黄土丘陵区两种丛藓科植物展叶时长及关键影响因子

藓类植物是变水植物,展叶时长是影响其生长发育的关键。目前,干旱半干旱区藓类植物野外生长发育动态及其影响因子的研究鲜见报道。本研究以黄土丘陵区常见的土生对齿藓和扭口藓为对象,研究了9月5日—11月25日野外自然条件下两种藓类的展叶情况。结果表明: 9—10月,两种藓类叶片表现出有规律的“展开-闭合-展开”的日动态变化,并且土生对齿藓叶片在上午闭合时间较扭口藓平均提前0.68 h,下午叶片展开时间则推后了1.79 h。两种藓类在雨季时展叶时间较长,土生对齿藓展叶时长为251 min,较扭口藓(361 min)低30.4%。近地表大气相对湿度是影响藓株展叶时长的关键因子,藓种的形态结构也会影响展叶时长;相比于土生对齿藓,扭口藓植株较为低矮,中肋占叶片比例大,茎皮部细胞镶嵌结构更为突出,其展叶时的湿度阈值(54.3%)低于土生对齿藓(60.1%)。展叶时长主要受湿度的影响,扭口藓对环境的适应性更强。     

浙江省清凉峰自然保护区苔藓植物区系成分研究

通过对2013~2014年于清凉峰自然保护区采集的1 500余份苔藓植物标本进行鉴定和文献研究,统计分析了清凉峰自然保护区苔藓植物种类组成,区系地理成分及特点,并对该地区与相邻8个地区藓类植物的丰富度系数比较和相似性系数比较,以明确该地区苔藓植物不同的生态分布类型,揭示浙江清凉峰保护区苔藓植物多样性的变化规律。结果表明:(1)浙江省清凉峰国家自然保护区苔藓植物共有62科143属337种(包括3个变种),其中苔类植物20科29属49种,藓类植物42科114属288种。(2)藓类植物的优势科9个、优势属16个。(3)该地区苔藓植物区系成分主要以东亚成分为主(占总种数41.84%),温带成分次之(占总种数28.57%),热带成分再次之(占总种数20.74%)。(4)浙江清凉峰自然保护区苔藓植物区系与浙江省境内的金华山、大盘山、天目山和凤阳山的亲缘关系较为密切。(5)浙江清凉峰自然保护区苔藓植物生态分布类型复杂多样,以石生类型(占总标本数的47.09%)最多,其次为岩面土生(占总标本数的27.68%)和土生(占总标本数的12.85%)类型。     

秦岭藓类植物的群落

本文根据陈邦杰教授(1958)对中国藓类植物群落划分法,结合笔者野外实地观察,对秦岭地区的藓类植物群落分为四种类型:水生群落;石生群落(其中包括一个对人类非常有价值的藓类和动物群落,即美灰藓和肚倍蚜群落Eurohypnm leptothallum(C.Muell.) Ando+Kaburagia rhusicola Takag.);土生群落,木生群落。     

贵州普定喀斯特石生藓类生态分布与环境因子的相关分析

苔藓植物与环境的相关性一直是苔藓生态学的研究热点,研究喀斯特石生苔藓分布与环境的关系,为深入石生苔藓植物生态学研究提供理论依据。选择贵州普定石漠化区域石生环境中的5个大样方25个小样方125个采集点进行调查,采集苔藓植物并测定收集了相关的环境因子数据。结果发现:(1)样方共采集到标本267份,经鉴定有石生藓类54种。其中,丛藓科、灰藓科为优势科(属数≥3),曲柄藓属、扭口藓属、真藓属等为优势属(种数≥3),丛藓、细牛毛藓、美灰藓、绿羽藓为优势种(次数≥3)。(2)运用典范对应分析(CCA)分析了影响该地区石生藓类分布的主要环境因素,发现石生藓类分布与坡度呈显著的负相关;与其它环境因子相关的重要性依次为岩面倾角、海拔、土壤中全钾含量、土壤厚度和pH。因此,研究环境因子对石生藓类分布的关系可以为石漠化综合治理以及石面绿化植物的筛选提供参考。     

东灵山地区的蕨类植物区系及其生态特点

东灵山地区的蕨类植物共有22种,它们隶属于11科、14属,发现北京地区一新记录种,即西北铁角蕨(Asplenium nesii)。在东灵山蕨类植物属中,全球广布属最多,其次为寒温带分布属,热带分布属最少。种的区系成分,东亚分布类型为最多,其次为温寒带分布和中国特有成分,没有热带类型分布,分布的海拔主要在500m至1600m,生态类型主要为石生与土生两类。     

冰川两种藓在超低温胁迫与恢复生长状态下叶肉细胞的超微结构

为了探讨高寒冰缘区的藓类植物在超微水平的抗寒机制,该文对一号冰川下不同基质两种藓类植物水中土生的金黄银藓(Anomobryum auratum)和岩面土生的刺叶墙藓(Tortula desertorum)在常温、超低温胁迫和经胁迫后的恢复状态的超微结构进行对比。结果表明:室温下藓类植物叶肉细胞结构完整、清晰。-80℃超低温胁迫处理后叶肉细胞的超微结构的变化为两种藓类植物叶肉细胞大多数未出现质壁分离,但会出现质壁结构模糊,细胞质收缩;细胞器遭到破坏甚至解体的情况;淀粉粒、脂滴和液泡数量大大增加。在室温恢复过程中,线粒体数量增加,各个细胞器结构比超低温胁迫状态下完整性增加。根据该文的亚显微结构的分析推测这些变化是为了适应细胞迅速恢复生理功能,-80℃超低温胁迫没有完全使藓类植物丧失生理功能,还可以进行恢复。岩面土生刺叶蔷藓的叶细胞胞壁厚度为1 100～1 300 nm,大于水中土生金黄银藓的叶细胞胞壁厚度(200～700 nm),刺叶墙藓叶细胞胞壁比金黄银藓更厚,分析推断刺叶墙藓细胞器的抗胁迫能力也更强。综上结果表明:一号冰川的这两种藓类植物抗寒能力极强,它们独特的抗寒机制不仅与超微结构下...     

用葫芦藓证实叶绿体是光合作用的重要细胞器

绿色植物的光合作用主要是在叶绿体中进行的,叶绿体是光合作用的重要细胞器。葫芦藓（ＦｕｎａｒｉａｈｙｇｒｏｍｅｔｒｉｃａＨｅｄｗ．）为小型土生藓类,多生于有机质丰富含氮素较多的湿土。我国南北各地均有分布,系植物学教学中苔藓植物门藓纲常见的代表植物;盆栽...     

湖北兴山县种子植物区系特征与垂直分布格局研究

根据2016年-2017年对兴山县全域进行网格调查所获取的3450份野生种子植物标本, 结合相关标本馆馆藏标本数据, 对兴山县域种子植物区系特征与垂直分布格局进行了研究。结果显示, 兴山县共有野生种子植物145科705属1883种。在科级水平上主要以热带分布型为主, 共有63科, 占总科数的43.45%; 属级水平上温带分布型占据优势地位, 共有379属, 占总属数的53.76%。兴山县种子植物区系特征兼具有温带性质和热带亲缘, 过渡性特征明显, 区系成分复杂。种子植物在垂直分布上主要呈现为三大类: 在海拔100-1000 m范围内主要形成低山常绿落叶阔叶混交林; 在海拔1000-1900 m范围内以中山落叶阔叶林为主; 海拔1900-2500 m范围内形成亚高山灌丛。总体来看, 兴山县种子植物在海拔700-1300 m的中海拔地区物种最为丰富。     

山东昆嵛山苔藓植物多样性及区系特征

通过对采自山东昆嵛山的4000余号苔藓植物标本进行鉴定,发现昆嵛山分布有苔藓植物56科131属318种,包括山东新记录种69种。在昆嵛山的苔藓植物中,苔类植物有22科28属41种,藓类植物有34科103属277种。昆嵛山苔藓植物区系主要由青藓科（45种）、真藓科（33种）、丛藓科（31种）、灰藓科（24种）、绢藓科（18种）、曲尾藓科（15种）等一些大科组成。单种属和寡种属数量较多,但特有现象不明显。土生和石生群落优势明显,水生和树生群落缺乏。区系地理成分复杂,分布类型多样,温带成分优势明显,但也具有一定的热带成分。本研究旨在进一步促进山东苔藓植物研究,并与现代苔藓植物学的发展接轨,也为中国苔藓植物的研究提供新的资料。     

秦岭藓类植物区系特点与地理分布的初步研究

本文研究了:1.秦岭藓类植物水平分布与这一地区森林分布的格局是相一致的。垂直分布以北坡为例可划分为5个带;海拔2400—2900米是白齿藓属(Leucodon)种分化特别活跃的一带,作者认为秦岭地区可能是该属植物的分布中心和分化中心亦或是起源地;2.秦岭藓类138属中,热带和亚热带的属有21个,而且其中有14属仅各有1种,其它各属均为2—3种。这充分证明,秦岭南坡已是亚热带藓类分布的北部边缘。秦岭有80个属为温带属,在秦岭藓类植物中占有显著地位,这也充分说明秦岭藓类植物的地理成分是以温带为主,也就是泛北极区系成分为主;3.园枝藓属(Pterogonium)和拟直毛藓属(Kiaeria)是新分布于中国的属;4.秦岭藓类植物区系与我国西藏、东北两地藓类植物区系的关系。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.