西双版纳热带山地雨林的植物多样性研究

 根据6块样地的调查资料,分析了西双版纳热带山地雨林植物多样性特征。结果表明：在2 500 m2的样地上,西双版纳热带山地雨林群落共有植物物种99～181种。其中乔木层的物种丰富度（S）为54～113,Shannon-Wiener指数（H′）为1.648 7～4.049 1,Simpson指数（λ）为0.503 5～0.969 5,Pielou 均匀度指数（Jsw）为0.413 3～0.854 9。灌木层的S为35～89,H′为2.413 2～3.716 2,λ为0.762 7～0.958 2,Jsw为0.678 8～0.859 3。草本层的各指数值：S为31～65,H′ 为2.792 1～3.499 2,λ为0.902 0～0.938 2,Jsw为0.729 3～0.838 2。低海拔带上的山地雨林（Ⅰ号、Ⅱ号样地）的各指数值（H′、λ、Jsw）在群落不同层次中均表现为草本层 > 灌木层 > 乔木层,而物种丰富度在不同层次中无一定变化规律;高海拔带上山地雨林（Ⅲ号、Ⅳ号、Ⅴ号、Ⅵ号样地）的物种丰富度和多样性指数（H′、λ）表现为乔木层 > 灌木层 > 草本层,而均匀度指数（Jsw）在不同层次中则无一定变化趋势。高海拔带上的山地雨林乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数均明显高于低海拔带上的山地雨林,这是由于前者所处生境较为优越。沿着海拔梯度,群落乔木层的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数均在中等海拔高度地带（约1 200～1 220 m）达到最高值,这是由于中等海拔高度的山地雨林位于生境条件最为优越的沟谷地带,而且与低地季节雨林毗邻,热带雨林植物成分丰富。     

Alpha diversity of communities and their variety along altitude gradient on northern slope of Changbai Mountain]

From 700 to 2600 m on northern slope of Changbai Mountain, twenty plots were investigated with an interval of 100 m in altitude, and alpha diversity of communities and their variety along altitude gradient were studied. The results showed that in different successional layers of trees, or shrub and herb layers, richness and diversity decreased linearly with the increase of altitude. Tree species decreased from 19 species at 700 m to only 1 species at timberline. Shrub and herb species decreased from 20 and 61 species at 700 m to 2 and 15 species at 2600 m respectively. The peak values of richness of trees and herbs along altitude gradient were appeared just in the ecotones between different types of vegetation, and it reflected the characteristics of high species richness in ecotones.     

贺兰山木本植物群落物种多样性的海拔格局

 贺兰山位于中国温带草原和温带荒漠的过渡带,是研究干旱区山地物种多样性海拔格局的理想区域。该文通过样方法调查研究区的森林和灌丛群落,并运用广义可加模型分析物种多样性的海拔分布格局。结果表明：1）海拔是物种丰富度的重要影响因子,一般能解释原始数据30%～40%的变差。2）对于森林和灌丛群落,草本植物都是群落中比例最高的物种, 而且决定了群落总物种丰富度的海拔分布格局。3）森林群落的乔木层物种丰富度在中海拔区域最高,反映了中海拔区域相对优越的水热条件。灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度明显受到乔木层郁闭度的影响,有随海拔升高而降低的趋势。4）灌丛群落的灌木层和草本层物种丰富度均呈单峰格局,皆因低海拔的干旱和高海拔的寒冷抑制了多数物种的生存,仅气候条件适宜的中海拔区域能够生存丰富的物种。     

Impact of habitat disturbance in the wetland forests of East Usambara,Tanzania

We evaluated habitat characteristics of East Usambara wetland forests. The abundance and species composition in the tree, shrub and herbaceous layers were enumerated in two sets of nested plots, one set in a natural wetland forest and the second in a wetland forest that had been disturbed by small‐scale gold mining activities. Each set had thirty‐six 1 m × 1 m plots for herbs, inside nine 5 m × 5 m plots for shrubs, in three 20 m × 20 m plots for trees. The habitat profile of herbaceous – shrub – tree layers was found to be sharply different from one obtained in previous studies at the surrounding nonwetland forests as were species composition and abundance. Unlike in the nonwetland forests, the herbaceous layer was thick, the shrub layer very thin and the woody species density and richness much lower. Disturbance significantly reduced woody cover and changed species composition in the herbaceous layer. Recovery of the woody vegetation was low. Wetland forests in the East Usambaras form a small fraction of the total area, but they are a unique biodiversity repository, they appear to be an important carbon dioxide sink and to reserve and purify water. They are sensitive to disturbance and need protection.     

Response of riparian plant communities to distance from surface water in the Okavango Delta,Botswana

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of distance from surface water on riparian woodland communities in the Okavango Delta. Vegetation sampling was conducted in seven sites within the Okavango Delta in 20 m × 10 m belted plots placed perpendicular to the river bank. The plots were placed at 0–10 m, 10–20 m, 20–30 m, 30–40 m and 40–50 m distance classes increasing away from the river bank. Tree height, basal area, species richness, canopy cover and diversity were determined for each distance class. Indicator species analysis was used to determine the characteristic species at each distance class. Single‐factor ANOVA and Tukey post hoc analysis were used to compare species diversity, mean tree height, cover and basal area between distance classes. Correlation between distance from surface water and vegetation parameters was sought using Spearman regression analysis. All parameters except for species richness varied significantly (P < 0.05) along distance from surface water. Distance from surface water was positively correlated all vegetation parameters except for mean species richness/plot. These results show that distance from surface water influences riparian plant community composition and distribution in the Okavango Delta. This implies that riparian plant species can be indicators of long‐term hydrologic conditions in the Delta.     

Feeding habitats of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) during winter and spring in Helan Mountains, China

The feeding habitat selection of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) was studied by direct observation method in the Helan Mountains, China during winter (from November to December) and spring (from April to June) from 2003 to 2004. We established 25 line transects to collect information on feeding habitats used by blue sheep. Blue sheep in the study area preferred mountain savanna forests, a habitat dominated by Ulmus glaucescens, with medium tree density (<4 individuals / 400 m²), moderate tree height (4–6 m), higher shrub density (> 5 individuals / 100 m²), higher shrub (> 1.3 m), higher food abundance (> 50 g), moderate distance to human disturbance (< 500 m), and mild distance to bare rock (< 2 m). Such habitats characterized by 12 ecological factors were preferred as feeding areas by blue sheep during winter. Similar to habitat selection by the species during winter, blue sheep also showed a preference for mountain savanna with tree dominated by Ulmus glaucescens and medium tree density (< 4 individuals / 400 m²) during spring. Nevertheless, blue sheep preferred medium tree height (< 6 m), moderate tree density (5–10 individuals / 100 m²), medium shrub height (1.3–1.7 m), higher food abundance (> 100 g), moderate altitude (< 2 000 m), moderate distance to water resource (< 500 m), and medium hiding cover (50%–75%) during spring. Selection of the feeding habitats by sheep showed a significant difference in vegetation type, landform feature, dominant tree, tree height, shrub density, distance to the nearest shrub, food abundance, slope direction, slope degree, distance to water resource, and hiding cover between winter and spring. Results of principal components analysis indicated that the first principal component accounted for 24.493% of the total variance among feeding habitat variance during winter, with higher loadings for vegetation type, dominant tree, tree height, distance to the nearest tree, shrub density, shrub height, altitude, distance to water resource, and distance to human disturbance. In spring, the first principal components explained 28.777% of the variance, with higher loadings for vegetation type, distance to the nearest tree, shrub height, distance to the nearest shrub, food abundance, altitude, and distance to human disturbance. Translated from Zoological Research, 2005, 26(6): 580–589 [译自: 动物学研究]     

Species Diversity and Altitudinal Gradient Patterns of Evergreen Broad leaved Forest in MeihuashanNational Natural Reserve,Fujian Province

In China, evergreen broad leaved forests (EBLFs) is one of the most important vegetation types which was widly distributed in subtropical area, and it plays a very important role in the global biological diversity and natural environment conservation also. In order to reveal species diversity and altitudinal gradient patterns of evergreen broad leaved forest in Meihuashan National Natural Reserve, Fujian Province. Five altitude transects were set up at a vertical interval of 200m between 375m and 1300m above sea level in the EBLFs distribution areas, and twenty four quadrats(14400m2) had been surveyed. Species richness(S), species richness index (dGl), Simpson index (D), Shannon Wiener index (H′), Pielou evenness index (J) had been used for analysis of species diversity and altitudinal gradient pattern of EBLFs. The average value of S, dGl, H′,J and D were 64.42, 10.75, 5.75, 3.50, 0.58 respectively. The difference of community species diversity index(S, dGl, D, H′, and J) was extremely significant between transects, and the altitudinal gradient patterns of species diversity presented the unimodal variable trend, with a peak in the mid altitude(700m-900m). The species richness and Shannon Wiener index of different layer were ranked as shrub layer (include young tree and the plants between layers)>arbor layer>herb layer. The species richness of tree and shrub layer, and Shannon Wiener index of tree layer were significantly different between at transects, and trends of altitude gradient was similar to community. The Shannon Wiener index of shrub layer and herb layer, and the species richness of herb layer did not change significantly along elevation gradient. Therefore, plant species diversity distribution pattern presented a unimodal variable trend along an elevation gradient, and supported “mid domain model” in EBLFs of Meihuashan National Nature Reserve.     

中国中亚热带东部常绿阔叶林主要类型的群落多样性特征

 本文通过10个地区61个样地资料分析,研究了中亚热带东部常绿阔叶林群落多样性特征及其随纬度、海拔梯度的变化。结果表明,中亚热带东部常绿阔叶林群落丰富度为49±17种(样地面积400m2),各层次的多样性表现为灌木层(包括幼树与幼苗)>乔木层>草本层。常绿阔叶林各类型间的差异远比落叶阔叶林与多样性较低的常绿阔叶林之间的差异大。各层次中变化幅度从大到小的顺序为：草本层>乔木层>灌木层。在所研究地区常绿阔叶林的群落多样性没有表现出明显的随纬度梯度和海拔梯度的变化规律。     

祁连山北坡退化林地植被群落的自然恢复过程及土壤特征变化

采用长期定位观测的方法,研究了祁连山北坡退化林地人工抚育下2001-2008年间植被群落的自然恢复过程和土壤特征变化。结果表明:人为干扰消除后,退化林地群落环境逐渐优化,群落的科、属、种均明显增加,物种成员更替频繁;灌木和乔木物种出现后,群落垂直高度增大,群落结构出现成层现象;群落总体多样性指数呈不断增大的趋势,在空间结构上,Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数表现出:草本层>灌木层>乔木层的规律,而Pielou均匀度指数变化相反;土壤含水量、土壤有机碳和全氮含量随植被恢复均不断增加。在实施封育禁牧措施后,退化林地实现了由草本群落-灌木群落-乔木群落方向的快速演替,当恢复到早期的先锋乔灌混交阶段时,群落的物种组成、结构和多样性趋于复杂化,土壤性状也得到一定改善,显示出相对较好的适应性和恢复效果。     

拉萨河流域亏组山植物物种丰富度和群落特征研究

为研究草地植物群落、物种丰富度及其分布格局与影响因子之间的关系,该文以拉萨河流域林周县卡孜乡亏组山为研究地点,对山体垂直样带(3900～5100 m)植物群落特征、植物物种丰富度与各影响因子之间的关系进行了研究.研究区域共设置了13个样带(每隔100 m设一个样带),每样带设置0.5 m×0.5 m的5个样方进行植被调...     

Arctic alpine vegetation change over 20 years

Recent arctic warming experiments have recorded significant vegetation responses, typically an increase in shrub cover and a loss of species richness. We report similar changes in vegetation along an arctic mountainside in northern Sweden over 20 years. During this time mean annual temperature increased by 2.0 °C, and growing season temperature by 2.3 °C. Growing season length increased by 28% at the bottom of our study area, in birch forest, and by 175% on the mountaintop. Neither total vegetation cover nor the cover of bare ground changed. One common dwarf shrub, Empetrum hermaphroditum , and two common forbs, Viola biflora and Geranium sylvaticum , increased in abundance over time, but no common species moved up the gradient. Species richness declined significantly over time, with an average loss of two species per 50 cm × 100 cm plot. The richness of herbaceous species at intermediate altitudes decreased significantly with increasing shrub cover. In spite of large changes in temperature, the type and magnitude of vegetation change along this mountainside were relatively modest and consistent with those from wide-spread warming experiments.     

黄土高原马栏林区基于不同植被组织尺度的群落物种多样性

物种多样性格局随着时空尺度的变化而变化, 同时也与植被组织尺度的变化密切相关, 基于多组织尺度的研究能更好地揭示一个地区的物种多样性规律。在应用数量分类(TWINSPAN)和主成分分析法(PCA)确定黄土高原马栏林区不同组织尺度的群落类型及其相互关系的基础上, 采用加性分配法分析该区域物种多样性与植被型、群系和群丛3种植被组织尺度之间的关系, 结果表明: (1) 区域物种多样性(γ)可加性分配分为群丛内(α₁)、群丛间(β₁)、群系间(β₂)和植被型间(β₃) 4个多样性成分, 无论用物种丰富度指数还是Shannon-Wiener多样性或Simpson多样性指数, 乔木、灌木和草本植物的最大物种多样性都存在于群丛内(草本层的物种丰富度除外), 说明群丛尺度是度量该区物种多样性的最佳尺度。(2)植被型、群系和群丛3种组织尺度的Shannon-Wiener多样性百分比均大于Simpson多样性百分比, 说明稀有种的分布对马栏林区各植被组织尺度的物种多样性格局起主要作用。(3)各尺度间的β多样性大小顺序在乔木、灌木、草本植物3层以不同多样性指数表示时各不相同, 这与乔木、灌木、草本植物3层的物种组成和分布, 以及主导不同植被组织尺度的物种多样性的因素差异有密切联系。     

福建梅花山常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性及其海拔梯度格局

常绿阔叶林是福建梅花山国家级自然保护区地带性植被。采用样带与典型群落调查法对区内的常绿阔叶林14400m2样地展开调查,并对植物多样性海拔梯度格局进行分析,结果表明：（1） 群落植物物种丰富度、Gleason丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数的均值分别为64.42、10.75、5.75、3.50、0.58,且这5种指数在各样带间差异极为显著,并随海拔的升高均呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在海拔700m~900m。（2） 群落各层次的植物物种丰富度、Shannon Wiener指数均呈现灌木层（包括幼树和层间植物）〉乔木层〉草本层的特征。乔木、灌木层物种丰富度与乔木层Shannon Wiener指数在海拔梯度上的样带间差异极显著,变化趋势与群落相似;灌木层与草本层Shannon Wiener指数以及草本层物种丰富度随海拔梯度变化不明显。因此,梅花山自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性的海拔梯度格局呈现单峰分布,并支持中间高度膨胀模式（mid domain model）。     

大保高速公路老营段路域植被生态恢复

路域植被生态系统的恢复与重建不仅是道路生态学的重要研究内容,而且也是恢复生态学的重要研究领域.以大保高速公路老营段路域植被生态系统为对象,对比分析了8种植被恢复模式的作用效果与作用机理.研究结果表明,在相同的恢复时间内,自然恢复的植物群落中本土植物的比例相对较高,自然恢复是该区路域植被恢复的理想模式之一.随着恢复演替时间的推移,所有群落中木本植物的比例不断增加,草本植物的比例不断下降,植物群落分层现象明显,植物群落向原生植被发生进展或偏途演替.补播本土植物是促进植被恢复演替进程的主要途径之一,不仅可以增加乡土物种的比例、增加植物群落的多样性和均匀度,而且随着恢复时间的推移,可以形成层次明显、功能群组合合理的植物群落.人工蓝桉经济林不仅降低了植物群落及各功能群的多样性、丰富度和均匀度,而且在一定程度上增加了潜在生态风险.研究结果还表明,植物群落中当地物种的比例、植物群落的物种多样性和植物群落的盖度可以作为植被恢复成功与否的重要判定指标.     

三江并流地区干旱河谷植物物种多样性海拔梯度格局比较

在滇西北三江并流地区典型干旱河谷段, 在怒江、澜沧江和金沙江的东、西坡共设置了6条海拔梯度样带, 通过标准样地的植物群落调查, 分析各条样带植物的物种丰富度、物种更替率的海拔梯度格局, 并比较了地理和植被变量对分布格局的解释。干旱河谷植被带位于海拔3,000 m以下, 以灌丛和灌草丛为主, 其在各河谷的分布上限自西向东依次升高。植物物种丰富度的分布主要与海拔、流域、经纬度和植被带有关, 沿纬度和海拔梯度升高而显著增加的格局主要表现在草本层和灌木层, 灌木物种丰富度还呈现自西向东显著增加的趋势。怒江的灌木和草本种物种丰富度显著高于金沙江和澜沧江, 三条江的乔木种丰富度差异则不显著。森林带的样方草本物种丰富度显著低于灌草丛带样方, 并且还拥有后者没有的乔木种。不同样带的植物物种更替速率呈现了不一致的海拔梯度格局, 但均在样带海拔下部的灌草丛群落与海拔上部森林群落之间的交错带出现峰值。森林-灌草丛植被交错带在怒江样带处于海拔1,900-2,100 m处, 在澜沧江河谷位于海拔2,300-2,400 m, 在金沙江河谷位于海拔2,700-2,900 m。所有海拔样带的森林段或灌草丛段相对于同一样带不同植被段之间的物种更替程度为最小, 不仅小于同一流域不同样带相同植被段之间物种更替率的均值, 更小于所有样带相同植被段之间的更替率均值。在三条河流6条海拔样带的12个植被带段之间的物种更替变化中, 空间隔离因素可以解释34.2%, 而植被类型差异仅能解释不到0.5%。本研究结果显示了环境差异对不同植被类型物种丰富度的首要影响, 和各河流之间的空间隔离对植物群落构建和物种构成的主要作用。     

井冈山自然保护区栲属群落优势种群的种间联结关系研究

 采用2×2联列表,通过方差分析、χ2检验、联结系数AC值、Jaccard指数及点相关指数对井冈山栲属（Castanopsis）群落样地中出现频率较高的20个种群的种间联结进行了定量分析。结果表明：井冈山栲属群落20个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈显著正关联,反映该群落处于稳定的顶极阶段;20个优势种群的种间联结关系中10个种对具有极显著正联结,10个种对具有显著正联结,4个种对具有极显著负联结,8个种对具有显著负联结。190个种对中,绝大多数种对联结关系未达到显著水平,种对间的独立性相对较强,这种种间联结的松散性可能与目前群落的发展阶段及种本身的生态学特性有关。目前,群落处于比较稳定的顶极阶段。     

Ecological effects of forest roads on plant species diversity in Caspian forests of Iran

Current research includes the effects of asphalt forest roads on changes of plant cover and tree regeneration from asphalt forest roads edges towards its inner parts in two compartments of Nave Asalem forests located in the north of Iran. For this reason, in each side of road, 6 sample plots (20 m × 20 m) were established for measuring plant species diversity. In each sample plot, ground vegetation and tree regeneration were assessed within nine 2 × 2 m micro plots. In total, 12 sample plots and 108 μ plots were established. Results indicated that the road positions were effective on plant species diversity. The highest diversity and evenness indices value were observed down of the road compared to the up of the road position for herbal and tree regeneration layers. The same results were found also for herbal richness indices. Up of road position had the greatest value of richness indices in comparison to the other road position for tree regeneration layer. Also, the results showed that diversity, richness, and evenness indices were decreased with the increasing of distance from the road side for herbs and tree regeneration layers. This study indicated that roads can increase plant biodiversity; that is, tree regeneration density.     

西双版纳热带山地雨林群落乔木树种多样性研究

根据块样地资料对西双版纳热带山地雨林树种多样性特征进行了分析.结果表明,在2 500m²的样地上,随着起测胸径递增,各样地乔木个体数和树种丰富度均表现为依次递减;低海拔带上(850～1000 m)的山地雨林(1、2号样地)的各指数值无一定变化规律,较高海拔带上(1200～2000 m)的山地雨林(3～6号样地)的Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均表现为依次递减,而Pielou均匀度指数则呈依次递增的趋势.较高海拔带上的山地雨林在较小乔木起测胸径(≥2 cm、≥5 cm、≥10 cm)的树种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数均要明显大于低海拔带上的山地雨林,而两者在较大乔木起测胸径(≥20 cm、≥30 cm、≥50 cm)的各指数值无明显差异.随着取样面积的递增,各样地树种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数在取样面积递增到2 000m²处均已趋于平缓.     

贺兰山马鹿冬季取食和卧息生境选择

2007 年12 月至2008 年1 月,在贺兰山地区,利用痕迹检验法和直接观察法对马鹿阿拉善亚种的冬季取食和卧息生境选择进行研究。通过在选定的15 条沟段里进行调查,共测定了72 个取食利用样方,59 个卧息利用样方和131 个对照样方的18 种生态因子。结果表明,马鹿在冬季偏好的取食地为平滑起伏坡,以酸枣、柳为优势乔木、混合型树林或空地,乔木高大稀疏、间距较远,灌木密度大,草本盖度较高,位于< 15°的半阴半阳坡的下坡位,距裸岩远,隐蔽度高;偏好的卧息地在山地疏林草原带的平滑起伏坡上,以酸枣、柳为优势乔木、混合型树林或空地,乔木高大稀疏,灌木矮小、稀疏且距离较远,草本盖度较高,位于< 15°阳坡的下坡位,远离裸岩,隐蔽程度高。马鹿冬季的取食和卧息生境在草本盖度和隐蔽度上差异极显著。相对于卧息生境,马鹿冬季的取食生境对草本盖度和隐蔽度要求更低一些。马鹿冬季取食地的资源选择函数为1.155 - 0.149 × 乔木高度- 0.066 × 草本盖度+ 0.190 × 坡度,模型的正确判别率为86.8% ;马鹿冬季卧息地的资源选择函数为- 30.936
+ 0.494 × 乔木高度+ 0.257 × 坡度-0.002 × 海拔高度+ 0.387 × 隐蔽度,模型的正确判别率为95.8% 。食物、隐蔽条件以及贺兰山的独特地形特征是影响马鹿冬季取食和卧息生境选择的主要因素。     

粤东桥溪村风水林群落特征初探

在粤东梅州市桥溪村风水林设立样方,对其乔木层、灌木层和草本层植物进行调查,分析该风水林的群落特征及植物多样性。结果表明:该风水林3 000 m2的样方内,共有维管植物67种,隶属于37个科54个属,其中蕨类植物4科4属4种,裸子植物3科3属3种,被子植物30科47属60种。群落分布型以热带性分布占优势,热带属所占比例为74.08%。群落主要优势科为樟科、壳斗科、金缕梅科,优势种为细柄阿丁枫、刺毛杜鹃、鼠刺、阿丁枫。群落为常绿阔叶林,生活型以高位芽为主,占73.13%,其中又以中高位芽类型最多,约占43%。乔木层可分为三层,但以株高6~9.9 m的个体数为最多;藤本的比例高达17.91%。马尾松、杉木、细柄阿丁枫以及阿丁枫都缺少幼苗贮备,其种群属于衰退状态;而刺毛杜鹃、越南山龙眼幼苗贮备较充足,且刺毛杜鹃种群是典型的增长型种群。该风水林群落比周边其他群落有较高的物种丰富度、植物多样性,且物种分布较为均匀,种间相遇率较大。在群落不同层中,物种丰富度、Margalef指数、Shannon-Winer指数、Simpson指数、种间相遇机率乔木层均为最高,均匀度指数以灌木层较高,草本层的优势度指数最高。桥溪村风水林与粤东和华南地区的其他常绿阔叶林有很大的相似性。该风水林在粤东地区是一种典型的地带性森林,其树种组成是经过长时间对当地环境适应而形成的,具有稳定性和多功能性,对其研究可为华南地区的植物资源保护、生态公益林的保护和营造提供科学依据。