昆虫复眼瞳孔调节的一种新机制

本文采用细胞内记录方法,研究了蝗虫和螽斯复眼侧区小眼在不同时间(日间和夜间)和不同适应状态(暗适应和明适应)下,小网膜细胞角灵敏度的变化规律.结果表明:小网膜细胞角灵敏度的变化不仅与适应状态有关,而且伴随时间的变化而变化.小眼感杆束直径相应变化用光镜方法得到证实,我们认为在昆虫复眼中存在一种新的瞳孔调节机制.     

蝗虫复眼小网膜细胞角敏感度的变化规律

在不同时间(上午、下午和晚上)和不同适应状态(暗适应和三种不同背景光强度的明适应)下,利用细胞内记录方法测量蝗虫复眼不同区域(背、侧和前区)小网膜细胞的角敏感度,其大小随着复眼区域、适应状态和24小时的周期性变化而变化.     

高灵敏应变换能器在生理科学的应用

烟鼓记录方法在生理学、药理学、病理生理学的研究中,起着重要的作用。但是,烟鼓法有许多不完善的地方,操作不便,灵敏度低,工作效率低。因此,已难适应现代生理学、药理学等学科的要求。为此,我们于1974年试制成功一种应变换能器,经多年来在记录离体心脏拉力,离体子宫收缩,肠道运动和平滑肌在给药前后拉力变化等方面的实际使用,证明该换能器结构简单,灵敏度高,响应快,性能稳定,是一种便于推广应用的换能器装置。本文着重介绍该换能器的原理装置和制作,以及实验结果。     

微碳纤电极与细胞量子化分泌的记录方法

电生理研究细胞分泌有两种实时记录技术。膜电容法通过记录细胞表面积来估算刺激诱导的细胞分泌和胞吞导致的膜表面积总和变化。微碳纤电极（carbon fiber electrode,CFE )法则可单纯记录细胞分泌。CFE记录灵敏度是当前最高水平,可记录单个50nm突触小泡的量子递质释放。介绍CFE基本记录方法、原理和一些实验应用。     

在体大鼠延迟相心肌缺血预适应模型的改进与评价

目的:改进并评价在体大鼠延迟相心肌缺血预适应模型.方法:大鼠分为延迟相缺血预适应组(DPC组)和缺血/再灌注组(I/R组).观察缺血/再灌注期间心率、血压、心电图ST-段变化,记录室性心律失常的发生情况,测定血浆肌酸激酶活性.结果:与I/R组比较,DPC组经预适应性缺血刺激后,缺血期ST-段抬高幅度明显降低(P＜0.01),室早、室速出现时间推迟(P＜0.01),持续时间缩短(P＜0.01),室颤发生率降低(P＜0.01),再灌注期间血浆肌酸激酶活性升高的程度降低(P＜0.05),心肌梗死范围缩小(P＜0.01).结论:所建立的在体大鼠延迟相预适应模型的实验过程缩短,死亡率降低,可为心肌缺血预适应和药理性预适应的研究提供重要手段.     

水稻草矮病毒血清学和分子检测方法的比较

将间接ELISA、非放射性分子杂交和RT-PCR三种方法应用于水稻草矮病毒(RGSV)的检测.结果表明,利用自制的融合蛋白GST-NC的抗血清检测RGSV的灵敏度为1mg鲜重的病株叶片或84ng提纯病毒,利用地高辛(DIG)标记的DNA探针NC的点杂交方法检测RGSV的灵敏度为50μg病叶或6ng病毒,而RT-PCR的检测灵敏度则为10μg 病叶或2ng的病毒,对上述三种方法的灵敏度和可操作性也进行了比较.     

甘肃省爬行动物区系与地理区划

1　研究历史　　早在 19世纪初就有许多外国人多次来甘肃采集动物标本 ,或加以描述记载 ,如A .G櫣ｎｔｈｅｒ(1896 )记录蜥蜴 1种 ,L .Stejneger记录蛇类 3种、龟 1种 ,N .G .Gee (192 6～ 1930 )记录蜥蜴2种 ,V .Bedriaga (190 7～ 1912 )记录蜥蜴 6种、蛇 1种 ,Nikolski (1915 )记录蜥蜴 4种 ,C .H .Pope (1935 )记录蜥蜴 8种。 194 9年新中国成立以后 ,国内学者在爬行动物的研究上做了大量的工作 ,省内从事研究工作的学者主要分散在西北师范大学、兰州大学、兰州医学院及庆阳师专等大专院校。常麟定 (196 0 )首先对武山的爬行动物…     

γ干扰素释放试验在儿童肺结核诊断中的价值

为研究2种γ干扰素释放试验(IGRA)试剂盒在结核病高发、卡介苗(BCG)高接种地区用于诊断儿童肺结核的价值,共入组临床怀疑肺结核患儿114例,其中45例行QuantiFERON-Gold In-Tube(QFT-GIT)检测,69例行T-SPOT.TB检测,收集临床资料,比较2种方法的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值(PPV)和阴性预测值(NPV)。结果显示,QFT-GIT在儿童肺结核诊断中的灵敏度为84.6%、特异度为81.3%、PPV为91.7%、NPV为76.5%。T-SPOT.TB的灵敏度为72.3%、特异度为93.7%、PPV为97.1%、NPV为53.6%。与未治疗患儿相比,激素治疗患儿QFT-GIT和T-SPOT.TB的阳性率显著下降。研究提示,QFT-GIT和TSPOT.TB较少受潜伏性结核感染的影响,用于中国儿童肺结核的诊断具有较高的PPV。     

不同方法检测血清HBV DNA水平的比较

目的:研究不同方法检测血清HBVDNA水平的比较.方法:采用151份标本分别采用COBAS Amplicor、实时定量PCR(LightCycler及Mx3000p)方法进行平行检测.结果:①检测灵敏度:COBAS Amplicor方法灵敏度高于实时PCR方法(P=0.005、0.014),而Mx3000p灵敏度高于LightCycler方法(P=0.042).②相关性:实时定量PCR(LightCycler及Mx3000p)与COBAS Amplicor方法所测HBV DNA结果均呈线性相关(r=0.842,P＜0.01;r=0.946,P＜0.01).结论:实时定量PCR方法是较为经济且准确的HBV DNA检测方法,而Mx3000p在准确性和灵敏度上可能优于LightCycler方法.     

飞蝗复眼生理和结构上的节律变化

采用细胞内记录和光镜方法研究了飞蝗(Locusta migratoria)夜间和日间在暗适应和明适应状态下小网膜细胞角敏感度以及晶锥和小网膜细胞之间区域结构上的变化.结果表明小网膜细胞角敏感度的变化不仅仅由于晶锥周围主色素细胞色素颗粒的移动,而且也由于小眼感杆束结构上的节律变化.     

蟋蟀视觉系统的解剖结构与生理机能

蟋蟀视觉系统由单眼、复眼、视叶三部分组成。蟋蟀的单眼为背单眼,由角膜、角膜生成细胞、视网膜等组成,是提高昆虫复眼所感知的视觉刺激的兴奋水平部位;复眼是最主要的视觉器官,由角膜、晶锥、感杆束和网膜细胞、基膜组成,是光电转导和视觉级联反应的中心;视叶由神经节层、外髓和内髓组成,是视觉神经系统的中心。     

Effects of unilateral compound-eye removal on the photoperiodic responses of nymphal development in the cricket Modicogryllus siamensis

The cricket, Modicogryllus siamensis, shows clear photoperiodic responses at 25 degrees C in nymphal development. Under long-day conditions (LD16:8), nymphs became adults about 50 days after hatching, while under short-day conditions (LD8:16) the duration of nymphal stage extended to more than 130 days. Under constant dark conditions, two developmental patterns were observed: about 60% of crickets became adults slightly slower than under the long-day conditions, and the rest at later than 100 days after hatching, like those under the short-day conditions. When the compound eye was unilaterally removed on the 2nd day of hatching, an increase of molting and an extension of the nymphal period were observed under the long-day conditions, while under the short-day conditions, some crickets developed faster and others slower than intact crickets. These results suggest that this cricket receives photoperiodic information through the compound eye, that a pair of the compound eyes is required for a complete photoperiodic response, and that interaction between bilateral circadian clocks may be also involved in the response.     

Immune-Enhancing Activity Screening on Extracts from Two Crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus and Teleogryllus emma

This study was performed to explore novel and valuable uses of insect resources, important subjects of the natural compound used in bio‐industries. The whole bodies of two crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus and Teleogryllus emma, selected from medicinal insect species, were carefully ground and treated with 80% EtOH. The insect extracts were solubilized and separated by hexane, butanol, and D.W according to their polarities. Three types of extracts, a D.W fraction (G1) and a boiling extract (G2) of an introduced cricket, G. bimaculatus, and a D.W fraction (T1) of a Korean local cricket, T. emma, were prepared to assay immune stimulating activity of cricket originated compounds. The all of three treated cricket extracts showed to increase IL‐4, IFN‐, and TNF‐α. Among those extract, extract G2, boiled extract from G. bimaculatus, was the best immune–enhancing fraction. The results of this study could be fundamental information for further works to use insects as natural resources having plenty of potentials and varieties.     

蟋蟀(Loxoblemmus doenitzi Stein)鸣声的特征和黑蝉(C.atrata Fabricius.)鸣声对其的影响

本文由1741个叫声的分析,给出了蟋蟀的鸣声特征和黑蝉叫声的影响.雄蟋招引声的每个单次叫声(SC)平均含有7.6个节拍,每个含有2个脉冲列组,每组含有4个主要的调幅脉冲列.每个SC的声长、间隔和平均重复周期(?)及节拍速(?)分别为1.285-1.325s,0.755—0.746s和2.078s及每秒7.6个节拍.鸣声谱的主峰频率(MPF)和MPF下降20db的带宽分别为5223±79Hz和(4498±82)—(5656±68)Hz.正在歌唱的蟋蟀鸣声基本上不受黑蝉自鸣声的影响,但黑蝉的前置自鸣声对蟋蟀鸣声波形有一定的影响.黑蝉的惊叫声不仅对蟋蟀鸣声波形有明显影响,而且时间特性有一定影响,即(?)约缩短一半,(?)的变差明显扩大.但对频率特性都无影响.     

Opsin evolution and expression in Arthropod compound Eyes and Ocelli: Insights from the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Opsins are key proteins in animal photoreception. Together with a light-sensitive group, the chromophore, they form visual pigments which initiate the visual transduction cascade when photoactivated. The spectral absorption properties of visual pigments are mainly determined by their opsins, and thus opsins are crucial to understand the adaptations of animal eyes. Studies on the phylogeny and expression pattern of opsins have received considerable attention, but our knowledge about insect visual opsins is still limited. Up to now, researchers have focused on holometabolous insects, while general conclusions require sampling from a broader range of taxa. We have therefore investigated visual opsins in the ocelli and compound eyes of the two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, a hemimetabolous insect. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analyses place all identified cricket sequences within the three main visual opsin clades of insects. We assign three of these opsins to visual pigments found in the compound eyes with peak absorbances in the green (515 nm), blue (445 nm) and UV (332 nm) spectral range. Their expression pattern divides the retina into distinct regions: (1) the polarization-sensitive dorsal rim area with blue- and UV-opsin, (2) a newly-discovered ventral band of ommatidia with blue- and green-opsin and (3) the remainder of the compound eye with UV- and green-opsin. In addition, we provide evidence for two ocellar photopigments with peak absorbances in the green (511 nm) and UV (350 nm) spectral range, and with opsins that differ from those expressed in the compound eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that cricket eyes are spectrally more specialized than has previously been assumed, suggesting that similar adaptations in other insect species might have been overlooked. The arrangement of spectral receptor types within some ommatidia of the cricket compound eyes differs from the generally accepted pattern found in holometabolous insect taxa and awaits a functional explanation. From the opsin phylogeny, we conclude that gene duplications, which permitted differential opsin expression in insect ocelli and compound eyes, occurred independently in several insect lineages and are recent compared to the origin of the eyes themselves.     

Nitric oxide regulates the levels of cGMP accumulation in the cricket brain

Cricket brains were incubated in a saline containing nitric oxide (NO)-donor and phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX, which could activate soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) to increase cGMP levels in the targets of NO. The increase of cGMP was detected by immunohistochemistry and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. NO-induced cGMP immunohistochemistry revealed that many cell bodies of cricket brain showed cGMP immunoreactivity when preparations were treated with a saline containing 10 mM NO-donor SNP and phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX, but only a few cell bodies showed immunoreactivity when preparations were incubated without NO-donor. The concentration of cGMP in cricket brains were then measured by using cGMP-specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Cricket brains were treated with a saline containing 1 microM of NO-donor NOR3 and 1 mM IBMX. The cGMP levels in the brain were increased about 75% compared to control preparations that was treated with a cricket saline containing IBMX. The level of cGMP decreased about 40% when preparations were incubated NOR3 saline containing sGC inhibitor ODQ. These results indicate that NO activates sGC and increases the levels of cGMP in particular neurons of the cricket brain and that the level of cGMP would be kept a particular level, which might regulate synaptic efficacy in the neurotransmission.     

A specific area of the compound eye in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus sends photic information to the circadian pacemaker in the contralateral optic lobe

The circadian locomotor rhythm of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus is primarily regulated by a pair of interacting optic lobe circadian pacemaker systems. The interaction involves phase-dependent modulation of the free-running period and phase-dependent suppression of activity. Since photic information has been shown to be involved in the interaction, we examined the regional difference in photoreception for the interaction within cricket compound eyes. The activity rhythm of animals receiving partial reduction of one compound eye combined with severance of the contralateral optic nerve split into entrained and free-running components under a 13-h light to 13-h dark cycle. All the animals operated on showed a phase-dependent suppression of activity, and most animals showed a phase-dependent modulation of the period of the free-running component. However, removal of the dorsocaudal area of the compound eye resulted in a severe reduction of the amplitude of the phase-dependent-period modulation. These results suggest that the dorsocaudal portion of the compound eye is a specific region receiving photic signals that are transmitted to the circadian pacemaker in the contralateral optic lobe and that the phase-dependent suppression of activity is caused by a mechanism separate from that for the period modulation.     

油葫芦的营养价值(英文)

本研究旨在确定油葫芦Gryllus testaceus Walker的主要营养成分和营养价值。研究发现油葫芦体内主要含有蛋白质、脂类和几丁质三类物质,它们的含量(干重比)分别是58.3％,10.3％和8.7％。其中必需氨基酸的含量除了半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸外,非常符合FAO／WHO所确定的人体对氨基酸需求标准。脂肪酸分析显示,不饱和脂肪酸的含量很高,仅油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量就占总脂肪含量的77.51％。油葫芦的甲壳素含量为8.7％,而且从该虫提取甲壳素／壳聚糖的品质在甲壳素色泽及残留灰分含量、壳聚糖粘度等方面比常规甲壳素原料虾蟹壳的好。因此,油葫芦可以作为很好的食品或饲料添加剂,或医药原料。