甘肃省一例苹果霉心病病原鉴定

【目的】对甘肃省天水市苹果霉心病病果中分离到的真菌进行病原鉴定。【方法】通过Koch’s法则证病,采用形态学和分子生物学方法对病菌进行种类鉴定。【结果】从甘肃省天水市苹果霉心病病果中分离得到一株淡灰褐色真菌,用该菌的分生孢子悬浮液接种苹果果实,可引起与自然发病相同的苹果霉心病症状。该菌的分生孢子具有不同的形态:产生于分生孢子盘上的分生孢子具3个隔膜,极少数4 5个隔膜,纺锤形或长椭圆形,淡褐色至褐色,基细胞色稍淡,附属丝缺,孢子大小为(12.95 20.42)μm×(4.98 7.97)μm[av.(16.75±1.89)μm×(6.47±0.86)μm];产生于丝状分生孢子梗及分生孢子堆上的分生孢子具2 9个隔膜,纺锤形、棒状或蠕虫状,初始色淡,渐呈褐色,(12.45 59.76)μm×(4.98 11.21)μm[av.(30.10±11.16)μm×(7.26±1.28)μm]。【结论】经形态学和分子生物学鉴定(GenBank登录号JF320818),将该病菌鉴定为Discostroma fuscellum(Berk.&Broome)Huhndorf。这是Discostroma fuscellum引起苹果霉心病在我国的首次报道。     

苹果霉心病微生态研究

对苹果心室及霉心病病果心室的微生物区系,霉心病的发病特点及生态防治做了系统研究,认为霉心病及健康果实心室存在多种微生物,霉心病的发生是微生态系统失调引起的。霉心病具有复合侵染、潜伏侵染特性。一些芽孢杆菌(Bacillus.sp)对病原菌有拮抗作用。生态防治可以应用于霉心病的防治。     

银杏内生真菌的分离及其对苹果腐烂病病原菌的拮抗作用

采用组织块分离法、单菌丝挑取法,从采自3个不同地点的银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)叶和茎部中分离出16株内生真菌,对其进行了抗菌活性的初步研究.结果表明:有9株能够抑制苹果腐烂病病原菌的生长,其中4株菌对病原菌有显著的抑制作用,并大于同样条件下拮抗培养的瑞氏木霉的抑菌效果.与苹果腐烂病病原菌进行两点对峙培养,经镜检发现,与拮抗内生菌一起培养的病原菌的菌丝生长都出现不同程度的畸形和断裂.可见,银杏中的内生真菌对苹果腐烂病有明显的抑制作用.     

4种木霉菌对棉花黄萎病菌抑制作用的测定

以绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)、康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)和二株未知木霉菌株(Trichoderma spp.)为供试木霉菌株,采用对峙培养法测定了不同温度处理下对棉花黄萎病菌(Verticilliam dahliae)的拮抗作用。结果表明,木霉在不同温度下对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用不一,其中以30℃和25℃黑暗条件下木霉对棉花黄萎病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,对峙培养5d后,绿色木霉、康氏木霉和二株未知木霉菌在30℃条件下对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制率分别达到67.3%、65.9%、56.8%、65.9%,25℃条件下的抑制率分别为65.9%、72.9%、65.9%、78.8%;20℃下木霉菌株对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用次之,10℃、15℃和35℃条件下木霉菌丝扩散速度较慢,且孢子产生量少,不能有效地抑制棉花黄萎病菌菌丝的扩展,表明环境温度过高或过低对木霉菌丝的生长及分生孢子的产生均有较大影响。该研究为筛选棉花黄萎病菌更为有效的生防木霉菌株提供理论依据。     

国内首见三株棘状外瓶霉的研究

作者研究了国内首见的三株棘状外瓶霉[Exophiala spinifera(Nielsen et Conant)McGinms],观察了菌落形态,研究了此菌在光学显微镜下和扫描电镜下的特点,并作了外抗原试验。在光学显微镜下,本菌有暗色长棘状的分生孢子梗。在扫描电镜下,有很长的环痕梗,其尖端的环痕数目可达30个以上。有的环痕梗和甄氏外瓶霉[Exophiala jeanselmei(Langeron)McGinnis et Padhye]的环痕梗很相似。有些酵母样细胞上也可产生短的环痕产孢尖端。有一株菌的产孢细胞顶端有几个突起的环痕产孢尖端,呈假单轴性排列。另一株菌产生瓶梗。因此考虑此菌是一种多形性真菌。外抗原试验,一株菌符合棘状外瓶霉,另二株菌符合外瓶霉。     

杜仲内生菌的分离及产PDG菌株的筛选

从树龄达7a以上杜仲皮中分离得到122株内生菌,其中真菌75株,细菌47株,经摇瓶培养后分析各菌株产松脂醇二葡萄糖苷(PDG)的能力,结果发现有8株菌能产生PDG,最高产量可达13.387 mg/L。经初步鉴定,这8株菌分属于5属,即茎点菌属(Phloma)、腐霉属(Pythium)、卵形孢霉属(Oospora)、球黑粉霉属(Tolypospori-um)、砖红镰孢霉属(Lateritium)。     

茅苍术内生真菌的分离鉴定及在组培苗中的回接

从茅苍术的叶、茎和根中分离鉴定内生真菌,并观测内生菌回接对茅苍术组培苗生长的影响。共获得茅苍术内生菌16株,其中叶片中14株,根茎中各获得一株。分别为交链孢霉、镰刀霉、小克银汉霉、青霉、茎点霉、小菌核菌、孔球孢霉和不产孢类。经内生菌和茅苍术快繁苗实验初筛,得到两株对植物无害的内生菌:小菌核菌和孔球孢霉,将它们回接到茅苍术组培苗中,可以从苗叶片中染色观察到菌丝。其中小菌核菌能提高茅苍术炼苗的存活率,接入内生菌的茅苍术叶片超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均高于未接菌的对照,脂肪酸不饱和指数基本不变,说明分离自茅苍术的内生菌回接后可以与宿主建立共生关系。     

里氏木霉表达异源中性内切纤维素酶蛋白以改善最佳酶活pH

为了提高里氏木霉中天然纤维素酶的最佳活性pH,本实验从特异腐质霉,灰腐质霉的变种,枯草芽孢杆菌LH中分别筛选并克隆了其含有的中性纤维素酶基因,将其置于里氏木霉cbh1启动子的启动下,在里氏木霉中进行异源表达。改造株在pH 6.0下酶活提升16%,pH 7.0下活性保留75%以上,而此时原始菌酶活残留20%。本实验所得的产中性纤维素酶里氏木霉基因改造株,由于其良好的中酸性活性表现,在食品,纺织,纸浆和造纸行业应也有良好的使用潜力。     

正己醇降解菌的分离、筛选及分类鉴定

为获得可降解正己醇的真菌菌种,分别以苹果园土壤、苹果渣、苹果酒醪和醋醅为分离源,采用富集培养和紫外线定向诱变,得到了两株能在pH3.8-4.0的条件下降解正己醇的真菌菌株TF和TM。菌株TM和TF在马铃薯葡萄糖培养液中对4.0mg/mL正己醇的降解率分别为45.60±5.43%和23.82±9.27%,与对照在α=0.01水平上差异显著。结合形态学特征及26S rDNA D1/D2区(菌株TM)和ITS区(菌株TF)序列分析,对两株菌进行了分类鉴定。结果表明:菌株TM属于地霉属Geotrichum,菌株TF为白地霉Geotrichum candidum(有性型Galactomyces geotrichum)。     

粉红聚端孢侵染新红星苹果的侵入途径与侵染时期

粉红聚端孢Trichothecium roseum引致的苹果霉心病发生严重。对于新红星品种,T. roseum的侵染过程尚未明确。本研究利用T. roseum荧光标记菌株TR45分析其在新红星品种上的侵染时期和侵入通道。发现T. roseum可以侵染花器组织,引起枯萎坏死;落花后10-15 d,受侵染的花器残体被萼片包裹于萼筒内,随后T. roseum从离生花柱合并处的孔口部位入侵进入合生花柱,沿花柱内的多细胞毛状体间扩展;花后30 d左右,花柱缝逐渐开裂,随果实膨大心室腔壁也开裂,逐渐形成一条贯通萼筒与心室开放通道——萼窦;花后60 d左右,T. roseum的菌丝沿着萼窦扩展进入心室腔,从心室上的裂缝进入果肉组织,最终引起果实霉心。本研究结果有助于解析新红星苹果品种发病重以及难防治的原因,对苹果霉心病防控新策略构建具有重要理论意义。     

Virulence and the Production of Endo-1,4-β-glucanase by Isolates of Alternaria alternata Involved in the Moldy-core Disease of Apples

Alternaria alternata, is the predominant fungal pathogen responsible for moldy‐core in apple cultivars of the Red Delicious group. Here we report on the association between virulence of natural isolates of A. alternata, their production of endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase (EG) and moldy‐core development in apple fruits. Based on decay development following wound inoculations of mature fruits, three of 150 isolates, collected in three orchards in northern Israel and representing low, moderate and high virulence, were selected and designated Rm44, Er30 and Sh42, respectively. All three isolates secreted EG when grown on enzyme‐inducing medium (EIM) containing commercial cellulose or apple cell walls and this production was related to their degree of virulence. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed quantitative differences between the three isolates, relative to their virulence. When fungal extracts were run in native gels, a single band with a molecular mass of 23 kDa showing EG activity was produced by the high‐ (Sh42) and the medium‐virulence (Er30) isolate but not by the low‐virulence (Rm44) isolate. A commercial cellulase preparation (containing endo‐ and exo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase) placed on pricked fruit led to the formation of symptoms similar to those developing on A. alternata‐inoculated fruits within 2–4 days. Inoculation of bloom clusters at full bloom with the highly virulent isolate (Sh42) of A. alternata resulted in a significantly higher infection in fruits (58%) than in those inoculated with the low‐virulence isolate (Rm44) (30%). Our results suggest that the moldy‐core symptoms caused by A. alternata in apple, could be related to the ability of the fungus to produce EG in developing lesions.     

PEG介导原生质体转化构建链格孢荧光菌株及其侵染苹果花器特性

由链格孢侵染引起的苹果霉心病是一种普遍发生的苹果果实病害。该病菌从侵染到发病的周期较长,对其侵染规律较难开展研究,若借助荧光标记则有望有效解决这些问题。本研究基于PEG介导的菌丝体原生质体转化,将带有GFP基因的外源DNA随机插入链格孢菌基因组中,共获得150个转化子。选取菌落形态、生长速率、致病力均未受影响的转化子NC-1,在田间盛花期接种苹果花组织。48h后花瓣、花柱、花药和花丝发生褐变,出现水渍状病斑,4d后发病严重的花干枯脱落,20d后感病幼果霉变脱落,发病部位菌丝体在荧光显微镜下呈现明显的绿色荧光。试验结果表明,作者成功构建了PEG介导的链格孢菌丝体原生质体遗传转化体系,且获得的链格孢荧光菌株NC-1可用于田间侵染规律的研究。     

PESTICIDE USAGE AND EPIPHYTIC LICHEN DIVERSITY IN ROMANIAN ORCHARDS

The epiphytic lichen floras of different orchards (intensive, semi-intensive apple cultivation and traditional old private garden) in North-West Romania were compared with and without pesticide treatment. Species richness was negatively influenced by the frequency of pesticide treatment.     

Acylcyclohexanediones and biological control agents: combining complementary modes of action to control fire blight

Acylcyclohexanediones and antagonistic bacteria sprayed alone or in combination have been shown to suppress fire blight of apple and pear. Acylcyclohexanediones, such as prohexadione-calcium and trinexapac-ethyl, increase plant resistance and are effective against the shoot blight phase of the disease. Antagonistic bacteria, such as Pantoea agglomerans, compete with the pathogen (Erwinia amylovora) for space and nutrients on stigmas, which prevents blossom blight. Potential synergistic effects of acylcyclohexanediones with P. agglomerans for fire blight suppression were investigated on leaves and flowers of apple and pear. Acylcyclohexanediones modified the composition of apple nectar and stigmatic secretions, which resulted in moderately higher epiphytic populations of P. agglomerans strain P10c. In experiments in apple orchards, the combination of acylcyclohexanediones and P. agglomerans gave the greatest protection against blossom blight and shoot blight. In pear orchards, under natural infection conditions, a similar result was obtained for the 3 of the 4 years of the experiment.     

The role of epiphytism in architecture and evolutionary constraint within mycorrhizal networks of tropical orchids

Characterizing the architecture of bipartite networks is increasingly used as a framework to study biotic interactions within their ecological context and to assess the extent to which evolutionary constraint shape them. Orchid mycorrhizal symbioses are particularly interesting as they are viewed as more beneficial for plants than for fungi, a situation expected to result in an asymmetry of biological constraint. This study addressed the architecture and phylogenetic constraint in these associations in tropical context. We identified a bipartite network including 73 orchid species and 95 taxonomic units of mycorrhizal fungi across the natural habitats of Reunion Island. Unlike some recent evidence for nestedness in mycorrhizal symbioses, we found a highly modular architecture that largely reflected an ecological barrier between epiphytic and terrestrial subnetworks. By testing for phylogenetic signal, the overall signal was stronger for both partners in the epiphytic subnetwork. Moreover, in the subnetwork of epiphytic angraecoid orchids, the signal in orchid phylogeny was stronger than the signal in fungal phylogeny. Epiphytic associations are therefore more conservative and may co‐evolve more than terrestrial ones. We suggest that such tighter phylogenetic specialization may have been driven by stressful life conditions in the epiphytic niches. In addition to paralleling recent insights into mycorrhizal networks, this study furthermore provides support for epiphytism as a major factor affecting ecological assemblage and evolutionary constraint in tropical mycorrhizal symbioses.     

Association between rainfall seasonality and the flowering of epiphytic plants in a Neotropical montane forest

The association between the reproductive phenology of epiphytic communities with environmental and ecological factors remains largely unexplored. Because epiphytes depend on environmental moisture, seasonal changes in moisture conditions likely act as the primary determinants of their reproductive timing. We examined whether water limitation or pollinator competition structures the flowering phenologies of an epiphytic community in a seasonal mountain forest in Costa Rica. Additionally, we addressed the environmental factors that might trigger floral induction. Using a 24‐month dataset of bimonthly flowering records from 104 species, we found high seasonality of flowering at the species level but somewhat lower seasonality at the community level. The flowering mid‐dates of most epiphytes, particularly from monocotyledonous species, occurred during the wettest months, as predicted if water limitation structures flowering. The increased moisture and nutrient availability during the rainy season give epiphytes the resources needed to complete floral development and anthesis, and later fruit and seed maturation. The observed flowering pattern of epiphytes coincides with reproductive patterns of terrestrial herbs and shrubs from seasonal tropical ecosystems, and suggests shared constraints to sexual reproduction in both ecological guilds under similar climatic conditions. In contrast, flowering patterns of congeneric epiphytes in the same pollination guild mostly did not follow the expectations of a pollinator competition scenario. Finally, we discuss the possible combined effect of precipitation, temperature, and daily insolation on floral induction of epiphytic plants.     

Investigations on epiphytic living Pseudomonas species from Malus domestica with an antagonistic effect to Venturia inaequalis on isolated plant cuticle membranes

In order to understand better the survival and mutual interaction of epiphytic bacteria and fungi on apple plants, bacteria collected from these plants were cultivated on intact adaxial, stoma free cuticle membranes originally obtained from apple. The bacteria were labelled with luciferase genes from Vibrio harveyi in order to follow up their development and activity on the isolated cuticles. Our finding was that the epiphytic bacteria can have access to nutrients below the cuticle without causing damage to these cuticular membranes. Bacterial proteins may enable this nutrient mobilization and we found, indeed, that more than 46 proteins that must have been delivered by the bacteria in response to interaction with the cuticles as they could be found below the cuticle membrane. Eight major representatives of this group of external proteins have been sequenced with electron spray quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry and subsequently identified by data base homology search as a flagellin, a porin type protein and proteins that are involved in amino acid recruitment and metabolism.     

Potential alteration of precipitation chemistry by epiphytic lichens

Summary Epiphytic lichen growth is abundant on the boles and branches of balsam fir trees at high elevations in New Hampshire. These lichens absorb elements needed for growth from solutions flowing over their surfaces and from direct impaction of water droplets. This study describes how epiphytic lichens and fir needles altered the chemistry of simulated rain water solutions under laboratory conditions. Experiments showed: 1) lichens absorbed ammonium and nitrate from solution; the rate of uptake increased with increasing temperature of the solution, 2) lichens lost calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen to the solution, 3) lichen thalli also initially lost potassium, but in time, net movement was reversed back into the thallus, 4) cation movement increased with increasing temperature, and 5) fir needles responded in a manner similar to that of the lichens, but the amount of change was much less. From these results it seems that epiphytic lichens have potential ecological importance in altering the chemistry of throughfall and stemflow.     

NorM, an Erwinia amylovora multidrug efflux pump involved in in vitro competition with other epiphytic bacteria

Blossoms are important sites of infection for Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight of rosaceous plants. Before entering the tissue, the pathogen colonizes the stigmatic surface and has to compete for space and nutrient resources within the epiphytic community. Several epiphytes are capable of synthesizing antibiotics with which they antagonize phytopathogenic bacteria. Here, we report that a multidrug efflux transporter, designated NorM, of E. amylovora confers tolerance to the toxin(s) produced by epiphytic bacteria cocolonizing plant blossoms. According to sequence comparisons, the single-component efflux pump NorM is a member of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion protein family. The corresponding gene is widely distributed among E. amylovora strains and related plant-associated bacteria. NorM mediated resistance to the hydrophobic cationic compounds norfloxacin, ethidium bromide, and berberine. A norM mutant was constructed and exhibited full virulence on apple rootstock MM 106. However, it was susceptible to antibiotics produced by epiphytes isolated from apple and quince blossoms. The epiphytes were identified as Pantoea agglomerans by 16S rRNA analysis and were isolated from one-third of all trees examined. The promoter activity of norM was twofold greater at 18 degrees C than at 28 degrees C. The lower temperature seems to be beneficial for host infection because of the availability of moisture necessary for movement of the pathogen to the infection sites. Thus, E. amylovora might employ NorM for successful competition with other epiphytic microbes to reach high population densities, particularly at a lower temperature.