群中mtDNA的遗传多态？…

选用１４种限制性内切酶分布在中国大陆部分地区的Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａｉｍｍｉｇｒａｎｓ果蝇种群的线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）进行了分析,在６个地理种群的４６例单雌系中仅检测到１１种限制性类型,表征种群内均一程度的Ｉ值平均为０．８３３,衡量种群间等同程度的Ｊ值平均为０．７９７,在整个种群中只有１６．８％（Ｇｓｔ）的变异是由种群间变异所引起的,说明分布在中国大陆部分地区的Ｄ     

人为干扰对闽北栲树和木荷种群的影响

对闽北森林群落中的栲树（Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓｆａｒｇｅｓｉ）和木荷（Ｓｃｈｉｍａｓｕｐｅｒｂａ）种群的数量特征和等级度结构分析表明：栲树和木荷均是闽北阔叶林迹地上的建群种群。中等强度的人为干扰可促进栲树种群发展,缺乏干扰或强烈的人为干扰均产生抑制作用。木荷种群在受自然干扰的森林群落中相对稳定,重要值和高等级度比例增加,而人为干扰使木荷种群减小,低等级度比例增加。人为干扰强度越大,木荷种群越难以发展。     

关于种群聚集度指标1/k的讨论

在种群的负二项分布的格局中,Water（1959）提出用分布的参数k是作为种群聚集度指标,Taylor（1961）提出用1/k作为种群聚集度指标。用k或1／k作为种群聚集度指标并无本质上的区别,而能否把它们作为种群聚集度指标这个问题,近年来有些文章[1,2]提出不同的看法。本文就生活在离散生境单位内的生物种群,讨论用1/k作为种群聚集度指标的合理性及可行性。1用1/k作为种群聚集度指标的合理性1／k否作为聚集度指标,要看它是否符合我们规定的聚集度概念的含义。众所周知,通常昆虫种群的空间格局主要可分为随机的和聚集的两类,随机格局可用P…     

豚草条纹萤叶甲各虫态的空间分布型

豚草条纹萤叶甲Ophraella communa LeSage是恶性入侵豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)的天敌,用频次分布拟合和多种聚集指数测度等方法对该叶甲的成虫、幼虫和蛹、卵的空间分布型进行研究。结果表明,豚草条纹萤叶甲卵、幼虫+蛹、成虫的空间分布符合负二项分布,种群个体的空间分布为聚集分布。用几种衡量聚集度的指标,对上述各虫态分布的聚集程度进行测定;然后计算出各虫态田间最适理论抽样数。     

Why apply ecological laws to epidemiology?

Using ecological laws, or rules, is a useful strategy for epidemiological observations. The application of Taylor's power law to epidemiology and evolutionary ecology of parasites is exemplified here. Taylor's power law takes the form of s2=amb, where s2 is the variance in population abundance, m is the mean abundance of the population, a represents a constant parameter and b represents an index of spatial heterogeneity. Although Taylor's power law reflects the aggregation of parasite (or pathogen) individuals among host population, the values of b could reflect regulation processes in host-parasite systems. Illustrations are given showing how b value is linked to various epidemiological situations: pathogen emergence, the impact of vaccination or the level of host immune defence.     

青海湖地区芨芨草群落主要种群分布格局研究

以青海省三角城种羊场地区典型的芨芨草草原为研究对象,采用相邻格子样方法取样,应用方差/均值比率法、负二项参数(K);扩散系数(C);C ass ie指标(CA);丛生指标(I)和聚块性指标(m*/m)等指标,比较了青海湖地区围栏内、外芨芨草群落主要种群的空间分布格局。结果表明,围栏内芨芨草群落优势种群的空间格局除多裂蒲公英为随机分布外,其余均为聚集分布;围栏外除西伯利亚蓼外,其余种群也全部为聚集分布,而且围栏外种群的聚集强度大于围栏内。物种的这种分布格局主要与物种本身的生态和生物学特性有关。     

The use of Taylor's power law to describe the aggregated distribution of gastro-intestinal nematodes of sheep.

The distribution of gastro-intestinal nematodes collected from lambs was investigated using the Taylor's power law index of aggregation beta, which is known to be independent of the mean population size. For 12 out of the 15 nematode species investigated the estimate of beta was not significantly different from 2.0. For these species a logarithmic transformation would stabilize the variance of the distributions prior to further statistical analysis. The remaining species had values of beta which were significantly lower than 2.0. For these species a variance-stabilizing transformation is given by z = x1-beta/2.     

外来杂草薇甘菊种群分布格局研究

在3个群落中设置样方,采用方差/均值比率法测定了薇甘菊种群的分布格局类型。结果表明,薇甘菊种群的分布格局主要受自身的生物学特征和微环境的影响,呈随机或集群分布。随机分布的种群其聚集强度指标扩散型指数、丛生指数、聚块性指标和平均拥挤度多对1.0没有显著的偏离,负二项参数则较大;而聚集分布的种群其聚集强度指标则符合聚集特征。     

Spatial distribution on pasture of infective larvae of the gastro-intestinal nematode parasites of sheep

The horizontal distributions of infective larvae on pasture grazed by sheep have been investigated. Using Taylor's Power Law it was found that larvae had a more aggregated distribution in September than August, the Law index of aggregation being 1.97 and 1.89 for the 2 months, respectively. However, at each time the degree of aggregation remained fairly constant for a range of spacings between points from 5 to 30 m. These results suggest that Taylor's Power Law could be used as a basis for devising an efficient pasture sampling strategy. More data are required, however, to determine the extent to which aggregation of the larvae varies with time of the year.     

青海湖裸鲤寄生对盲囊线虫的种群生态研究

对盲囊线虫的三期幼虫寄生在青海湖裸鲁的体腔,以扁平的透明薄囊包被,附于肠壁和肠系膜间,其种群平均密度随突主体长的增加呈指数形式增加,寄生虫种群在突主种群中呈聚集分布,且其聚集强度随寄生虫的种群平均密度增加而增加。这种分布形式与其第一中间突主锯缘真剑水蚤在青海湖中分布的不均匀性和鱼类宿主在生长过程中的食性分化有关。具体机制无法用数学模式描述,感染率的显著增加引起分布的聚集强度降低。     

Fixed precision sampling plans for white apple leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on apple

Constant precision sampling plans for the white apple leafhopper, Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee, were developed so that it could be used as an indicator species for system stability as new integrated pest management programs without broad-spectrum pesticides are developed. Taylor's power law was used to model the relationship between the mean and the variance, and Green's constant precision sequential sample equation was used to develop sampling plans. Bootstrap simulations of the sampling plans showed greater precision (D = 0.25) than the desired precision (Do = 0.3), particularly at low mean population densities. We found that by adjusting the Do value in Green's equation to 0.4, we were able to reduce the average sample number by 25% and provided an average D = 0.31. The sampling plan described allows T. pomaria to be used as reasonable indicator species of agroecosystem stability in Washington apple orchards.     

闽东北海域假长缝拟对虾种群分布格局强度

以负二项参数、Mrisita指数、平均拥挤度、聚块指数和扩散系数为种群分布格局强度指标,分析了闽东北海域假长缝拟对虾(Parapenaeus fissuroides Crosnier)种群分布格局强度,探讨了种群分布格局强度生态学意义及其影响因子。结果显示:假长缝拟对虾种群聚集强度和聚块性夏季最强,其余依次为秋季、春季和冬季,平均拥挤度夏季最大,其次是秋季、冬季,春季最小,扩散程度春季最大,其次是冬季、秋季,夏季最小。负二项参数和Mrisita指数表征种群聚集强度,聚块指数体现种群斑块的组成形式,个体平均拥挤度指数反映平均个体实际的拥挤程度,扩散系数反映种群扩散程度。饵料浮游动物是影响假长缝拟对虾种群聚集强度的主要因子,种内竞争是影响假长缝拟对虾种群扩散程度的主要因子。     

湘西油茶树群落中蛇足石杉种群的水平分布格局

采用方差,均值法、负二项参数K、Cassie指数、丛生指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数、Green指数、泊松分布、负二项分布及奈曼分布的X2理论拟合,研究了湘西油茶树群落中蛇足石杉种群的分布格局,结果表明湘西油茶树群落中蛇足石衫种群的分布格局类型呈集群分布,且符合n=1的奈曼分布,此格局的形成主要与其繁殖的生物学特性、特定的环境条件及共生真菌等因素密切相关．     

Effect of Moniliformis moniliformis density on distribution within the definitive host population (Rattus norvegicus)

The population dynamics of Moniliformis moniliformis was studied in ‘free-ranging’ laboratory rats, Rattus norvegicus, presented with different relative density levels of M. moniliformis in cockroaches, Periplaneta americana. Changes in selected population parameters of the negative binomial distribution were evaluated as indicators of changes in aggregation. A significant increase in the degree of aggregation of parasites occurred as a result of the increase in relative density of infective stages available to the rats. This increase in aggregation was due to the increase in over-dispersion that occurred in female rats only. The degree of aggregation in females was found to be significantly higher than that in males at both treatment levels. The best indicators of the degree of aggregation were found to be the ratio of the variance to the relative density and the ratio of the log-variance to log-relative density. Changes in k were not correlated with changes in over-dispersion or the relative density.