Inflorescence bracts of fossil and extant Tilia in North America,Europe, and Asia: patterns of morphologic divergence and biogeographic history

The enlarged inflorescence bract diagnostic of extant Tilia has an extensive Tertiary fossil record in the Northern Hemisphere. Diversity of bract morphology, and the extent of adnation between peduncle and bract, is reviewed for fossil and extant species of Tilia. An extinct type of bract with an orbicular outline and palmate venation is documented by the fossil species Tilia circularis (Chaney) comb. nov. from the early Oligocene of Oregon and is designated Type A. Living species of the genus have elongate bracts with predominately pinnate venation that are borne in two basic configurations: Type B, with the peduncle fused only to the extreme base of the bract lamina, as in extant Tilia endochrysea Hand.-Mzt. of southern China; and Type C with the peduncle fused medially along the basal one-third of the bract lamina, as in most extant species. Bracts of Type B were widely distributed in the Tertiary of western North America (late Eocene to Miocene) and Europe (early Miocene to Pliocene), while those of Type C are known in the fossil condition only from the middle and late Tertiary of Asia and Pliocene of Europe. The bracts of T. circularis, like those of type B, are borne on relatively long stalks and have the peduncle fused only at the extreme base. The fossil record supports recognition of the following characters as apomorphic in Tilia bract evolution: bracts sessile, peduncle adnate to the upper surface of the bract, and pinnate bract venation.     

Echinochara triplicata sp. nov. (Clavatoraceae,fossil Charophyta) from the Lower Albian of Tunisia

Echinochara Peck, 1957 is a poorly known charophyte genus from the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of the United States and Europe. Its fossil record is currently limited to two species, Echinochara spinosa Peck, 1957 and Echinochara peckii (Mädler, 1952) nov. comb. Grambast, 1956 emend. Schudack, 1993, which have obscure phylogenetic relationships. A third species of this genus, Echinochara triplicata nov. sp., is described here from the Lower Albian of Jebel Koumine (Central Tunisia) and is hypothesized to derive from the Barremian-Aptian morphotypes of Echinochara peckii. The new species represents the first record of the genus in Africa and its more recent record worldwide. It occurs along with the clavatoraceans: Clavator harrisii zavialensis and Atopochara trivolvis trivolvis and provides an additional tool for the biostratigraphic characterization of non-marine Albian of Europe and North Africa.     

Synonymy of Etiennea Matile-Ferrero with Hemilecanium Newstead (Hemiptera: Coccidae), based on morphology of adult females, adult males and first-instar nymphs, and description of a new potential pest species from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

The genus Etiennea Matile‐Ferrero is synonymized with Hemilecanium Newstead (Hemiptera: Coccidae). We base this decision on a morphological comparative study of adult females, adult males and first‐instar nymphs (crawlers), including a phylogenetic analysis. We recovered a sister group relationship between the type species of the two genera, Etiennea villiersi Matile‐Ferrero and Hemilecanium theobromae Newstead; that is, each was more closely related to the other than either was to other species in their respective genera. All species hitherto included in Etiennea are transferred to Hemilecanium: H. bursera (Hodgson & Kondo) comb. nov., H. cacao (Hodgson) comb. nov., H. candelabra (Hodgson) comb. nov., H. capensis (Hodgson) comb. nov., H. carpenteri (Newstead) comb. nov., H. cephalomeatus (Hodgson) comb. nov., H. combreti (Hodgson) comb. nov., H. ferina (De Lotto) comb. nov., H. ferox (Newstead) comb. nov., H. gouligouli (Hodgson) comb. nov., H. halli (Hodgson) comb. nov., H. kellyi (Brain) comb. nov., H. madagascariensis (Hodgson) comb. nov., H. montrichardiae (Newstead) comb. nov., H. multituberculum (Hodgson) comb. nov., H. petasus (Hodgson) comb. nov., H. sinetuberculum (Hodgson) comb. nov., H. tafoensis (Hodgson) comb. nov., H. ulcusculum (Hodgson) comb. nov., and H. villiersi (Matile‐Ferrero) comb. nov. Keys to the adult females of all 26 species and known adult males and first‐instar nymphs are provided. The adult males and first‐instar nymphs of H. theobromae Newstead and E. villiersi Matile‐Ferrero are for the first time fully described and illustrated. One new potential pest species of Hemilecanium, H. uesatoi Kondo & Hardy sp. nov., which was collected on three islands of the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, is described and illustrated based on the adult female, adult male and first‐instar nymph. We discuss evidence that H. uesatoi is a new introduction to the Ryukyu Archipelago. The first‐instar nymphs of Hemilecanium can be divided into two distinct morphological groups, the petasus group and the theobromae group.     

INDIAN OCEAN NANNOPLANKTON. II. HOLOCOCCOLITHOPHORIDS (CALYPTROSPHAERACEAE,PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) WITH A REVIEW OF EXTANT GENERA1

Holococcolithophorids, pyrmnesiophytes having only one type of calcareous element in their coccoliths, are delicate and not commonly recorded in recent and fossil marine floras. There are few records of these organisms from the Indian Ocean and 26 species from there are included in this report. Although the group, generally assigned to a single family, the Calyptrosphaeraceae, may contain species that are part of the life history of heterococcolith-bearing cells in other stages, so little is known of this aspect of their biology that one must continue, at the present time, to treat them as independent taxonomic entities. A key is provided for the known holococcolithophorid genera. A new genus, Gliscolithus, and three new species, Gliscolithus amitakarenae, Calyptrosphaera heimdalae, and Helladosphaera pienaarii are described. The following new combinations are proposed: Calyptrolithina fragaria (Kamptner) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina gaarderae (Borsetti et Cati) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina isselii (Borsetti et Cati) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina lafourcadii (Lecal) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina magnaghii (Borsetti et Cati) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina multipora (Gaarder) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina porritectum (Heimdal) comb. nov., Calyptrolithina wettsteinii (Kamptner) comb. nov., Calyptrolithophora catillifera (Kamptner) comb. nov., Calyptrolithophora galea (Lecal-Schlauder) comb. nov., Dactylethra pirus (Kamptner) comb. nov., Helladosphaera arethusae (Kamptner) comb. nov., Helladosphaera gracilis (Kamptner) comb. nov., Homozygosphaera strigilis (Gaarder) comb. nov. and Syracolithus schilleri (Kamptner) comb. nov. The new combination in the genus Dactylethra Gartner for the first time brings an extant species into this genus that formerly contained only fossil species. It is pointed out that the enlarged zygoliths in stomatal areas of Corisphaera and the helladoliths in stomatal regions of Helladosphaera have intergrading types and are not distinctive enough characteristics to separate these genera.     

A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Tribe Corallineae (Corallinales,Rhodophyta) with an Assessment of Genus‐Level Taxonomic Features and Descriptions of Novel Genera

A multigene phylogeny using COI‐5P (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1), psbA (PSII reaction center protein D1), and EF2 (elongation factor 2) sequence data for members of the tribe Corallineae was constructed to assess generic boundaries. We determined that traditional reliance on conceptacle position as an indicator of generic affinities in the Corallineae is not supported and taxonomic changes are required. We found that species currently assigned to Pseudolithophyllum muricatum resolved within the Corallineae in all analyses. This is the first record of crustose members in the subfamily Corallinoideae. Further‐more, the genus Serraticardia was polyphyletic; we propose to synonomize Serraticardia with Corallina, transfer the type species S. maxima to Corallina (C. maxima (Yendo) comb. nov.), and describe the new genus Johansenia for S. macmillanii (J. macmillanii (Yendo) comb. nov.). Our molecular data also indicate that species in the genus Marginisporum have evolutionary affinities among species of Corallina and these genera should also be synonymized. This necessitates the combinations C. aberrans (Yendo) comb. nov. for M. aberrans (Yendo) Johansen & Chihara, C. crassissima (Yendo) comb. nov. for M. crassissimum (Yendo) Ganesan, and C. declinata (Yendo) comb. nov. for M. declinata (Yendo) Ganesan. Corallina elongata was divergent from all other members of Corallina and is transferred to a new genus, Ellisolandia (E. elongata (J. Ellis & Solander) comb. nov). In addition, COI‐5P and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) data combined with morphological characters were used to establish that rather than the four Corallina species recognized in Canada, there are nine.     

Taxonomic contributions to Hapalidiales (Corallinophycidae,Rhodophyta): Boreolithothamnion gen. nov., Lithothamnion redefined and with three new species and Roseolithon with new combinations

Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL gene sequences and of concatenated rbcL, psbA, and nuclear SSU rRNA gene sequences resolved the generitype of Lithothamnion, L. muelleri, in a clade with three other southern Australian species, L. kraftii sp. nov., L. saundersii sp. nov., and L. woelkerlingii sp. nov. Cold water boreal species currently classified in Lithothamnion and whose type specimens have been sequenced are transferred to Boreolithothamnion gen. nov., with B. glaciale comb. nov. as the generitype. The other species are B. giganteum comb. nov., B. phymatodeum comb. nov., and B. sonderi comb. nov., whose type specimens are newly sequenced, and B. lemoineae comb. nov., B. soriferum comb. nov., and B. tophiforme comb. nov., whose type specimens were already sequenced. Based on rbcL sequences from the type specimens of Lithothamnion crispatum, L. indicum, and L. superpositum, each is recognized as a distinct species and transferred to the recently described Roseolithon as R. crispatum comb. nov., R. indicum comb. nov., and R. superpositum com. nov., respectively. To correctly assign species to these three genera based only on morpho-anatomy, specimens must have multiporate conceptacles and some epithallial cells with flared walls. The discussion provides examples demonstrating that only with phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences can the evolution of morpho-anatomical characters of non-geniculate corallines be understood and applied at the correct taxonomic rank. Finally, phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences support recognition of the Hapalidiales as a distinct order characterized by having multiporate tetra/bisporangial conceptacles, and not as a suborder of Corallinales whose tetra/bisporangial conceptacles are uniporate.     

NEW CALCAREOUS DINOFLAGELLATES (CALCIODINELLOIDEAE) FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA1

Investigations on calcareous dinoflagellates from surface sediments from the Mediterranean Sea revealed 14 species, including one new genus and four previously undescribed species: Calciodinellum levantinum sp. nov., Calciodinellum elongatum nov. comb., Lebessphaera urania gen. nov. et sp. nov., and Scripp‐ siella triquetracapitata sp. nov. Furthermore, Fuettererella cf. tesserula, so far only known from the fossil record, was found. The cyst–theca relationships of C. levantinum and C. elongatum are given, based on strains established from water samples of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. This study gives an insight into the importance of the modern Mediterranean Sea as an unique region concerning calcareous cyst producing dinoflagellates.     

Trioza hopeae sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Triozidae): A pest on Hopea odorata (Malvales: Dipterocarpaceae) in Vietnam

Trioza hopeae sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Vietnam. Trioza hopeae develops on Hopea odorata, a valuable timber tree on which it causes serious damage by inducing leaf galls. The new species is closely related to Trioza minuta (Mathur) comb. nov. (from Ceropsylla Riley), an Indian species associated with Shorea robusta. Differences between the two species are discussed. Another five Indian species are transferred here from Ceropsylla to Trioza Foerster as T. ferruginea ( Mathur, 1975 ) comb. nov., T. fulvida ( Mathur, 1975 ) comb. nov., T. indica ( Kandasamy, 1986 ) comb. nov., T. longivenata ( Kandasamy, 1986 ) comb. nov., and T. parvus ( Kandasamy, 1986 ) comb. nov.     

Occurrence of Sapindopsis (Platanaceae) in the Cretaceous of Eurasia

Three new species of the genus Sapindopsis Fontaine from Central Asia and western Siberia are described: S. neuburgae (Vachr.) Golovn., comb. nov., S. janschinii (Vachr.) Golovn., comb. nov., and S. kryshtofovichii (I. Lebed.) Golovn., comb. nov. Geographical and stratigraphic analyses have shown that the genus evolved in Eurasia from the Middle Albian to the Cenomanian, and was mostly restricted to the subtropics of the Euro-Sinian phytogeographic area from the Middle East to Russian Primorye and northern China. The are no reliable records of Sapindopsis from Europe. The migration of Sapindopsis from North America to Eurasia through the Bering Land Bridge was most probably related to the Early-Middle Albian climatic optimum.     

Jamesoniella carringtonii—eine Plagiochila in Nepal mit Perianth

Abstract

Jamesoniella carringtonii (Balfour) Schiffn. is transferred to Plagiochila (P. carringtonii (Balfour) Grolle, comb.nov.). P. carringtonii ssp. carringtonii is regarded as an endemic subspecies of the British Isles and the Faeroes, whereasssp. lobuchensis Grolle, ssp.nov. with wholly entire leavesis restricted to Nepal and bears perianths. Jamesoniella carringtonii var. recurvata Nicholson is an independent not closely related species of Plagiochila (P. recurvata (Nicholson) Grolle, stat. et comb.nov.) from N.W.-Yünnan. P. recurvata and p. poeltii Inoue et GroUe, sp.nov. (from Nepal) probably belong to section Renitentes Carl. New differences between Jamesoniella autumnalis (DC.) Steph. and J. undulifolia (Nees) K. MOO., whichlatter is type of Biantheridion Grolle, sect.nov. Notes on the distribution of hepatics in Europe restricted to the cool euatlantic regions.     

BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE BOTHRIOCHLOA BARBINODIS COMPLEX (GRAMINEAE)

The New World species of Bothriochloa O. Kuntze are polyploids with 2n = 60, 120, 180 and 220 chromosomes and they reproduce sexually. Plants with 2n = 180 chromosomes constitute the extremely variable B. barbinodis (Lag.) Herter, which is subdivided into var. barbinodis, var. palmeri (Hack.) de Wet comb. nov., and var. schlumbergeri (Fourn.) de Wet comb. nov. The single collection with 2n = 220 chromosomes belongs with var. schlumbergeri. Plants resembling B. barbinodis in inflorescence structure but having well-developed pedicellate spikelets and 2n = 120 chromosomes are included in B. campii (Swallen) de Wet comb. nov. South American collections of B. springfieldii (Gould) Parodi differ from North American collections in having 2n = 60 rather than 120 chromosomes and in having larger inflorescences as does B. barbinodis. Variety australis de Wet. var. nov. is described to include them.     

GAYLIELLA GEN. NOV. IN THE TRIBE CERAMIEAE (CERAMIACEAE,RHODOPHYTA) BASED ON MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE1

On the basis of comparative morphology and phylogenetic analyses of rbcL and LSU rDNA sequence data, a new genus, Gayliella gen. nov., is proposed to accommodate the Ceramium flaccidum complex (C. flaccidum, C. byssoideum, C. gracillimum var. byssoideum, and C. taylorii), C. fimbriatum, and a previously undescribed species from Australia. C. transversale is reinstated and recognized as a distinct species. Through this study, G. flaccida (Kützing) comb. nov., G. transversalis (Collins et Hervey) comb. nov., G. fimbriata (Setchell et N. L. Gardner) comb. nov., G. taylorii comb. nov., G. mazoyerae sp. nov., and G. womersleyi sp. nov. are based on detailed comparative morphology. The species referred to as C. flaccidum and C. dawsonii from Brazil also belong to the new genus. Comparison of Gayliella with Ceramium shows that it differs from the latter by having an alternate branching pattern; three cortical initials per periaxial cell, of which the third is directed basipetally and divides horizontally; and unicellular rhizoids produced from periaxial cells. Our phylogenetic analyses of rbcL and LSU rDNA gene sequence data confirm that Gayliella gen. nov. represents a monophyletic clade distinct from most Ceramium species including the type species, C. virgatum. We also transfer C. recticorticum to the new genus Gayliella.     

Systematic revision of Hoggicosa Roewer, 1960, the Australian ‘bicolor’ group of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)

The Australian wolf spider genus Hoggicosa Roewer, 1960 with the type species Hoggicosa errans (Hogg, 1905) is revised to include ten species: Hoggicosa alfi sp. nov. ; Hoggicosa castanea (Hogg, 1905) comb. nov. (= Lycosa errans Hogg, 1905 syn. nov. ; = Lycosa perinflata Pulleine, 1922 syn. nov. ; = Lycosa skeeti Pulleine, 1922 syn. nov. ); Hoggicosa bicolor (McKay, 1973) comb. nov. ; Hoggicosa brennani sp. nov. ; Hoggicosa duracki (McKay, 1975) comb. nov. ; Hoggicosa forresti (McKay, 1973) comb. nov. ; Hoggicosa natashae sp. nov. ; Hoggicosa snelli (McKay, 1975) comb. nov. ; Hoggicosa storri (McKay, 1973) comb. nov. ; and Hoggicosa wolodymyri sp. nov. The Namibian Hoggicosa exigua Roewer, 1960 is transferred to Hogna, Hogna exigua (Roewer, 1960) comb. nov. A phylogenetic analysis including nine Hoggicosa species, 11 lycosine species from Australia and four from overseas, with Arctosa cinerea Fabricius, 1777 as outgroup, supported the monophyly of Hoggicosa, with a larger distance between the epigynum anterior pockets compared to the width of the posterior transverse part. The analysis found that an unusual sexual dimorphism for wolf spiders (females more colourful than males), evident in four species of Hoggicosa, has evolved multiple times. Hoggicosa are burrowing lycosids, several constructing doors from sand or debris, and are predominantly found in semi‐arid to arid regions of Australia. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 158 , 83–123.     

Novelties in spermacoceae (Rubiaceae) from Bolivia and Paraguay

One new Bolivian species (Borreria pazensis) and three new varieties (Borreria densiflora var.minima, Richardia, scabra var.chacoensis andStaelia virgata var.killeenii) are described and illustrated. The genusDiodella, with three species (D. apiculata comb. nov., D. radula comb. nov., andD. teres), is reported for the first time.Borreria limae, B. wunschmannii, B. scabiosoides var.scabiosoides, andB. scabiosoides var.anderssonii are also reported as new to Bolivia.     

Free-living heterotrophic euglenids from freshwater sites in mainland Australia

This paper presents new data on free-living heterotrophic euglenids (Euglenozoa, Protista) that were found at several freshwater sites in New South Wales, Northern Territory, and Queensland, Australia. Thirty-six species are described with uninterpreted records based on light-microscopy. The records include accounts of two new taxa: Heteronema pterbicanov. spec., Sphenomonas alburiae nov. spec., and of six new combinations: Dinema dimorphum (Skuja, 1932) nov. comb., Notosolenus mediocanellatus(Stein, 1878) nov. comb., Notosolenus steini (Klebs, 1893) nov. comb., Ploeotia obliqua(Klebs, 1893) nov. comb., Ploeotia plana(Christen, 1959) nov. comb., and Rhabdomonas mirabilis (Playfair, 1921) nov. comb. We also introduce the following: Astasia skvortzovi nom. nov., Heteronema hexagonum var. elegans (Playfair, 1921) nov. comb., Petalomonas compressa (Schewiakoff, 1893) nov. comb., and Jenningsia deflexumvar dextrum (Shi, 1975) nov. comb. All records of heterotrophic euglenids in Australia are reviewed. The majority of species reported here have also been found at other locations worldwide, and we find little or no evidence that there is endemism in this group.     

A molecular assessment of species diversity and generic boundaries in the red algal tribes Polysiphonieae and Streblocladieae (Rhodomelaceae,Rhodophyta) in Canada

Sequence data generated during a Canadian barcode survey (COI-5P) of the tribes Polysiphonieae and Streblocladieae, a large and taxonomically challenging group of red algae, revealed significant taxonomic confusion and hidden species diversity. Polysiphonia pacifica Hollenberg, P. paniculata Montagne, P. stricta (Dillwyn) Greville and Vertebrata fucoides (Hudson) Kuntze were all complexes of two or more genetically distinct yet overlooked species. One variety of P. pacifica was elevated to the rank of species as P. determinata (Hollenberg) Savoie & Saunders, stat. nov. Several new additions to the Canadian flora were recorded including P. kapraunii Stuercke & Freshwater and P. morrowii Harvey. Subsequent multi-gene (COI-5P, LSU and rbcL) phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the genus Polysiphonia Greville was polyphyletic, and currently assigned species resolved with many other genera. Polysiphonia sensu stricto was restricted to a group of species that formed a monophyletic lineage with the type, Polysiphonia stricta. Carradoriella P.C.Silva was resurrected based on the South African species Carradoriella virgata (C.Agardh) P.C.Silva. Species previously attributed to Polysiphonia were transferred to Carradoriella, Leptosiphonia and Vertebrata as well as to three new genera described here: Acanthosiphonia gen. nov., based on A. echinata (Harvey) comb. nov.; Eutrichosiphonia gen. nov. for E. confusa (Hollenberg) comb. nov. and E. sabulosia (B.Kim & M.S.Kim) comb. nov.; and Kapraunia gen. nov., which includes K. schneideri (Stuercke & Freshwater) comb. nov. and three additional species.     

Studies in selected fragilarioid diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from Lake Hovsgol, Mongolia

Three fragilarioid diatom taxa were studied in detail at the light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy levels from samples collected from Lake Hovsgol, Mongolia. Two of the taxa are new to science, described here as Staurosirella minuta Morales et M. B. Edlund and Pseudostaurosira tenuis Morales et M. B. Edlund, and may be endemic to Lake Hovsgol. The third taxon has been identified as Fragilaria polonica Witak et Lange‐Bertalot and it is transferred to the genus Pseudostaurosira (Grunow) D. M. Williams et Round as Pseudostaurosira polonica (Witak et Lange‐Bertalot) Morales et M. B. Edlund comb. nov. based on the ultrastructural features of its valves. The relationship of the above taxa to others reported in the literature is included herein, and the nomenclatural transfer, Pseudostaurosira naveana (Le Cohu) Morales et M. B. Edlund comb. nov., is proposed.