山东广饶地区元代人群的生存压力

为探究元代山东地区人群的生存压力;本文对山东广饶十村北墓地2021年出土的19例元代人骨标本进行了人类骨骼考古学研究和稳定同位素分析。通过C、N同位素分析;发现该墓地人群基本以粟和小麦为食;人群肉食资源较为充足、营养较好;但内部的肉食资源摄入水平存在一定的差异。在生存压力研究方面;在该墓地人群的生长发育过程中;大部分个体未因虚弱而死亡;仅有少数个体因营养水平等原因早逝。结合骨学悖论和生命史研究;将该人群按照是否成年分组进行分析。研究显示;4例未成年个体之间承担压力的能力存在差异;但经历生长压力较重的事件后均未能形成较强的抵抗力和调整能力。得益于营养充足;其余未成年个体在成年后进入了健康期;体能和生理健康处于最高水平;恢复力较强;具有一定承担和适应压力的能力。15例成年个体受社会地位等因素影响缺乏足够的文化缓冲机制;面临较重的生存压力。     

Culturally Determined Patterns of Violence: Biological Anthropological Investigations at a Historic Urban Cemetery

Patterns of violence and the type and distribution of resulting injuries are highly culturally specific. In this study, skeletal data from a historic cemetery (St. Martin's, England) are combined with contemporary sources and modern clinical data to enable the patterning of violence-related injuries to be interpreted. Particular consideration was given to the possibility of a relationship between commonly occurring types of violence and those that are popular in sport. Phillip Walker (1997) suggested that the growth of fist fighting in the early-20th-century United States was stimulated by the rising popularity of boxing. At St. Martin's, a pattern of injuries consistent with fighting in a style specific to boxing is evident, suggesting that developing boxing styles were influential in 18th- and 19th-century Britain as the accepted way of settling interpersonal disputes. This research underlines the importance of interpreting skeletal data in their specific cultural context to gain the maximum information on patterns of behavior.     

Is cribra orbitalia synonymous with anemia? Analysis and interpretation of cranial pathology in Sudan

Cribra orbitalia is a porotic or sieve-like lesion in the bony orbital roof. Its cause has been the object of research and discussion since the end of the 19th century. Since about 1960, most scientists have started to agree on the hypothesis that the lesion is a result of hypertrophy of the red bone marrow, and therefore is proof of anemia. However, recent investigations showed that in some cases, the histologic bone structure does not support the diagnosis of anemia. The status of cribra orbitalia as an indicator then becomes uncertain. We carried out a histologic examination of thin-ground sections in polarized light to clarify the possible sources of orbital roof lesions in a Nubian population from Missiminia, northern Sudan (n = 333). In at least 56.5% of cribra orbitalia cases, there were no histologic features indicating changes due to anemia. Signs of other pathological conditions, such as inflammation or osteoporosis, as well as pseudopathological cases, were found.     

Organic Contamination in Soils Associated with Cemeteries

This study examined the organic contaminants in soils from an older cemetery in Ohio. Thirty soil samples at various depths and distances from graves were obtained and analyzed using organic solvent extraction, concentration, and gas chromatography with mass selective detector. The signatures of methylene chloride-extracted organic compounds show interesting trends vertically within the cemetery, with less apparent horizontal trends. Alkanes in the 18 to 34 carbon number range dominated most core samples. However, the abundance of the lighter C₁₈ to C₂₆ alkanes is unique to the deep samples onsite. Statistically, depth is relatively unimportant in predicting the abundances of the heavier compounds, whereas distance from the nearest grave is significant to predicting the area of light and heavy alkanes. These signatures are very similar to those obtained through maturation and release of organic matter in the subsurface. Evidence indicates release of organic compounds into the surrounding vicinity of the cemetery, but not necessarily off-site.     

陕西大原村制陶遗址人骨的古病理学

本文针对陕西省西安市西咸新区丰京西周大原村制陶遗址出土的 30 例保存相对完整的人骨;运用裸眼与 Dino-Lite 显微镜观察相结合的方式;记录其古病理指征。结果表明;该遗址多数个体存在筛状眶;部分伴有颅外多孔现象;暗示该人群营养状况不良且生活环境恶劣;较高的肋骨骨膜炎和上颌窦炎患病率可能源于环境污染所致的呼吸系统感染。该人群跖骨跪踞面出现率较高;跖趾关节使用频繁。骨关节炎多发于脊柱关节、踝关节、肩关节和髋关节;体现出遗址居民关节劳动负荷较大。掌骨异常弯曲;指骨和肢骨上可见肌肉骨骼应力标志(MSM)的骨性证据;此类特殊骨性改变显示这些个体曾从事关节运动重复率高且需大量运用手部肌肉组织的工作。这些疾病特征与制陶职业紧密相关。     

Pathological lesions attributable to vitamin deficiency in skeletal remains from Puy St. Pierre (Briançon, France)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of pathological alterations attributable to vitamin deficiency in osteological remains from the church of St. Pierre in Puy de St. Pierre, Briançon, France. We recorded alterations referable to scurvy, an acquired osteodystrophy due to vitamin C deficiency, which causes both skeletal and vascular lesions in humans. Scurvy presents a different clinical picture in children and adults: in the latter, in leaves skeletal signs on the palate and teeth. The recording of osteodystrophies attributable to vitamin deficiency allowed us to make general inferences about the nutritional profile of the group under study. The study of this pathology, as well as that of nutritional stresses, can be related to the geographical-environmental conditions of the population to which the sample belongs. This is important from the anthropological point of view, especially in order to examine alimentary habits within the context of the man-environments relationship.     

黄陵寨头河与史家河墓地人骨的碳氮稳定同位素

戎人在古代多样性文化历史发展进程中有着不可忽视的作用,由于文献记载的匮乏,对其生活历史信息的认知极少。陕西延安黄陵寨头河与史家河战国时期戎人墓地的考古发掘,为了解古代关中地区戎人的社会生活提供了珍贵的实物资料。本文则以两墓地出土的人骨为研究对象,采用C、N稳定同位素分析方法,讨论先民的饮食结构,探索其经济模式。结果表明：寨头河与史家河墓地先民的食谱相似,食谱中植物性食物主要来自粟、黍等C₄类作物;除史家河墓地两个个体外,其余先民动物蛋白摄入较少,且未因性别不同而产生食谱差异。史家河墓地战国晚期秦人与早中期戎人的饮食结构相似。结合其他考古资料以及文献可知,寨头河与史家河墓地先民吸收关中农业文化后,利用当地良好的自然环境发展农业,形成了以农业种植为主、农牧混合的经济模式。     

内蒙古和林格尔县新店子墓地古代居民的身高研究

本文对内蒙古和林格尔县新店子墓地出土东周时期的长骨标本进行了观察和测量,并根据相关公式推测出该组居民的身高,研究结果表明,该组男性居民的身高在内蒙古长城地带同时期的人群中最低,而女性居民则最高,是一个男女两性居民身高差异较小的古代群体。