土壤pH调控固氮植物和非固氮植物间的氮转移

氮作为构成蛋白质的主要成分, 是植物生长的必要营养物质。陆地生态系统普遍存在土壤氮缺乏的现象, 混交种植模式中固氮植物可以将生物固定的氮转移给非固氮植物, 是满足非固氮植物氮需求的途径之一。明确固氮和非固氮植物间氮转移的影响因素有助于恢复退化生态系统, 构建稳定群落, 增加生态系统生产力。为了量化环境及生物等因素对氮转移的影响, 该研究采用文献调研法, 对118组氮转移比例(氮转移量占非固氮植物氮含量的比值, P_transfer)文献和实验数据(包括21种固氮植物和23种非固氮植物)进行了线性混合模型分析。结果表明土壤pH是影响P_transfer变化的最主要因素(解释量为44.04%), 其次为年平均温度(解释量为9.14%)以及固氮与非固氮植物生物量比值(解释量为2.95%), 而作为随机因素的固氮和非固氮植物物种差异的解释量为16.52%。此外, 碱性土壤中P_transferr显著高于酸性土壤。在酸性土壤中, 年平均温度(解释量为12.49%)和土壤总氮含量(解释量为11.72%)是影响P_transfer差异的主要因素, P_transfer随着年平均温度和土壤总氮含量的增加而显著增加。而在碱性土壤中, P_transfer差异主要受到固氮与非固氮植物生物量比值(解释量为13.29%)、年降水量(解释量为10.73%)和土壤总氮含量(解释量为9.33%)的调控。相对于酸性土壤, 碱性土壤能够显著增加固氮与非固氮植物生物量比值进而增加P_transfer。同时, 在碱性土壤中P_transfer与年降水量和土壤总氮含量呈显著正相关关系。这些结果对提高固氮和非固氮植物间的氮转移, 有效缓解土壤氮对非固氮植物生长的限制以及构建稳定群落具有重要意义。     

Calibrating vascular plant abundance for detecting future climate changes in Oregon and Washington,USA

We propose using future vascular plant abundances as indicators of future climate in a way analogous to the reconstruction of past environments by many palaeoecologists. To begin monitoring future short-term climate changes in the forests of Oregon and Washington, USA, we developed a set of transfer functions for a present-day calibration set consisting of climate parameters estimated, and species abundances measured, at 107 USDA Forest Service FIA (Forest Inventory and Analysis) Phase 3 plots. For each plot, we derived climate estimates from the Daymet model database, and we computed species abundance as quadrat frequency and subplot frequency. We submitted three climate variables (mean January temperature, MJAT; mean July temperature, MJUT; and mean annual precipitation transformed to natural logarithms, MANPt) to canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and verified their importances in structuring the species frequency data. Weighted averaging-partial least squares regression (WA-PLS) provided the means for calculating six transfer functions. In all cases, based on performance statistics generated by leave-one-out cross-validation, we identified two-component WA-PLS models as the most desirable. The predictive abilities of our transfer functions are comparable to, or better than, those reported in the literature, probably due both data quality and statistical considerations. However, model overfitting as a result of spatial autocorrelation remains a possibility. The large errors associated with our MJAT transfer functions connote that even the highest amount of change in mean January temperature predicted for Oregon and Washington for 2010–2039 would be indistinguishable from current conditions. The higher predictions indicate that our MJAT transfer functions may be able to track climate changes by the 2040s. Our MJUT transfer functions can detect change in mean July temperature under the highest projection for 2010–2039. Our MANPt transfer functions will be of limited use until the 2070s, given the predictions of only slight changes in mean annual precipitation during the early part of the twenty-first century. Our MJAT and MANPt transfer functions may prove useful at the present time to verify relative climatic stability. Because the predicted climate values sometimes deviate substantially from the observed values for individual plots, our transfer functions are appropriate for monitoring climatic trends over the entire Pacific Northwest or large regions within it, not for assessing climate change at individual plots.     

Within-island geographic variation of the dangerous Taiwanese snake, Trimeresurus stejnegeri, in relation to ecology

Multivariate analysis shows that geographic variation occurs in the scalation and body proportions of the dangerously venomous snake Tritneresurus stejnegeri , within the island of Taiwan. Canonical correlation analysis reveals a high correlation between constellations of morphological characters and ecological factors. Numerical hypothesis testing, using partial Mantel tests, provides evidence of a causal relationship with ecology. Head shape was found to be primarily associated with mean annual temperature and altitude, and head scalation with the annual range of temperature. Body scalation was found to be influenced by altitude, mean annual temperature and mean annual rainfall. Tail length is primarily associated with the range of temperature and rainfall and secondarily with the mean annual temperature and altitude. Geographic proximity was found to be less important in the explanation of the observed geographic pattern than some ecological factors, supporting the hypothesis of an ecogenetic origin of morphological variation.     

黄土高原草地净初级生产力时空趋势及其驱动因素

草地净初级生产力是生态系统碳循环的关键环节和重要组成部分.本研究使用分段线性回归分析和Pearson相关分析,分析了黄土高原2000-2015年间土地利用类型未改变的草地净初级生产力(NPP)的变化趋势及气候核心因子(年降水量、年强降水量、年有效降水日数、年平均温度、年最高温度、年最低温度)对NPP变化的影响,并借助增...     

Establishment of Transfer Functions of the Pollen-Climatic Factors in Northern China and the Quantitative Climatic Reconstruction at DJ Core

The 2.4 meter-long core was extracted from the Diaojiao lake (41º18′N, 112º21′E) at the foot of the northern part of Daqingshan Mts. Pollen analysis from collections subsampled in the laboratory at 2 cm intervals, revealed plentiful pollen and spores from over 10 arboreal genera, including Pinus, Betula, Picea, Abies, Carpinus, Quercus, Ulmus and more than 20 non-arboreal genera, mainly of Artemisia, Labiatae, Nitraria, Polygonaceae, Ranunculus, Thalictrum, Umbel- liferae, Caryophyllaceae and Cyperaceae. Fern spores, aquatic pollen and algae were also observed in some parts of the core. The transfer functions were established by the stepwise regression analysis using the climatic factors and 13 pollen taxa. The different Fl and F2 value were used as the thresh- old value of F test (i. e. used for selecting and deleting factors). Each regressed equation was obtained from 70 times of calculations with a step-wise increase of 0.1 for Fl and F2 and those having the smallest regression deviation and the largest multiple correlation coefficient were the final four transfer functions. Substituting the pre-factor obtained from the stratigraphic sampled into the regression equations, the estimates of temperature and precipitation in January and in July, and annual mean temperature values could be calculated. Some climatic stages were inferred from total pollen influx and pollen percentage from the core using a transfer function: humid-cool (from 10 000 to 7 800 a BP), arid-cold (9 200 to 7 900 a BP), arid-warm (7 900 to 7 100 a BP), humid-warm (7 100 to 4 400 a BP), arid-warm (4 400 to 3 000 a BP), arid-cold (3 000 to 2 100 a BP). The highest annual mean temperature during Holocene was ca. 4 ℃ higher and the lowest was ca. 2 ℃ lower than the present temperature. Annual precipitation was 250 mm higher and 300 mm lower than the present.     

青藏高原高寒草甸气温、降水和地上净初级生产力变化的周期特征

依据中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站1980—2007共28年的气温、降水和地上净初级生产力数据,采用墨西哥小帽母函数对其进行周期特征的小波分析.结果表明:气温、降水和地上净初级生产力均存在13年的主要周期,但气温和地上净初级生产力的次要周期(均为2年)对其年际变化的影响较小,而降水次要周期(4年)的影响较大.三者的滞后相关分析发现,地上净初级生产力的变化在20年时间尺度上主要受控于气温,且对后者存在5～9年较弱的延迟效应;而与降水的关系较小.     

广西山口红树林保护区互花米草扩散动态及其驱动力

互花米草在红树林湿地中扩散对生境与生态系统造成严重影响,已成为生物入侵问题研究的焦点之一。然而目前关于互花米草扩散动态及其驱动力的研究成果仍为鲜见。论文以广西山口红树林保护区为研究对象,以2009、2013、2019年遥感影像为数据源,采用人机互译、野外勘查结合的方法识别互花米草布局,利用土地类型转移矩阵、质心的变化、景观指数以及灰色关联度等方法分析互花米草扩散特征及其驱动力。结果表明：（1）2009-2019年间,互花米草面积、斑块数量呈现增长趋势,但面积增幅下降,2009-2013年间年均增长率为7.60%,2013-2019年间年均增长率则为1.99%;互花米草面积年均增长率大于红树林,光滩转化为互花米草的面积是其转化为红树林面积的1.507倍;互花米草、红树林均有破碎化趋势;（2）2009-2019年间,互花米草的质心坐标都位于丹兜海潮滩,2009-2013年互花米草斑块质心向西北方向偏移,2013-2019年向东南方向偏移;（3）2009-2019年间,互花米草动态变化受到人为因素与自然因素共同影响。其中,赶海人口比例与最大斑块指数、斑块密度、斑块数相关性最大;年均最高温与互花米草分维数、破碎化指数、面积相关性最大。（4）影响互花米草面积变化的因素依次为：年均最高温、年均最低温、赶海人口比例、地区生产总值;互花米草面积与年均最高、年均低温均呈正相关,与赶海人口比例呈负相关。研究结果将为互花米草监控提供科学借鉴,为红树林保护提供理论依据。     

Temperature trends and recent decline in body size of the stone marten Martes foina in Denmark

We studied a sample of 131 skulls of the stone marten Martes foina that were collected in Denmark between 1858 and 1999. Data were available for 37 years, but collection effort was not uniform throughout the study period and annual sample size varied between 1 and 27. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to combine the information of four skull measurements into a single variable (PC1). PC1 was then corrected for factors that significantly affected it (sex and longitude), and residual PC1 was used for further analysis in which we calculated trends in PC1 values during the study period. During the study period there was an increase in mean annual temperature in Denmark, but this increase was not continuous, as there was slight decrease in temperature between 1947 and 1965.We found that skull size (and by implication body size) of the stone marten in Denmark had two periods of decrease and these two periods coincide with the periods of increase in mean annual temperature. These results may indicate that body size of the stone marten is sensitive to the change in ambient temperature, either due to a change in food availability that was caused by the increase in temperature, or decreased its size in accordance with Bergmann's rule.     

Seasonal redistribution of immune function in a migrant shorebird: annual-cycle effects override adjustments to thermal regime

Throughout the annual cycle, demands on competing physiological systems change, and animals must allocate resources to maximize fitness. Immune function is one such system and is important for survival. Yet detailed empirical data tracking immune function over the entire annual cycle are lacking for most wild animals. We measured constitutive immune indices once a month for a year on captive red knots (Calidris canutus). We also examined temperature as an environmental contributor to immune variation by manipulating ambient temperature to vary energy expenditure. To identify relationships among immune indices, we performed principal-component analysis. We found significant repeatability in immune indices over the annual cycle and covariation of immune indices within and among individuals. This covariation suggests immune strategies as individual traits among individuals and the use of different immune strategies during different annual-cycle stages within individuals. Over the annual cycle, both higher-cost phagocyte-based immunity and lower-cost lymphocyte-based immunity were high during mass change, but there was a clear shift toward lower-cost lymphocyte-based immunity during peak molt. Experimental manipulation of temperature had little effect on annual variation in immune function. This suggests that other environmental factors, such as food availability and disease, should also be examined in the future.     

甘肃河西小型哺乳动物物种多样性与水热分布的关系

野外调查、文献和标本资料收集相结合,采用因子分析法,分析了甘肃河西地区小型哺乳动物物种多样性分布格局与水热条件空间分布的关系.结果表明:物种丰富度与年降水量呈正相关关系,而与最热月(7月)平均温度、年平均温度、年蒸发量呈负相关关系,与最冷月(1月)平均温度相关性不明显;影响小型哺乳动物物种丰富度空间分布的决定因素以年降水量、最热月(7月)平均温度、年平均温度、年蒸发量为主的要素所构成的基本景观因子,其次是最冷月(1月)平均温度.     

Genetic and alkaloid analysis of Menispermum dauricum DC. by RAPD and HPLC

The aim of the present work was to determine whether dauricine could be used as a taxonomic marker for Menispermum dauricum DC., and to explore the correlation among RAPD, ecological markers and chemical markers. To this end, the chemical and genetic differences of 173 individual samples of M. dauricum from nine different sources were studied based on the relevant ecological factors including longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, mean temperature, annual accumulated temperature and mean sea level. The contents of dauricine in the sample rhizomes were assayed by HPLC with photodiode array detection. The leaves from the same sample were assayed using randomly amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD). The genetic distances were then compared. Hierarchical cluster analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis were used in the statistical analysis. The results indicated that the contents of dauricine were respectively correlated with the genetic distance (r = 1.000), longitude (r = 0.849), latitude (r = 0.861), annual precipitation (r = 0.903), mean temperature(r = 0.912), annual accumulated temperature (r = 0.919) and mean sea level (r = 0.925). It is concluded that the content of dauricine in M. dauricum is significantly correlated with genetic distance and ecological factors, and may be used as the taxonomic marker.     

黄土高原半干旱区云雾山封禁草原30年植被恢复对气候变化的响应

植被是区域气候与环境的综合反映,研究特定地区草地植被与气候变化的关系,寻找影响植被变化的关键因子,是植被重建和生态环境恢复的前提。利用1957-2008年的气候数据和1982-2008年的植被定位监测资料,分析了黄土高原半干旱区的宁夏云雾山植被动态变化规律及其与温度和降水的关系。结果表明:51a来,该区年平均温度明显升高,而年平均降水量总体呈减少趋势,显示黄土高原地区气候暖干化趋势明显。统计分析表明,研究区年平均温度对植被的重要值年际变化有极显著影响(P0.01),而年降水量与植被的重要值呈极显著正相关(P0.01),表明气候持续干旱化对该区植被的生长有较大影响,该区降水的多寡是直接影响植被生长优劣的决定性因子,改善区域水分状况和封禁是推进植被恢复与重建的主要措施。     

1956—1998年间中纬度近海与内陆城市年气温与热岛效应的变化趋势

选取纬度相近、发展规模类似的近海（济南）与内陆（西安）城市为研究对象,对比分析了1956—1998年间济南和西安气温与热岛效应的变化趋势.结果表明：1956—1978年间,除济南年均最低气温以0.37 ℃·10 a^-1的速率上升外,2个城市的气温指标均无明显变化趋势;1979—1998年间,2个城市则表现出显著的增温趋势,其中西安年均最高气温和年均气温的增加速率大于济南,济南年均最低气温的增加速率大于西安.1956—1978年间,2个城市均存在城市热岛效应但无显著增加趋势,1979—1998年间的热岛效应明显强化,以西安在年均气温（0.22 ℃·10 a^-1）和年均最低气温（0.32 ℃·10 a^-1）上表现的热岛效应的增加趋势更为明显.济南热岛效应强度和年际波动均大于西安,但其增加速率却小于西安.济南年均最高气温、年均气温和年均最低气温的增温速率和热岛效应强度明显不同,西安则较接近.3个气温指标中以年均最低气温的增加趋势最明显,同时对热岛效应的响应最显著,年均最高气温的波动性最大.地理位置不但影响城市增温的幅度,而且也深刻影响着城市增温的形式与热岛效应强度.     

Wader recruitment indices suggest nesting success is temperature-dependent in Dunlin Calidris alpina

Measures of annual breeding success are an important component of species monitoring programmes. It has been suggested that effective monitoring of breeding productivity for arctic breeding waders may be achieved from an analysis of annual variation in the proportion of juveniles in winter flocks. Here, we attempt to generate a recruitment index for Dunlin Calidris alpina caught during the winter in north Wales. This index revealed significant annual variation and we show that this is strongly correlated with summer temperature (but not rainfall) on the breeding grounds. Years with high recruitment were also correlated with increases in the national winter population estimate. In years of intermediate summer temperature, the recruitment index was highest and we discuss the possible implications this has for Dunlin under scenarios of future climate change. We were unable to generate a significant index for Common Redshank Tringa totanus and discuss possible reasons for this.     

Patterns and controls of the variability of radiation use efficiency and primary productivity across terrestrial ecosystems

Aim The controls of gross radiation use efficiency (RUE), the ratio between gross primary productivity (GPP) and the radiation intercepted by terrestrial vegetation, and its spatial and temporal variation are not yet fully understood. Our objectives were to analyse and synthesize the spatial variability of GPP and the spatial and temporal variability of RUE and its climatic controls for a wide range of vegetation types. Location A global range of sites from tundra to rain forest. Methods We analysed a global dataset on photosynthetic uptake and climatic variables from 35 eddy covariance (EC) flux sites spanning between 100 and 2200 mm mean annual rainfall and between ?13 and 26°C mean annual temperature. RUE was calculated from the data provided by EC flux sites and remote sensing (MODIS). Results Rainfall and actual evapotranspiration (AET) positively influenced the spatial variation of annual GPP, whereas temperature only influenced the GPP of forests. Annual and maximum RUE were also positively controlled primarily by annual rainfall. The main control parameters of the growth season variation of gross RUE varied for each ecosystem type. Overall, the ratio between actual and potential evapotranspiration and a surrogate for the energy balance explained a greater proportion of the seasonal variation of RUE than the vapour pressure deficit (VPD), AET and precipitation. Temperature was important for determining the intra‐annual variability of the RUE at the coldest energy‐limited sites. Main conclusions Our analysis supports the idea that the annual functioning of vegetation that is adapted to its local environment is more constrained by water availability than by temperature. The spatial variability of annual and maximum RUE can be largely explained by annual precipitation, more than by vegetation type. The intra‐annual variation of RUE was mainly linked to the energy balance and water availability along the climatic gradient. Furthermore, we showed that intra‐annual variation of gross RUE is only weakly influenced by VPD and temperature, contrary to what is frequently assumed. Our results provide a better understanding of the spatial and temporal controls of the RUE and thus could lead to a better estimation of ecosystem carbon fixation and better modelling.     

东北地区植被物候对气候变化的响应

使用1982—2003年GIMMS-NDVI数据和气候数据,借助GIS空间分析和统计分析方法,分析了东北地区不同植被物候期与气候变化的关系。结果表明:22年东北地区年均温度以升高趋势为主,年降水量以减少趋势为主;针叶林、针阔叶混交林、阔叶林、草甸和沼泽植被生长季开始日期提前受春季温度升高影响显著(P<0.05)。春季降水对植被生长季开始日期变化影响较小,仅对针叶林生长季开始日期的推迟有显著的影响(P<0.05)。植被生长季结束日期受温度变化影响较小,仅草原植被生长季结束日期提前受秋季温度降低影响显著(P<0.05)。降水对东北地区植被生长季结束日期的变化影响高于温度。随着秋季降水量的减少,针阔叶混交林、草原和农田植被生长季结束日提前(P<0.05)。草丛生长季结束日期提前受夏季降水减少的影响显著(P<0.05);农田生长季结束日期提前亦受夏季和9月降水量减少的显著影响(P<0.05)。阔叶林和沼泽植被生长季延长受春季温度升高影响显著(P<0.05);灌丛植被生长季缩短受春季降水量减少影响显著(P<0.05);草丛和农田植被生长季延长受夏季降水量增加影响显著(P<0.05)。     

稻麦两熟系统适期晚播对周年产量和资源利用效率的影响

受气候变化影响,江淮地区稻麦两熟种植模式周年资源配置不合理、资源利用效率低,限制了该区域作物周年高产高效协同发展。通过播期调整优化两季资源配置是提高资源利用效率,挖掘周年产量潜力的重要途径。本研究于2013—2015年进行大田试验,设置不同稻麦播期组合,对其周年产量和资源配置与利用特征进行了比较。结果表明: 与常规种植模式(T₂)相比,稻麦双季适期晚播模式(T₃)通过播期调整协调了两季间资源配置,将小麦季冗余的温光水资源转移给高贡献率作物水稻,水稻季积温、辐射、降雨资源分别占60.5%、46.5%和56.7%,小麦季分别占36.3%、50.0%和40.9%,两季间比值为1.67、0.94和1.39;水稻产量显著提高,并提高了水稻在周年产量中的占比;小麦产量显著降低,但变幅小于水稻;周年总产量提高了336.3 kg·hm^-2。水稻季温度生产效率、光能生产效率和降雨生产效率分别提高了9.8%、5.6%和8.3%,小麦季资源利用效率无显著差异,T₃模式周年温、光、水生产效率分别提高了4.8%、3.1%和6.0%。稻麦双季早播模式(T₁)或双季过晚模式(T₄)均不利于周年产量形成和资源利用。综上所述,充分挖掘水稻季的光温水资源利用潜力是进一步提升江淮地区稻麦周年产量潜力的关键,研究结果可为区域粮食作物周年种植模式产量潜力的挖掘及种植结构调整提供依据。     

Northward expansion and climatic factors affecting the distribution limits of Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Japan

The distributional expansion of the ladybird beetle Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) in Japan was analyzed based on literature surveys and observations of 1,312 individual specimens collected from 1918 to 2005. An expansion toward higher latitudes, from Kyushu (33°N) to central Honshu (36°N), was observed between 1910 and the early 1990s. Multiple regression analysis showed that the presence of this beetle was associated with an annual mean temperature but not with the mean minimum temperature in the coldest month, and 95 % occurrence probability of this beetle was obtained in a locality at 15.1 °C annual mean temperature. The northward expansion of this species synchronizes with increasing areas where an annual mean temperature is more than 15 °C. Therefore, climatic warming over the past 100 years is considered as a major factor influencing the northward expansion of this species.     

The distribution of Raunkiaer life forms in Israel in relation to the environment

Abstract. The distribution of Raunkiaer life forms along rainfall and temperature gradients was determined for the floras of 27 geomorphological districts in Israel. Phane-rophytes and chamaephytes are relatively strongly represented in districts with very low rainfall, decrease up to 150 mm and 400 mm of mean annual rainfall respectively, and remain more or less constant at higher rainfall figures. Hemicryptophytes andgeophytes increase along the rainfall gradient. Therophytes show an optimum between 200 and 500 mm of rainfall. The distribution of life forms is less clearly correlated with mean annual temperature, though hemicryptophytes and geophytes show a negative correlation with mean annual temperature and with mean annual minimal temperature.     

新疆甘草属(Glycyrrhiza) 的生态分布及其经济利用

 新疆分布的甘草属植物共五种：甘草(Clycyrrhiza uralensis)、光果甘草(G．glabra)、粗毛甘草(G. aspera)、胀果甘草(G．inflata)、科氏甘草(G．korshinskyi)。出现于新疆88％的县市,各大河流沿岸、泉水溢出带及冲积平原。在区系上与中亚关系密切。空气干燥度、年平均温度及土壤盐碱含量对不同种甘草的分布都有影响。甘草虽然在南、北、东疆都有分布,但以北疆为主。甘草分布地区的大气干燥度从1.37—237.3,而以3—6最佳;年均温度为0.4—14℃,而以4—8℃为最适宜。甘草常与苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)、芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、大叶白麻(Poacynum hendersonii)等组成群落。光果甘草可与灰杨(Populus pruinosa)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、假苇拂子茅(Calamagrostis Pseudophragmites)等组成群落。胀果甘草常与不同比例的胡杨(Populus diversifolia)、铃铛刺(Halimodendron halodendron)、柽柳、芦苇、大叶白麻、骆驼刺(Alhagi pseudalhagi)、花花柴(Karelinia caspica)等组成群落。粗毛甘草多为田间、果园及路旁荒地杂草。为了保持甘草资源的持续利用并充分发挥其效益,应建立合理的挖采制度,建立甘草生产基地,并开展甘草的综合利用研究。