重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

采用室内培养实验(25℃),研究了不同培养时间下重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb(浓度分别为50,800,400,800mg.kg-1)污染对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明,土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性随着培养时间的增加而显著下降,在培养20d的时候达到最小值,然后酶活性缓慢升高。Cu对脲酶活性以及Cd对酸性磷酸酶和脲酶活性的抑制作用随时间增加而增加。土壤微生物生物量碳、细菌、真菌和放线菌数量随培养时间的增加均表现出先降低后升高的变化趋势。Cd和Cu对微生物生物量氮的抑制作用则随着培养时间的增加而增强,在培养30d时微生物生物量氮到达最低值,分别较培养10天减少了12.6%和16.5%。     

Zn、Cd及其复合对小麦幼苗吸收Ca、Fe、Mn的影响

研究了溶液培养条件下Cd、Zn及其复合对小麦幼苗吸收Ca、Fe、Mn的影响.结果表明,小麦幼苗对Zn、Cd的吸收随溶液中Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺浓度的升高而增加,Cd、Zn同时存在时与其单独作用时幼苗对它们的吸收不同,Zn影响幼苗对Cd的吸收,Cd对Zn的吸收起抑制作用.Ca、Mn的吸收随溶液中Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺浓度升高而呈下降趋势,在Cd单独处理组和Zn单独处理组中Fe的吸收随Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺浓度升高而增加,但在Zn+Cd处理组中,Fe的吸收则呈下降趋势,其效应方式还与作物具体部位有关.     

利用原子吸收光谱法和电镜能谱仪法分析重金属Pb、Cd在水稻颖果不同部位中的分配

比较研究了传统原子吸收光谱法与电镜能谱仪法分析重金属Pb、Cd在水稻籽粒不同部位中的分配情况,研究结果表明:两种方法均显示,Pb、Cd在水稻颖果中的分配为胚>糊粉层>果皮>近糊粉层处胚乳>颖果中心,其中,胚、糊粉层和果皮Pb、Cd含量差异较小,整个胚乳Pb、Cd含量变化也不大,但胚、糊粉层和果皮Pb、Cd含量显著高于胚乳.扫描能谱仪能够准确反映重金属在植物不同部位分布的差异,结果与原子吸收光谱法无显著差异.扫描能谱仪法的优点在于操作方便快捷,但是只能用于定性,不能定量测定出某一部位重金属的准确含量,因此,不能代替传统的原子吸收光谱法.     

苹果酸和草酸对两种植物吸收土壤中Cd、Zn 的影响

向受Cd、Zn 复合污染土壤中添加5.51、11.0、16.5 mmol·kg^–1(干土)苹果酸和草酸, 研究天然小分子有机酸对土壤Cd、Zn 的形态转化及小飞扬草(Euphorbia thymifolia L.)和三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)积累Cd、Zn 的影响。结果显示: 添加苹果酸、草酸处理, 土壤中酸提取态Cd、Zn 含量比对照分别增加0.13%-1.30%、4.25%-13.4%, 有机酸对土壤中Cd 和Zn 有一定的活化作用。苹果酸和草酸促进小飞扬草和三叶鬼针草对目标重金属的积累、强化效果: 苹果酸≈草酸。添加11.0 mmol·kg^–1 苹果酸处理使小飞扬草对Cd+Zn 的总积累量达63.9 mg·kg^–1, 添加11.0 mmol·kg^–1 草酸处理使三叶鬼针草对Cd+Zn 的总积累量达128mg·kg^–1。有机酸促进三叶鬼针草向地上部转运Cd 和Zn, 促进小飞扬草向地上部转运Cd, 仅添加11.0 mmol·kg^–1 苹果酸、草酸和添加16.5 mmol·kg^–1 草酸处理促进小飞扬草向地上部转运Zn。有机酸处理下, 小飞扬草和三叶鬼针草地上部Cd 含量与地上部Zn 含量显著正相关, 相关系数分别为0.533 和0.813。添加一定浓度的有机酸可以活化土壤重金属, 促进植物地上部对Cd、Zn 的富集, 提高植物对重金属的积累, 加快重金属污染土壤的修复。     

Cd、Zn复合污染对水车前叶绿素含量和活性氧清除系统的影响

主要研究了重金属Cd、Zn单一及复合污染对水车前叶绿素含量和活性氧清除系统的影响。超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (POD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性都在 0 1mg·L-1Cd处理浓度时达到峰值 ,随培养浓度的增加 ,活性下降。叶绿素含量则随处理的浓度的上升而呈递减趋势。在各Cd处理梯度中加入Zn后 ,随加入Zn浓度的增大 ,上述各指标与单一Cd处理差异显著性增强 ,表明Zn增强了Cd的毒害作用 ,显示出协同作用的趋势     

Pb、Cd污染胁迫对大羽藓超微结构的影响

大羽藓在Ph、Cd溶液中培养7d后,观察其超微结构的变化发现：Pb、Cd胁迫使得细胞的超微结构遭到破坏,如叶绿体的外膜破裂,不连续,甚至完全消失;类囊体片层膨胀,或高浓度培养中叶绿体完全解体;线粒体外膜断裂或消失;细胞核被膜破坏,染色质凝聚,核质解体。仅在Cd100mg／L的培养中观察到内质网断裂呈片段状。同时在Pb的培养中发现了大量的黑色颗粒,而在Cd的培养中却未发现。     

大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium)对Pb、Cd污染的指示与累积作用研究

在不同浓度的Pb、Cd 溶液中培养15 d 后, 随着培养浓度的增加, 大羽藓表现出不同程度的伤害症状, 主要是植株体失绿, 到高浓度时开始死亡。测定藓体内的Pb、Cd 含量, 结果表明:大羽藓对Pb、Cd 有较强的吸收累积能力, 特别是对Pb 的累积。Pb、Cd 的累积量随着培养浓度的增大而增加。对复合污染的研究显示出:复合污染中Pb、Cd 累积量远远大于单一污染, Pb、Cd 在大羽藓体内的累积表现为协同效应。     

青菜幼苗体内几种保护酶的活性对Pb、Cd、Cr胁迫的反应研究

1 引言自从McCord在1969年第一次从牛红血细胞中发现超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)并且证明其功能是清除超氧化物以后,研究者们在植物细胞中也发现了这种酶,并且证明具有同样的功能.后来又发现植物细胞通过多种途径产生活性氧自由基,同时细胞也存在清除这些自由基的多种途径[5],两者形成平衡体系.但是,许多逆境因子如寒冷、干旱、干燥、水淹、重金属Al等都能影响植物体内活性氧代谢系统的平衡,产生大量的氧自由基,它们能够启动膜脂过氧化或膜脂脱脂作     

有机酸对Pb、Cd的土壤化学行为和植株效应的影响

有机酸对Pb、Cd的络合作用将其对土壤吸附Pb、Cd的影响和植株效应差异的研究表明,柠檬酸、草酸与Pb、Cd络合能力的大小与重金属本身的性质有关,络合作用影响土壤对Pb、Cd的吸附量,柠檬酸降低土壤对Pb、Cd的吸附,草酸则增加土壤对Pb、Cd的吸附.水培试验表明,柠檬酸可减轻Pb对小麦、水稻幼苗的毒害.柠檬酸对Cd的植株外观毒性效应影响不显著,但能促使植株茎叶、根中Cd含量下降.Pb和Cd复合处理条件下,Cd存在促使水稻植株对Pb吸收量增加,Pb存在抑制水稻植株对Cd的吸收.     

免耕稻田氮肥运筹对土壤NH3挥发及氮肥利用率的影响

通过大田试验,设置5种不同的施肥比例(基肥:分蘖肥:拔节肥:穗肥-2:2:3:3(R1)、3:2:2:3(R2)、4:2:2:2(R3)、4:3:1:2(R4)与0:0:0:0(CK)),研究氮肥运筹对稻田NH₃挥发和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,(1)相对于不施肥,施肥显著提高了稻田NH₃挥发量。氮肥施用后,NH₃挥发损失量占施氮量的6.2%-8.5%,其中,以分蘖期NH₃挥发损失量最大,齐穗期次之,苗期和拔节期最小。施肥处理间,处理R1稻田累积NH₃挥发量最小,显著低于其它施肥处理,比处理R2、R3和R4分别低9.1%(P<0.05)、10.9%(P<0.05)和17.7%(P<0.05)。(2)相关分析表明,田面水NH₄⁺、pH值和土壤NH₄⁺和pH值均与稻田土壤NH₃挥发通量呈显著或者极显著相关;(3)处理R1水稻氮肥利用率相对于处理R2、R3和R4增加了28.4%(P<0.05)、55.4%(P<0.05)和74.9%(P<0.05)。研究表明,氮肥后移能有效降低免耕稻田NH₃挥发,提高水稻的氮肥利用率。     

生物质炭添加对红壤性水稻土重金属有效性及土壤质量的影响

通过田间定位试验探讨了不同生物质炭添加量对红壤性水稻土理化性质、重金属有效性和土壤质量的影响。生物质炭于2017年水稻种植前一次性添加于耕作层(0～17cm),分别设置5个不同处理:CK:0 t·hm^-2,A10:10 t·hm^-2,A20:20 t·hm^-2,A30:30t·hm^-2和A40:40 t·hm^-2,经种植两季水稻后于2018年9月采集耕作层(0～17 cm)和犁底层(17～29 cm)土壤,计算土壤质量指数(SQI),评价土壤质量。结果表明:在耕作层(0～17 cm)和犁底层(17～29 cm),随着生物质炭添加量的增加,土壤容重逐渐降低;土壤孔隙度、pH值、有机质和可溶性有机碳含量增加,铵态氮和有效磷分别在添加量为20和30 t·hm^-2时达到最大值;土壤中脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性降低;生物质炭能够降低有效态Cd、As和Pb的含量,在生物质炭添加量为40 t·hm^-2时最低;在土壤耕作层(0～17cm),有效态...     

重金属污染可能改变稻田土壤团聚体组成及其重金属分配

采集了太湖地区污染与非污染稻田表土,采用原状土低能量分离-分散技术提取土壤团聚体粒组,分析土壤中不同粒径团聚体颗粒组质量组成和Pb、Cd、Hg、As等重金属元素的含量, 讨论重金属污染下土壤团聚体组成和重金属团聚体分配的变化.结果表明：在重金属污染下,供试水稻土砂粒级团聚体减少,而较细粒径团聚体相对增多;4种重金属元素在不同粒径团聚体颗粒组中的含量存在差异,但随粒径的变化趋势基本一致,即在<0.002 mm粒径的颗粒组中最高, 其次是0.2～2 mm粒径的颗粒组,而在0.02～0.2 mm和0.002～0.02 mm粒径的团聚体中呈现亏缺现象（富集系数为0.56～0.96）.表明重金属污染可能减弱了较大土壤团聚体的形成,导致细粒径团聚体相对增多,从而明显提高了重金属元素在粉砂和粘粒组团聚体中的分配,这可能进一步提高了污染农田重金属的水迁移和大气颗粒物迁移的风险.对于重金属污染对稻田土壤生物物理和生物化学过程的影响及其机制还需要进一步研究.     

几种生物CaCO3霰石结晶的取向性

CaCO3结晶广泛分布于生物界,其主要结晶形式为方解石、霰石及球霰石。用X－射线衍射法对三角帆蚌及合浦珍珠母贝的珍珠层、墨鱼骨和大黄鱼耳石的CaCO3结晶进行测定,发现各样品均有一定取向性,以三角帆蚌和合浦珍珠母贝珍珠层的取向性为最强,墨鱼骨的取向性次之,大黄鱼耳石的取向性最小,以上材料粉末样的衍射分析表明,各样品对应d值间差异极小,均为X射线衍射卡（5－0453）所表征的CaCO3霰石结构。     

供锌条件下碳酸钙对小麦幼苗生长和锌吸收的影响

通过营养液培养试验,研究了供Zn条件下添加CaCO₃对3种基因型冬小麦（远丰998、中育6号、小偃22）幼苗生长及Zn吸收的影响.结果表明,供Zn和添加CaCO₃对小麦幼苗生长量和根冠比均无显著性影响,3种基因型小麦间亦无显著性差异;添加CaCO₃诱发了小麦叶片失绿黄化.无论供Zn还是不供Zn,添加CaCO₃对3种基因型小麦根、茎、叶各部分的Zn含量及累积量均无显著性影响;与不供Zn处理相比,供Zn会大幅度地提高根、茎、叶的Zn含量和累积量,供Zn使3种基因型小麦植株Zn含量分别增加80.0%、104.8%和139.6%,缺Zn敏感型小麦远丰998植株Zn含量和累积量的增加幅度远小于不敏感型小麦中育6号和小偃22.供Zn和添加CaCO₃对小麦幼苗根、茎、叶中P含量均无显著影响,但远丰998小麦根、茎、叶3部分的P含量均明显低于其它两种非敏感型小麦.供Zn使小麦根、茎、叶3部分的P/Zn大幅度降低,添加CaCO₃也使P/Zn呈现降低的趋势.不供Zn条件下添加CaCO₃能诱发小麦失绿黄化,但Zn吸收量未降低.表明在水培条件下,高含量CaCO₃对小麦Zn吸收并未产生明显的抑制作用.     

Nitrogen-regulated effects of free-air CO2 enrichment on methane emissions from paddy rice fields

Using the free‐air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) techniques, we carried out a 3‐year mono‐factorial experiment in temperate paddy rice fields of Japan (1998–2000) and a 3‐year multifactorial experiment in subtropical paddy rice fields in the Yangtze River delta in China (2001–2003), to investigate the methane (CH₄) emissions in response to an elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration (200±40 mmol mol^?1 higher than that in the ambient atmosphere). No significant effect of the elevated CO₂ upon seasonal accumulative CH₄ emissions was observed in the first rice season, but significant stimulatory effects (CH₄ increase ranging from 38% to 188%, with a mean of 88%) were observed in the second and third rice seasons in the fields with or without organic matter addition. The stimulatory effects of the elevated CO₂ upon seasonal accumulative CH₄ emissions were negatively correlated with the addition rates of decomposable organic carbon (P<0.05), but positively with the rates of nitrogen fertilizers applied in either the current rice season (P<0.05) or the whole year (P<0.01). Six mechanisms were proposed to explain collectively the observations. Soil nitrogen availability was identified as an important regulator. The effect of soil nitrogen availability on the observed relation between elevated CO₂ and CH₄ emission can be explained by (a) modifying the C/N ratio of the plant residues formed in the previous growing season(s); (b) changing the inhibitory effect of high C/N ratio on plant residue decomposition in the current growing season; and (c) altering the stimulatory effects of CO₂ enrichment upon plant growth, as well as nitrogen uptake in the current growing season. This study implies that the concurrent enrichment of reactive nitrogen in the global ecosystems may accelerate the increase of atmospheric methane by initiating a stimulatory effect of the ongoing dramatic atmospheric CO₂ enrichment upon methane emissions from nitrogen‐poor paddy rice ecosystems and further amplifying the existing stimulatory effect in nitrogen‐rich paddy rice ecosystems.     

Growth and survival of coral transplants with and without electrochemical deposition of CaCO3

This study aims to investigate experimentally the effect of electrochemical deposition of CaCO₃ on linear and girth growth, survival and skeletal structure of Porites cylindrica Dana. Transplanted coral nubbins were subjected to up to 18 V and 4.16 A of direct current underwater to induce the precipitation of dissolved minerals. Naturally growing colonies showed a significant increase in percentage longitudinal growth over the treated and untreated corals. Survival followed a similar trend as the growth rate. Lowest survival rates were found in the untreated nubbins. Phenotypic alterations were observed in the treated nubbins where the basal corallites decreased in size with a concomitant increase in their number per unit area. This was probably due to increased mineral concentration (such as Ca²⁺, Na⁻, Mg²⁺, CO₃²⁻, Cl⁻, OH⁻ and HCO₃⁻) at the basal region of the nubbins. These alterations were accompanied by a significant increase in girth growth rates of the treated nubbins at their basal regions. The abundance of mineral ions at the basal region thus appeared to be utilized by the numerous small polyps for a lateral increase in size of the nubbins instead of a longitudinal increase.     

Oxidative addition of methyl iodide to [Rh(CH3COCHCOCH3)(CO)(P(OCH2)3CCH3)]

The reaction rate of the oxidative addition and the following CO insertion step of methyl iodide with [Rh(acac)(CO)(P(OCH₂)₃CCH₃)] is determined. The key finding is that while [Rh(acac)(CO)(P(OCH₂)₃CCH₃)] oxidatively adds methyl iodide ca 300 times faster than the Monsanto catalyst, the CO insertion step is much slower. However, the rate-determining step of the oxidative addition reaction of the phosphorus-containing acetylacetonato-rhodium(I) complex, the carbonyl insertion step, is still in the same order or faster than the rate-determining oxidative addition step of iodomethane to [Rh(CO)₂I₂]⁻.     

Effects of heavy metals on nitrogen uptake by Paxillus involutus and mycorrhizal birch seedlings

The effects of the heavy metals Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn on [(14)C]methylamine and [(14)C]aminoisobutyric acid uptake were studied in the free-living fungus Paxillus involutus and in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal birch roots. The uptake of both N sources by P. involutus was inhibited by the five metals tested. However, Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) had a greater inhibitory effect. Non-competitive inhibitions were determined between heavy metals and [(14)C]methylamine uptake. [(14)C]Methylamine uptake was reduced by one third by 2 μM Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) in non-mycorrhizal roots, whereas that of mycorrhizal roots was not affected. However, it was reduced by 30 to 80% by 200 μM Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) irrespective of the mycorrhizal status. [(14)C]Aminoisobutyric acid uptake in mycorrhizal roots was not significantly affected by Cd(2+) and Cu(2+), whereas that of non-mycorrhizal roots was decreased by 77% at 200 μM Cu(2+). [(14)C]Aminoisobutyric acid uptake was 4.5 to 6 fold higher in mycorrhizal roots, compared with non-mycorrhizal roots, even under metal exposure. The high efficiency of N acquisition by mycorrhizal birch seedlings under metal exposure might be regarded as a mechanism of stress avoidance.     

Resistance to and uptake of heavy metals in mushrooms

Resistance levels to heavy metals in 21 mushrooms obtained mainly from Japan, but also from Thailand, were tested. The mushrooms were 7 Pleurotus species, 2 Pycnoporus and Pholiota species and one each of Agrocybe, Cryptoporus, Coriolus, Inonotus, Lampteromyces, Grifola, Flammulina, Lyophyllum, Agaricus, and Polyporus species. The Pleurotus species strains showed higher resistance to the heavy metals, copper, cadmium, zinc, nickel, cobalt, mercury than the other species. Pleurotus ostreatus exhibited the highest resistance to all these heavy metals. Pholiota species, Flammulina veltipes, Lyophyllum ulmarium, Agaricus bisporus and Polyporus arcularius were rather sensitive to all the metals tested. The accumulation of copper, zinc and cadmium in Pleurotus ostreatus was studied. The uptake of heavy metals into the mycelia of P. ostreatus increased proportionally to an increasing concentration of these metals in the medium.