基于年降水、生长季降水和生长季蒸散的高寒草地水分利用效率

水分利用效率是深入理解生态系统碳、水循环间耦合关系的重要指标。以前研究青藏高原的水分利用效率多基于年降水量(AP)来分析, 但植物对水分的利用主要在生长季。该研究采用以AP、生长季降水量(GSP)和生长季蒸散量(ET_gs)分别计算的年降水利用效率(PUE_a)、生长季降水利用效率(PUE_gs)和生长季水分利用效率(WUE_gs), 分析了2000-2010年间青藏高原两种主要植被类型高寒草甸和高寒草原PUE_a、PUE_gs和WUE_gs的差异及其与降水量、蒸散量和气温的关系。结果表明: (1)高寒草甸的PUE_a、PUE_gs均大于高寒草原, 但两种草地类型的WUE_gs无显著差别, 这说明两种草地类型可能存在相似的内在的水分利用效率。(2)从年际动态来看, PUE_a和PUE_gs的波动范围相似, 而WUE_gs的波动范围更大, 说明以蒸散为依据的WUE_gs可能比PUE_a和PUE_gs更敏感, 因而可能更好地反映生态系统的水分利用能力。(3)高寒草甸和高寒草原的PUE_a、PUE_gs和WUE_gs分别与AP、GSP和ET_gs呈单调递减趋势, 表明3种水分利用效率均随降水量或蒸散量的增加而降低。高寒草原的3种水分利用效率中仅WUE_gs随着气温的增加而增加, 而高寒草甸的3种水分利用效率均与气温无显著关系, 这说明相比高寒草甸, 高寒草原的水分利用效率对气温更加敏感。     

Spatio-temporal characteristics of evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in grasslands of Xinjiang

Aims Xinjiang is located in the hinterland of the Eurasian arid areas, with grasslands widely distributed. Grasslands in Xinjiang provide significant economic and ecological benefits. However, research on evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) of the grasslands is still relatively weak. This study aimed to explore the spatio-temporal characteristics on ET and WUE in the grasslands of Xinjiang in the context of climate change.Methods The Biome-BGC model was used to determine the spatio-temporal characteristics of ET and WUE of the grasslands over the period 1979-2012 across different seasons, areas and grassland types in Xinjiang.Important findings The average annual ET in the grasslands of Xinjiang was estimated at 245.7 mm, with interannual variations generally consistent with that of precipitation. Overall, the value of ET was lower than that of precipitation. The higher values of ET mainly distributed in the Tianshan Mountains, Altai Mountains, Altun Mountains and the low mountain areas on the northern slope of Kunlun Mountains. The lower values of ET mainly distributed in the highland areas of Kunlun Mountains and the desert plains. Over the period 1979-2012, average annual ET was 183.2 mm in the grasslands of southern Xinjiang, 357.9 mm in the grasslands of the Tianshan Mountains, and 221.3 mm in grasslands of northern Xinjiang. In winter, ET in grasslands of northern Xinjiang was slightly higher than that of Tianshan Mountains. Average annual ET ranked among grassland types as: mid-mountain meadow > swamp meadow > typical grassland > desert grassland > alpine meadow > saline meadow. The highest ET value occurred in summer, and the lowest ET value occurred in winter, with ET in spring being slightly higher than that in autumn. The higher WUE values mainly distributed in the areas of Tianshan Mountains and Altai Mountains. The lower WUE values mainly distributed in the highland areas of Kunlun Mountains and part of the desert plains. The average annual WUE in the grasslands of Xinjiang was 0.56 g·kg^-1, with the seasonal values of 0.43 g·kg^-1 in spring, 0.60 g·kg^-1 in summer, and 0.48 g·kg^-1 in autumn, respectively. Over the period 1979-2012, the values of WUE displayed significant regional differences: the average values were 0.73 g·kg^-1 in northern Xinjiang, 0.26 g·kg^-1 in southern Xinjiang, and 0.69 g·kg^-1 in Tianshan Mountains. There were also significant differences in WUE among grassland types. The values of WUE ranked in the order of mid-mountain meadow > typical grassland > swamp meadow > saline meadow > alpine meadow > desert grassland.     

Spatio-temporal characteristics of vegetation water use efficiency and their relationships with climatic factors in alpine and subalpine area of southwestern China

水分利用效率(WUE)是深入理解生态系统水碳循环及其耦合关系的重要指标。为了揭示气候变化背景下区域尺度不同植被类型的响应和适应特征, 对中国西南高山亚高山地区2000-2014年的9种植被类型的WUE时空特征及其影响因素进行探究。该研究基于MODIS总初级生产力(GPP)、蒸散发(ET)数据和气象数据, 估算西南高山亚高山区植被WUE, 采用趋势分析及相关分析等方法, 分析了研究区植被WUE与气温、降水及海拔的关系。主要结果: (1)西南高山亚高山区2000-2014年植被WUE多年均值为0.95 g·m^-2·mm^-1, 整体呈显著增加趋势, 增速为0.011 g·m^-2·mm^-1·a^-1; 空间上WUE呈东南高西北低的分布, 85.84%区域的WUE呈增加趋势。(2)西南高山亚高山区各植被类型WUE多年均值表现为常绿针叶林>稀树草原>常绿阔叶林>有林草原>农田>落叶阔叶林>混交林>郁闭灌丛>草地; 时间上, 各植被类型WUE均呈上升趋势。(3)西南高山亚高山区89.56%区域的WUE与气温正相关, 92.54%区域的WUE与降水量负相关; 各植被类型中, 草地WUE与气温的相关性最高, 有林草原WUE与降水量的相关性最高。(4)西南高山亚高山区典型的地带性顶极植被常绿针叶林的WUE具有较强的海拔适应性及应对气候变化的能力。     

Revised algorithm of ecosystem water use efficiency for semi-arid steppe in the Loess Plateau of China

Aims We evaluated the applicability of different measures of water use efficiency through analyzing the coupled dynamics of GPP and evapotranspiration in the semi-arid steppe in the Loess Plateau of China. Our objective is to explore the applicability of two quantitative measures of ecosystem water use efficiency—inherent water use efficiency (IWUE) and underlying water use efficiency (uWUE) —for the semi-arid steppe and to endeavor necessary modifications.Methods The consistency and stability of three indices of water use efficiency formulations (i.e. WUE, IWUE, uWUE) were calculated and compared at hourly, daily and annual time scales before proposing an optimal water use efficiency (oWUE). These indices were additionally used to quantify their importances in modeling the diel change of gross primary production (GPP). The yielded-accuracy of the prediction was used for justifying their uses.Important findings IWUE and uWUE appeared suitable for examining the coupled water-carbon characteristics of vegetation at hourly and daily scales, whereas WUE was more plausible on the annual and interannual scales. The optimized water use efficiency index did not improve the prediction of the coupled water-carbon characteristics as compared with uWUE, but it improved the prediction of GPP and its dynamics. oWUE and uWUE improved the predictions of GPP in the peak growing period, while WUE predicted the GPP better at the early and late growing season. Interestingly, we found that IWUE was not suitable for predicting GPP and its dynamics. The results will be of great importance in modeling the effects of climate change on the carbon assimilation and water cycle for the future.     

油蒿资源利用效率在生长季的相对变化及对环境因子的响应

为了探明西北半干旱区典型沙生植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)叶水平资源利用效率的相对变化及对环境因子的响应机制, 该研究于2018年5-10月, 使用LI-6400XT便携式光合仪测定了毛乌素沙地油蒿叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(E)、叶表面光合有效辐射(PAR_l)、叶表面温度(T_l)、叶表面相对湿度(RH_l), 在实验室计算叶片单位面积氮含量(N_area), 分析了叶片氮利用效率(NUE)、水分利用效率(WUE)、光利用效率(LUE)与环境因子之间的关系及NUE、WUE、LUE之间的相对变化。研究结果表明, 在充足且稳定光强下油蒿的P_n主要受温度的影响, NUE、WUE与VPD_l、T_l之间具有显著负相关关系, NUE、WUE与LUE间为正相关关系, NUE、WUE和LUE最大值分别发生在5、7和9月, 分别为9.43 μmol CO₂·g^-1·s^-1、3.86 mmol·mol^-1、0.04 mol·mol^-1, 资源利用效率的变化主要受P_n的影响。温度通过影响植物N分配来改变P_n, 进而影响着资源利用效率, WUE与LUE显著正相关, 对构建荒漠区生态系统能量交换过程模型有重要意义。     

西南高山亚高山区植被水分利用效率时空特征及其与气候因子的关系

水分利用效率(WUE)是深入理解生态系统水碳循环及其耦合关系的重要指标。为了揭示气候变化背景下区域尺度不同植被类型的响应和适应特征, 对中国西南高山亚高山地区2000-2014年的9种植被类型的WUE时空特征及其影响因素进行探究。该研究基于MODIS总初级生产力(GPP)、蒸散发(ET)数据和气象数据, 估算西南高山亚高山区植被WUE, 采用趋势分析及相关分析等方法, 分析了研究区植被WUE与气温、降水及海拔的关系。主要结果: (1)西南高山亚高山区2000-2014年植被WUE多年均值为0.95 g·m^-2·mm^-1, 整体呈显著增加趋势, 增速为0.011 g·m^-2·mm^-1·a^-1; 空间上WUE呈东南高西北低的分布, 85.84%区域的WUE呈增加趋势。(2)西南高山亚高山区各植被类型WUE多年均值表现为常绿针叶林>稀树草原>常绿阔叶林>有林草原>农田>落叶阔叶林>混交林>郁闭灌丛>草地; 时间上, 各植被类型WUE均呈上升趋势。(3)西南高山亚高山区89.56%区域的WUE与气温正相关, 92.54%区域的WUE与降水量负相关; 各植被类型中, 草地WUE与气温的相关性最高, 有林草原WUE与降水量的相关性最高。(4)西南高山亚高山区典型的地带性顶极植被常绿针叶林的WUE具有较强的海拔适应性及应对气候变化的能力。     

Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between the Atmosphere and an Alpine Shrubland Meadow During the Growing Season on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Abstract: In the present study, we used the eddy covariance method to measure CO₂ exchange between the atmosphere and an alpine shrubland meadow ecosystem (37°36'N, 101°18'E; 3 250 m a.s.l.) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, during the growing season in 2003, from 20 April to 30 September. This meadow is dominated by formations of Potentilla fruticosa L. The soil is Mol-Cryic Cambisols. During the study period, the meadow was not grazed. The maximum rates of CO₂ uptake and release derived from the diurnal course of CO₂ flux were -9.38 and 5.02 μmol·m^-2·s^-1, respectively. The largest daily CO₂ uptake was 1.7 g C·m^-2·d^-1 on 14 July, which is less than half that of an alpine Kobresia meadow ecosystem at similar latitudes. Daily CO₂ uptake during the measurement period indicated that the alpine shrubland meadow ecosystem may behave as a sink of atmospheric CO₂ during the growing season. The daytime CO₂ uptake was correlated exponentially or linearly with the daily photo synthetic photon flux density each month. The daytime average water use efficiency of the ecosystem was 6.47 mg CO₂/g H₂O. The efficiency of the ecosystem increased with a decrease in vapor pressure deficit.
(Managing editor: Ya-Qin HAN)     

Dominant species and ecosystem gas exchange in temperate grassland under different land use patterns

在内蒙古温带草原围封、放牧和割草3种处理下的样地内, 对生态系统尺度和大针茅(Stipa grandis)、冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)、羊草(Leymus chinensis) 3种优势种植物叶片尺度上的气体交换和水分关系进行了测定, 对比研究了植物碳水对环境的响应。结果表明, 在优势种单株尺度和生态系统尺度上, 大气-植被CO₂交换因草地利用方式的不同而具有不同的表现。在生态系统层面, 放牧样地的群落净CO₂气体交换量和总初级生产力都与围封样地和割草样地有差异, 群落总初级生产力受生态系统呼吸的影响。在放牧处理下, 群落净CO₂气体交换量日变化表现为生态系统对碳的吸收, 而围封和割草则以碳释放为主。单叶光合速率出现负值并随时间推移而恢复的现象, 应是植物对干旱高温、高光照的特殊反应。生态系统水分利用效率没有明显不同, 但各样地的蒸散能力有趋势上的变化; 对于同种植物, 放牧样地植物单叶水分利用效率的日变化波动幅度最大, 围封样地最小。     

Trade-offs between water yield and carbon sequestration for sub-alpine catchments in western Sichuan,China

Aims There is increasing concern on the trade-off between carbon sequestration and water yield of forest ecosystems. Our objective was to explore the effects of vegetation composition on water and carbon trade-off in the sub-alpine watersheds of western Sichuan during 1982-2006.Methods The WaSSI-C, which is an eco-hydrological model with coupled water and carbon cycles, was employed to calculate the key components in water balance and carbon sequestration for the 22 sub-catchments in the upper reaches of Zagunao River. Spearman’s Rho trend analysis was used to examine the trends in runoff and net ecosystem productivity. Important findings Compared with either subalpine meadow or mixed forest dominated catchments, the conifer-dominated catchments had much higher water loss due to high evapotranspiration, and the loss was not offset by its higher soil water infiltration during the growing season. The change in soil water storage for subalpine meadow, mixed forest and coniferous forest are -44 mm, -18 mm and -5 mm, respectively, which indicated significant decline in soil water storage and thus water yield particularly in alpine meadow catchments. Significant negative relationship was found between runoff and net ecosystem productivity, the alpine meadow as the dominant vegetation type showed high water yield and low carbon sequestration, and the conifer-dominant and mixed forest vegetation showed low water yield and high carbon sequestration, moreover, the higher the forest coverage, the lower the water yield. Upward trends in net ecosystem productivity were observed in the three vegetation types during the study period and the alpine meadow type was significant.     

黑河流域高寒草甸生态系统水分收支及蒸散发拆分研究

水分收支是对水循环要素降水、蒸发蒸腾、径流以及土壤贮储水量变化等的定量刻画,对水资源的可持续开发及利用至关重要。基于黑河流域阿柔观测站2014和2015年水文气象观测数据,运用水量平衡理论,定量的评估了高寒草甸生态系统的水分收支动态,并结合双源模型对高寒草甸生态系统蒸散发(植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发)进行拆分及评价。研究结果表明(1)在生长季(5—9月)植被蒸腾是高寒草甸生态系统主要的耗水形式,2014和2015年生长季平均蒸散比(T/ET)分别为0.74和0.79;(2)土壤水分的剧烈变化主要发生在0—40 cm处,且受冻融过程影响显著;(3)在降水较多的年份(2014)高寒草甸生态系统水分收支基本平衡,且不受冻融影响的月份(6—9)有地表径流产生约42 mm;在正常年份(2015),生态系统呈现水分亏缺,亏缺量约为134 mm,6—9月约亏缺26 mm;(4)模型估算蒸散发(ET)与实测蒸散发具有很好的一致性,相关系数可达0.90,敏感性分析表明模型输入变量对蒸散发(ET)及蒸散比(T/ET)产生的误差较小,双源模型可以很好地实现对高寒草甸生态系统蒸散发(ET)的拆分。     

Effects of experimental warming on plant reproductive phenology in Xizang alpine meadow

Aims Climate warming strongly influences reproductive phenology of plants in alpine and arctic ecosystems. Here we focus on phenological shifts caused by warming in a typical alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Our objective was to explore phenological responses of alpine plant species to experimental warming. Methods Passive warming was achieved using open-top chambers (OTCs). The treatments included control (C), and four levels of warming (T1, T2, T3, T4). We selected Kobresia pygmaea, Potentilla saundersiana, Potentilla cuneata, Stipa purpurea, Festuca coelestis and Youngia simulatrix as the focal species. Plant phenology was scored every 3-5 days in the growing season. The reproductive phenology phases of each species were estimated through fitting the phenological scores to the Richards function. Important findings Under soil water stress caused by warming, most plants in the alpine meadow advanced or delayed their reproductive events. As a result, warming significantly delayed phenological development of K. pygmaea. Warming significantly advanced reproductive phenology of P. saundersiana, S. purpurea and F. coelestis, but not of P. cuneata and Y. simulatrix. In addition, warming significantly shortened the average flowering duration of alpine plant species. The potentially warmer and drier growing seasons under climate change may shift the reproductive phenology of the alpine systems in similar pattern.     

毛乌素沙地油蒿叶建成成本及相关叶性状沿降水梯度的变化

干旱区植物在如何提高水分利用效率与降低叶建成成本之间可能存在一种权衡。我们假设: 与湿润区植物相比, 干旱区植物能通过调节叶功能性状之间的关系(如通过提高单位面积叶氮含量(N_area)), 实现在相同的叶建成成本下具有更高的水分利用效率。为了验证这一假设, 该研究以毛乌素沙地的广布物种油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)为研究对象, 分析了油蒿叶建成成本沿降水梯度的变化规律及其与比叶面积(SLA)、单位质量叶氮含量(N_mass)、N_area和叶碳稳定同位素比率(δ ¹³C)的关系。结果表明: 油蒿单位质量叶建成成本(CC_m)在不同降水条件下差异不显著, 而单位面积叶建成成本(CC_a)在不同降水条件下虽有显著差异, 但并未随降水减少而明显增加。油蒿CC_m与SLA无显著相关性, 与叶δ ¹³C值呈显著正相关关系。油蒿叶建成成本与N_area呈显著正相关关系, 但这种关系格局在低降水量(264 mm)区与高降水量(310-370 mm)区之间存在策略位移现象——即在相同叶建成成本下, 低降水量区植物比高降水量区植物具有更高的N_area。以上结果表明, 尽管高水分利用效率与高叶建成成本相关, 但与高降水量区植物相比, 低降水量区植物具有较高的N_area并没有导致其叶建成成本增加。     

Effects of experimental warming on net ecosystem CO2 exchange in Northern Xizang alpine meadow

AimsGlobal warming could have profound effects on ecosystem carbon (C) fluxes in alpine ecosystems. The aim of our study is to examine the effects of gradient warming on net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE).MethodsIn the Northern Tibetan Grassland Ecosystem Research Station (Nagqu station), Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, we conducted various levels of temperature increasing experiments (i.e., 2 °C and 4 °C increments). The warming was achieved using open-top chambers (OTCs). In total, there were three levels of temperature treatments (control, 2 °C and 4 °C increment), and four replicates for each treatment. The ecosystem NEE was monitored every five days during the growing season in 2015.Important findings Our findings highlight the importance of soil moisture in mediating the responses of NEE to climatic warming in alpine meadow ecosystem. The 4 °C warming significantly stimulated NEE,except for July measurements. The 2 °C warming had no effects on NEE during the growing season. Compared to the 2 °C warming, the 4 °C warming significantly stimulated NEE. The results showed that our targeted ecosystem acts as a carbon sink under 2 °C warming, whereas will act as a net carbon source under 4 °C warming in the future. This study provides basic data and theoretical basis for evaluating the alpine ecosystem’s responses to climate change.     

内蒙古和青藏高原草原植物叶片与根系氮利用效率空间格局及影响因素

氮利用效率是植物的关键功能性状, 同时紧密关联生态系统功能, 但是目前对氮利用效率的区域格局及影响因素仍然不清楚。该研究分析了内蒙古和青藏高原草原82个调查地点、139种植物叶片和根系的氮利用效率及其与环境因素、植物功能群之间的关系, 实验结果显示: 1)草甸草原植物叶片的氮利用效率为53 g·g ^-1, 显著大于高寒草甸(46 g·g ^-1)、荒漠草原(41 g·g ^-1)和典型草原(39 g·g ^-1)。高寒草甸根系氮利用效率为108 g·g ^-1, 显著高于其他生态系统。2)叶片氮利用效率比根系对温度更加敏感, 但随着干旱指数的增加, 两者均表现出显著的降低趋势。3)杂类草叶片和根系氮利用效率低于莎草科和禾本科植物, 豆科植物叶片和根系氮利用效率分别比非豆科植物低48%和60%。4)植物氮利用效率与土壤氮含量之间没有显著关系。总体上, 内蒙古和青藏高原草原植物叶片和根系氮利用效率的空间格局存在差异, 主要影响因素为植物功能群和干旱指数。本研究系统揭示内蒙古和青藏高原草原植物氮利用效率的空间格局及关键驱动因子, 有助于在全球变化背景下了解我国草地生产力维持机制, 同时为草原生态系统管理提供科学依据。     

Changes in normalized difference vegetation index of deserts and dunes with precipitation in the middle Heihe River Basin

AimsPrecipitation is the major water source for desert ecosystems, with its temporal dynamics significantly driving the changes of ecosystem structure and function in desert regions. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the changes in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with seasonal precipitation and different climate years in two cover types (desert and dune).MethodsBased on the daily rainfall dataset of 2000-2012 in the middle Heihe River Basin in Northwest China and the NDVI extracted from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) images, we performed linear regression analysis to examine the correlation of NDVI_INT (accumulated NDVI) with precipitation in two cover types (desert and dune). Two measures of the precipitation are P_c (cool-season precipitation from last September to late February) and P_w (warm-season precipitation in between March and August), while NDVI was characterized with NDVI_INT-pys (previous-year during the different climate years (dry: 2001-2003, wet: 2004-2007)) and the different periods of a growing season (i.e. whole growing season from May through September, early growing season in between May and June, and late growing season in between July and September).Important findings We found that: (1) the determinants of growing season NDVI_INT and their order were NDVI_INT-pys > P_c > P_w for the deserts, while the order was P_w > NDVI_INT-pys for the dunes. The determinants and their order of NDVI_INT in early growing season were NDVI_INT-pys > P_c for the desert, while they were NDVI_INT-pys > P_c = P_w for the late growing season. However, for the dunes, NDVI_INT of the early and late growing season appeared determined by NDVI_INT-pys and P_w, respectively. (2) During the dry and wet periods, precipitation was not a significant factor influencing NDVI_INT for the desert and dune. However, significant increases in NDVI_INTwere observed at dune under wet condition. With the wet years continued, the length of the wet years become an important determinant of NDVI_INT at both cove types, particularly at dune. In addition, it appeared that different changes in NDVI with precipitation existed between the two cover types, but with very similar effects of time-lag. These findings provide useful references for further understanding the mechanisms of NDVI changes with precipitation.     

The interactive effects of nitrogen addition and increased precipitation on gross ecosystem productivity in an alpine meadow

氮水添加对高寒草甸生态系统生产力的影响 降水变化和大气氮沉降增加对草原生态系统碳交换具有重要的影响,进而影响草地生产力、群落组成和生态系统功能。然而,氮水添加对高寒草甸生态系统碳交换的影响目前尚不清楚。因此,本研究在青藏高原高寒草甸布设氮水添加试验,设置4种不同处理：对照、 加氮、加水和同时添加氮水,对生态系统碳交换过程进行了连续4年的原位观测。研究结果发现,氮添加可以增加总生态系统生产力(GEP)、植物地上生物量、群落盖度和群落加权平均高度(CWMh),而水分添加没有显著影响。生态系统碳交换对氮水添加的响应在干湿年存在显著差异。水分添加仅在干旱年对净生态系统碳交换(NEE)具有显著影响,原因是GEP的增加量大于生态系统呼吸(ER)。相反,氮添加仅在湿润年显著提高了生态系统碳交换,其中GEP的增加归因于NEE的增加量大于ER。结构方程结果表明,氮添加主要通过增加优势种的盖度从而提高NEE。本研究强调了降水和优势物种在调节高寒草甸生态系统响应环境变化中的重要作用。     

2000-2017年新疆天山植被水分利用效率时空特征及其与气候因子关系分析

水分利用效率(WUE)是衡量生态系统碳水循环耦合程度的重要指标, 估算新疆天山及南北主要绿洲的植被WUE并分析其时空变化规律, 探索其影响因素, 对该区域生态系统保护、农业水资源的合理利用与开发等方面具有重要的意义。基于MODIS遥感数据、气象数据和土地利用类型数据, 分析新疆天山近18年植被WUE时空变化特征以及与气候因子的关系。结果表明: (1) 2000-2017年新疆天山植被WUE变化范围为0.84-1.34 g·mm ^-1·m ^-2, 多年均值为1.11 g·mm ^-1·m ^-2, 整体呈减少趋势, 变化率为-0.014 1 g·mm ^-1·m ^-2·a ^-1; 空间分布具有较强的垂直地带性规律, 1 000 m以上的区域随着海拔的升高而减少。(2)植被WUE年内变化呈单峰型变化格局, 具有明显的季节性差异, 表现为: 夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。(3)相关分析和统计结果表明, 新疆天山植被WUE时空变化受到气温影响的区域占33.23%, 受降水影响的区域占8.57%, 受气温和降水综合强影响的区域占5.63%, 气温和降水综合弱影响的区域占13.13%; 因此气候因素中气温在新疆天山植被WUE的变化中起到主导作用。(4)水田与旱地水分利用效率随着时间变化呈持续减少趋势, 并且这些区域基本上受到非气候因子的影响, 说明当地人类活动存在不合理性。     

Responses of soil moisture to precipitation pattern change in semiarid grasslands in Nei Mongol,China

Aims Under global climate change, precipitation patterns were predicted to change with larger seasonal and annual variations and more extreme events in the semiarid regions of northern China. Water availability is one of the key limited factors in semiarid grasslands. Changes in precipitation patterns will inevitably affect ecosystem structure and function through soil water condition. Our objective was to investigate the response of soil water content to changes of precipitation pattern, especially its pulse response to precipitation events.
Methods Two semiarid steppe sites (Duolun and Xilinhot) in Nei Mongol were chosen and meteorological stations were installed to monitor precipitation and soil volumetric water content (VWC) at five soil depths (0-10 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm) from 2006 to 2013. The pulse response of VWC at 0-10 cm to an individual precipitation event was simulated by an exponential equation.
Important findings Significant seasonal and inter-annual variations of VWC were observed at the Duolun and Xilinhot sites. VWC at 50 cm soil layer in Xilinhot showed an obvious increase during the early spring due to the influences of snow melting. Mean surface (0-10 cm soil layer) VWC was significantly correlated with annual precipitation across eight years, but VWC in the deeper soil layers (10-50 cm) were not impacted by precipitation. We also found that the precipitation event larger than 2 mm could induce a significant increase in surface (0-10 cm soil layer) VWC, and could be regarded as an effective precipitation in this region. The maximum increment of surface VWC after the events and lasting time (T_lasting) were determined by the event size, while showed negatively linear correlations with the initial soil water content before the events. Vegetation development (leaf area index) did not show significant impacts on the responses of surface soil moisture to precipitation pulses. The infiltration depth of rain water was also determined by rain size and pre-event soil moisture. In average, soil water can infiltrate 1.06 cm and 0.79 cm deeper in Duolun and Xilinhot with 1 mm more precipitation, respectively. Therefore, our results suggest that the event size and pre-event soil moisture were the most important factors affecting response patterns of soil moisture to rain events in semiarid ecosystems.     

Plant species change and water budget in restored grasslands in Taibus Banner,Inner Mongolia,China

2008年和2009年(均为枯水年), 在半干旱区内蒙古太仆寺旗农田-草地生态系统国家野外站开展观测实验, 通过观测蒸散发(波文比系统)、土壤水分(烘干称重法)、降水量, 以及植被土壤特征调查, 基于水量平衡理论, 对比研究了3块天然草地、3块不同退耕时间草地共6个样地的水分收支, 旨在定量地评估退耕草地的水分收支, 为采取科学措施促进退耕草地尽快向天然草地过渡提供依据。结果表明: 1)随着退耕时间增加, 植被盖度逐渐增加, 但是群落中科、属、种的数量趋于减少, 且优势种从一年生的中旱生草本植物逐渐转变成多年生的旱生草本植物; 2)植被蒸腾是草原植被主要的耗水途径, 随着退耕时间增加, 退耕草地的蒸散发量呈增加趋势, 其最大值在4.5-5.8 mm·d^-1之间; 3)退耕草地土壤含水量平均值为0.09 m³·m^-3, 其水分剧烈变化主要发生在距地 表60 cm内, 且随退耕时间增加土壤含水量减少, 而天然草地土壤含水量平均值为0.06 m³·m^-3, 其水分剧烈变化发生在距地 表20 cm内; 4)随退耕时间增加, 退耕草地与天然草地的土壤水分与蒸散发在数值上差距逐渐缩小; 5)退耕草地水分收支基本平衡, 但在极枯年份(降水量174 mm)的生长季, 降水不能满足蒸散发需求, 呈现水分亏损。退耕草地逐步向天然草地过渡, 但是退耕草地的土壤水分在逐渐减少, 呈现“生境干旱化现象”。今后应加强对草地的封育与监测, 促进植物群落向水分利用效率更高、更适应半干旱环境的方向演替。     

模拟降雨格局变化对亚热带地区两树种液流特征的影响

在全球变化的影响下, 中国亚热带地区近几十年降水格局发生了急剧变化。这种变化对亚热带常绿阔叶林植物的生长和森林水分平衡的影响尚不清楚。为此, 该研究从植物整树蒸腾角度出发, 通过在天然次生林中进行人工隔除降雨模拟降水格局变化, 研究降水变化对植物水分利用的影响。试验于2012年9月至2014年12月在广东鹤山森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站内的常绿阔叶林内进行, 通过林下搭建遮雨棚, 截留干季(10月至次年3月)的降雨, 并在湿季(次年4至9月)等量返还到样地中, 在保证总降水量不变的前提下模拟干季更干、湿季更湿(DD)的降雨格局变化。在此期间对样地内的木荷(Schima superba)与火力楠(Michelia macclurei)树干液流特征进行连续监测。运用独立样本t检验对对照组(AC)两个树种间的平均最大液流通量密度(¯J_S)差异性进行分析, 并将DD处理下两个树种的¯J_S与AC进行对比, 来检验隔除降雨对森林蒸腾的效应。结果表明: 当光合有效辐射(PAR)大于1 100 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1时, 对照样地火力楠和木荷的¯J_S分别为(49.5 ± 1.7)和(43.6 ± 2.0) mL∙m ^-2∙s ^-1, 且前者表现出对光合有效辐射(PAR)更强的敏感性。截留降雨处理开始后(2012-10), 两个树种DD与AC处理的¯J_S比值(DD:AC)均先减小后增加, 其中木荷的比值从处理前的0.74下降到了第1次截留降雨处理期(2012-10至2013-03)的0.68, 增加到了第2次截留降雨处理期(2013-10至2014-03)的0.93以及第3次截留降雨处理期(2014-10至2014-11)的1.04; 火力楠则从处理前的1.00下降到了第1次截留降雨处理期的0.94, 在第2次截留降雨处理期增长到1.06, 变化幅度小于木荷。此外, 在第3次截留降雨处理期, 木荷在相同的水汽压亏缺及PAR下能够保持更高的¯J_S。这些结果表明, 短期干旱事件会促使森林蒸腾急剧下降, 然而在长期干旱下, 植物会通过提高¯J_S来弥补干旱带来的损失, 而木荷由于具有较大的¯J_S可塑性, 从而使其在干旱条件下维持更高的水分传输速率。