Life Technologies：＂Shaping Discovery,Improving Life＂

对于国内生物行业的大多数人来说,Life Technologies或许还是一个相对陌生的公司。而提及Invitrogen和ABI（Applied Biosystems）的名字,想必大家都十分熟知。在2008年11月25日,世界领先的生物技术试剂公司Invitrogen和生物技术仪器公司ABI宣布合并,成立了Life Technologies公司。这一“组合拳”出击,     

有丝分裂的＂分裂中期＂

有丝分裂的＂分裂中期＂叶华平（浙江农业大学植物保护系３１００２９）有丝分裂是高等生物的一种最普遍的细胞分裂方式。在现行的大、中学的教科书中，为了使学生能明确地了解整个有丝分裂过程和便于描述，一般根据核分裂的变化特征人为地把有丝分裂过程划分为４个时期：...     

论＂医德＂的基本范畴

医德是医疗卫生领域精神文明建设的重要部分,也是调整医务人员与病人、医务人员之间以及与社会之间关系的行为准则。医德范畴是指人们对现代医务人员职业道德和医患关系的总结,它不仅概括了医生所应履行的职责义务,而且反映着一段时间内医患关系的本质。本文通过对医德范畴内,医生的权利和义务、责任和良心、功力和荣誉、审慎和保密四类问题的阐述,探讨当下医生在工作中应该保持何种心态,如何与患者进行沟通,以期更好地提供医疗服务。     

Corrigendum to ＂The Mechanics and Trajectory Control in Locust Jumping＂ [Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2013, 10, 194-200]

This communication gives the corrigendum to the paper ＂The Mechanics and Trajectory Control in Locust Jumping＂, Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2013, 10, 194-200. doi： 10.1016/S1672-6529（13）60215-2     

Special Issue on ＂Translational Omics＂

The journal Genomics Proteomics ＆ Bioinformatics （GPB） is now inviting submissions for a special issue （to be published in autumn of 2014） on the topic of＂Translational Omics＂.     

Special Issue on ＂Biomarkers for Diseases＂

The journal Genomics Proteomics ＆ Bioinformatics （GPB） is now inviting submissions for a special issue （to be published in June of 2015） on the topic of ＂Biomarkers for Diseases＂.
As an emerging index, disease biomarkers have demonstrated the potential application in diagnosis and prognosis. The detection of the disease indicators at molecular level, DNA, RNA, protein or metabolites, could gain highly sensitive and specific signals that truly reflect the pathological changes and fully facilitate diagnostic analysis at early phase with invasive mode. Revolution of high-throughput techniques, such as genome-sequencing and mass spectrometers, greatly promotes the discovery and application of the disease biomarkers. The existing disease biomarkers have covered nearly all the macromolecular categories as well as their variants and modifications, including predisposing genetic variations （such as SNPs）, mutations, epigenetic modifications, miRNAs, splice isoforms, abnormal proteins and autoantibodies. Although some biomarkers have been adopted in clinical practice, there are still great needs for studies on identifying new ones, understanding the existing ones and applying the well-studied ones in practice.     

A special issue on ＂Plant Molecular Biology＂

The use of molecular biology and genomics tools in plant biology research has greatly expanded our understandingof the molecular mechanisms that underlie plant development and physiology.The successful establishment of researchresources such as mutant populations has led to progress in a variety of fields,including plant reproductive develop-ment,signal transduction,hormone functions,defense responses and epigenetic control.In the future these advanceswill potentially facilitate crop improvement through molecular breeding.     

航天育种：来自太空的＂魔力＂

航天工程给力航天育种 2011年11月17日19时32分,在圆满完成了与“天宫一号”的无人交会对接任务后,“神舟八号”飞船返回舱顺利降落于内蒙古四子王旗主着陆场。人们在欢庆我国载人航天工程取得又一个重大突破的同时,注意到“神舟八号”飞船又一次进行了植物种子的空间搭载试验。     

＂Unconventional＂ Neutralizing Activity of Antibodies Against HIV

Neutralizing antibodies are recognized to be one of the essential elements of the adaptive immune response that must be induced by an effective vaccine against HIV. However,only a limited number of antibodies have been identified to neutralize a broad range of primary isolates of HIV-1 and attempts to induce such antibodies by immunization were unsuccessful. The difficulties to generate such antibodies are mainly due to intrinsic properties of HIV-1 envelope spikes,such as high sequence diversity,heavy glycosylation,and inducible and transient nature of certain epitopes. In vitro neutralizing antibodies are identified using "conventional" neutralization assay which uses phytohe-magglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human PBMCs as target cells. Thus,in essence the assay evaluates HIV-1 replication in CD4 T cells. Recently,several laboratories including us demonstrated that some monoclonal antibodies and HIV-1-specific polyclonal IgG purified from patient sera,although they do not have neutralizing activity when tested by the "conventional" neutralization assay,do exhibit potent and broad neutralizing activity in "unconventional" ways. The neutralizing activity of these antibodies and IgG fractions is acquired through post-translational modifications,through opsonization of virus particles into macrophages and immature dendritic cells (iDCs),or through expression of antibodies on the surface of HIV-1-susceptible cells. This review will focus on recent findings of this area and point out their potential applications in the development of preventive strategies against HIV.     

Special Issue on ＂Metagenomics of Marine Environments＂

We are pleased to announce a special issue on ＂Metagenomics of Marine Environments＂ of the journal Genomics, Proteomics ＆ Bioinformatics （GPB）, aiming to provide a platform for high-quality papers focusing on the topic and we invite submissions for this special issue （to be published in August of 2015）.
With most microbes being difficult or impossible to culture, metagenomic approaches based on culture- independent genomic sequencing provide the first real insight of the magnitude and diversity of microbial life that remains largely uncharted. The first metagenomic study of surface water of the Sargasso Sea revealed roughly 1800 species of microbes found in these samples, with 150 new bacterial species and over 1.2 million new genes. The astounding number of genes found in these samples suggests that microbial life in the ocean is far more abundant and diverse than one would expect.     

关于订正＂野茉莉＂一名的商榷

“野茉莉”一名出自清代的《植物名实图考》,曾长期作Styracaceae科、Styrax属的汉名,至今仍作S.japonica的汉名使用。但经考证,“野茉莉”的原植物系明代《草花谱》中的紫茉莉(Mirabilis jalapa)．因此,将Styracaceae、Styrax的科、属汉名订正为“安息香”是正确的、合理的;但“野茉莉”既属误称,便不宜再作种或变种的汉名使用。故建议对S.japonica及其变种var.colycothrix以及该属植物S.grandiflora的汉名作相应的订正。     

Conservation and behavior of Africa＇s ＂Big Five＂

We examine the conservation status of Africa＇s ＂Big Five＂： lion, leopard, buffalo, black and white rhinoceros and elephant, and the role of behavioral knowledge in their conservation. Efforts to conserve these flagship species consist of in situ conservation, captive breeding and reintroductions. With a few exceptions, we find limited evidence that knowledge of behavior informs conservation programs targeted at these species. For management in the wild, knowledge of infanticide and ranging can provide guidelines for realistic hunting quotas and corridors between protected areas, respectively. For ex situ and reintroduction programs, behavioral knowledge is chiefly focused on improved animal husbandry. Despite a formidable understanding of these species＇ behavior, the practicalities of using such knowledge may be diminished because exploitation of these species is so forceful and the bulk of efforts aimed at conserving these species （and indeed most other African species） are primarily in situ where behaviorally driven interventions are limited. Our comparative findings suggest that behavior has been of rather narrow use in the conservation of these flagship species [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 486--499, 2014].     

Comparative effects of insecticides with different mechanisms of action on Chrysoperla externa （Neuroptera＂ Chrysopidae）＂ Lethal,sublethal and dose-response effects

The comprehensive knowledge that the delayed systemic and reproduction side effects can be even more deleterious than acute toxicity, has caused a shift in focus toward sublethal effects assessment on physiology and behavior of beneficial insects. In this study, we assessed the risks posed by some insecticides with different mode of action through lethal and delayed systemic sublethal effects on the pupation, adult emergence, and repro- duction of the chrysopid Chrysoperla externa （Hagen, 1861; Neuroptera： Chrysopidae）, an important predator in pest biological control. The maximum field recommended dose （MFRD） and twice （2xMFRD） for chlorantraniliprole, tebufenozide, and pyriproxyfen were harmless to C. externa. In contrast, all the tested chitin synthesis inhibitors （CSIs） were highly detrimental to the predator, despite of their lack of acute lethal toxicity. There- fore, the safety assumed by using IGRs toward beneficial insects is not valid for chrysopids. Dose-response data showed that although all CSIs have a similar mechanism of action, the relative extent of toxicity may differ （novaluron 〉 lufenuron 〉 teflubenzuron）. For CSIs, the delayed systemic effects became obvious at adult emergence, where the predicted no observable effect dose （NOED） was 1/2 048 of the MFRD for novaluron （0.085 ng/insect）, and 1/256 of the MFRD for both lufenuron （0.25 ng/insect） and teflubenzuron （0.6 ng/insect）. Finally, this work emphasized the significance of performing toxicity risk assessments with an adequate posttreatment period to avoid underestimating the toxicities of insecticides, as the acute lethal toxicity assays may not provide accurate information regarding the long-range effects of hazardous compounds.     

英国葛兰素史克公司从“重磅炸弹＂向“满足医疗需求＂转移

2011年1月21日，英国葛兰素史克公司在东京都召开了记者招待会。在招待会召开之前，PhilippeFauchet社长说：“英国葛兰素史克公司，10年来在日本获准的药物品种数有60多个，是日资和外资企业中新产品问世最多的企业之一。本公司在销售支气管哮喘治疗药‘Adoea’，每年因支气管哮喘死亡的人数由6000人减少到了2000人。我认为Adoea为拯救4000人的生命没少做贡献。”     

＂Micro-deletions＂ of the human Y chromosome and their relationship with male infertility

The Y chromosome evolves from an autochromosome and accumulates male-related genes including sex-determining region of Y-chromosome (SRY) and several spermatogenesis-related genes.The human Y chromosome (60 Mb long) is largely composed of repeti-tive sequences that give it a heterochromatic appearance,and it consists of pseudoautosomal,euchromatic,and heterochromatic regions.Located on the two extremities of the Y chromosome,pseudoautosomal regions 1 and 2 (PAR1 and PAR2,2.6 Mb and 320 bp long,re-spectively) are homologs with the termini of the X chromosome.The euchromatic region and some of the repeat-rich heterochromatic parts of the Y chromosome are called "male-specific Y" (MSY),which occupy more than 95% of the whole Y chromosome.After evolu-tion,the Y chromosome becomes the smallest in size with the least number of genes but with the most number of copies of genes that are mostly spermatogenesis-related.The Y chromosome is characterized by highly repetitive sequences (including direct repeats,inverted repeats,and palindromes) and high polymorphism.Several gene rearrangements on the Y chromosome occur during evolution owing to its specific gene structure.The consequences of such rearrangements are not only loss but also gain of specific genes.One hundred and fifty three haplotypes have been discovered in the human Y chromosome.The structure of the Y chromosome in the GenBank belongs to haplotype R1.There are 220 genes (104 coding genes,111 pseudogenes,and 5 other uncategorized genes) according to the most recent count.The 104 coding genes encode a total of about 48 proteins/protein families (including putative proteins/protein families).Among them,16 gene products have been discovered in the azoospermia factor region (AZF) and are related to spermatogenesis.It has been dis-covered that one subset of gene rearrangements on the Y chromosome,"micro-deletions",is a major cause of male infertility in some populations.However,controversies exist about different Y chromosome haplotypes.Six AZFs of the Y chromosome have been discov-ered including AZFa,AZFb,AZFc,and their combinations AZFbc,AZFabc,and partial AZFc called AZFc/gr/gr.Different deletions in AZF lead to different content spermatogenesis loss from teratozoospermia to infertility in different populations depending on their Y hap-lotypes.This article describes the structure of the human Y chromosome and investigates the causes of micro-deletions and their relation-ship with male infertility from the view of chromosome evolution.After analysis of the relationship between AZFc and male infertility,we concluded that spermatogenesis is controlled by a network of genes,which may locate on the Y chromosome,the autochromosomes,or even on the X chromosome.Further investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying male fertility/infertifity will facilitate our knowledge of functional genomics.     

浅析＂血流的动力──心脏搏动＂一课的教学设计

浅析＂血流的动力──心脏搏动＂一课的教学设计刘学军（河北省乐亭县第二中学０６３６００）河北省九年制义务教育初中《生物》教材,从１９９３年暑假后在唐山市试用。我们在使用新教材的过程中,深深地体会到：新教材打破传统模式,以生理为中心的编写方法,不但突出了...     

＂植物抗寒剂＂新、陈药对早稻育秧效果的比较

＂植物抗寒剂＂新、陈药对早稻育秧效果的比较李志高（湖北省洪湖市农科所,４３３２００）ＡＣＯＭＰＡＲＩＳＯＮＢＥＴＷＥＥＮＴＨＥＥＦＦＣＴＳＯＦＴＨＥＮＥＷＰＲＯＤＵＣＴＳＡＮＤＯＬＤＰＲＯＤＵＣＴＳＯＦＴＨＥＣＯＬＤ－ＲＥＳＩＳＴＥＲＡＰＰＬＩＥＤＴ...