Chromosomal location of esterase,peroxidase and phosphoglucomutase isozyme structural genes in cultivated rye (Secale cereale L.)

Summary Isoelectric focusing of esterase (EST), peroxidase (PRX), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) isozymes in Chinese Spring wheat, Imperial rye and several Chinese Spring/Imperial and Holdfast/King II addition, translocation and substitution lines revealed the chromosomal location of nine Est loci previously described and of one Prx and Pgm locus. Loci Est1, Est2, Est3, Est5, Est6 and Est7 were found on chromosome arm 5RL, Est8 and Est9 on chromosome 6R in Imperial rye, and the Est10 locus on chromosome arm 4RL in Imperial rye and King II rye. A discrepancy was found between the chromosomal location of the Prx locus in Imperial where chromosome 2R was responsible for the expression of the peroxidase enzyme, and King II with chromosome 1R carrying the Prx gene. As a possible explanation, the occurrence of translocation events during the production of wheat/rye aneuploid lines is discussed. The rye Pgm locus could be associated with chromosome 4RS in Imperial and King II rye. Except for the location of Est loci on chromosome 5RL, the results reported in this paper lend further evidence for the assumed homoeology relationships between the chromosomes of Triticinae and for the conservation of gene synteny groups during the evolution of the Triticeae tribe.     

Characterization of glycoconjugates of guinea pig seminal vesicle by lectin histochemistry

In the present study, the expression of glycoconjugates in the guinea pig seminal vesicle was localized and partially characterized by lectin histochemistry using a battery of 30 different lectins specific for different carbohydrate residues. The results indicate that the glandular epithelium of the guinea pig seminal vesicle exhibits complex glycoconjugates rich in Man, -GlcNAc, -Gal, /-GalNAc, Fuc and complex NeuAc(2,6)Gal/GalNAc residues, as shown by its positive reactions to most lectins used. The Golgi region of the luminal secretory epithelial cells expresses a complex glycoconjugate pattern, as shown by its strong reactions to Man-(PSA, GNA), -GlcNAc-(S-WGA, PWA, DSA, UDA), -Gal- (RCA-I and -II), /-GalNAc-(SBA, Jac, VVA, BPA) and complex NeuAc-(SNA) specific lectins, indicating that the secretory epithelial cells are active in glycosylation and secretion process. It was also shown in the present study that the basal and luminal epithelial cells are different in their glycoconjugates. The basal epithelial cells are rich in NeuAc(2,3)Gal residues as they are stained specifically by MAA. The fibroblasts in the epithelial-smooth muscle interface and the smooth muscle cells close to the glandular epithelium are shown to express more glycoconjugates as they are stained intensely by GS-I-B4, GS-II and SBA. However, their role in the epithelial-stromal interaction in the seminal vesicle remains to be elucidated. In summary, the present study reports for the first time on the lectin binding patterns of the guinea pig seminal vesicle, and the results show that the seminal vesicle epithelium elaborates and secretes glycoconjugates in a complex pattern. Some of the lectins might be useful as histochemical markers for the secretory activity and specific structural components in the guinea pig seminal vesicle. © 1998 Chapman & Hall     

Linear differentation of cereal chromosomes

Summary The BSG test was used in an investigation of the linear differentiation in rye variety Zhitkinskaya, common wheat variety Aurora and two secondary Triticale namely AD-196 and F-1239.Chromosomes of Aurora variety and wheat chromosomes within Triticale may be easily divided into constant and variable chromosomes as described previously (lordansky et al. 1977; Zurabishvili et al 1977).It is necessary to emphasize that the diversity of variable chromosomes underlies karyotypical polymorphism within wheat and Triticale species. The polymorphism observed exists in parallel with strict homomorphism of homologous chromosomes.In IB chromosomes of Aurora variety, the short arm is substituted by the rye chromosome arm. The karyotype of Triticale AD-196 consists of six pairs of rye chromosomes and fifteen pairs of wheat chromosomes.     

Chromosome banding in Amphibia

The karyotype of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae is characterized by exceptionally highly differentiated XY/XX sex chromosomes. The 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes were found only in the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) of the X chromosome by in situ hybridization, silver staining and mithramycin banding. This amphibian species therefore exhibits a sex-specific difference in the number of ribosomal RNA genes of about 2()1(). This constitutes an extremely rare situation in the karyotype of vertebrates. Examination of various somatic tissues from female animals showed that the NORs on both X chromosomes are always active. The results are discussed in relation to the apparent absence of dosage compensation for sexlinked genes in the Amphibia.     

Highly efficient transformation and regeneration of aspen plants through shoot-bud formation in root culture

The natural capacity of aspen (Populus tremula L.) roots for direct shoot-bud regeneration was harnessed to establish a highly efficient transformation and regeneration procedure that does not require a pre-selection stage on antibiotics. Aspen stem segments were transformed using wildtype Agrobacterium rhizogenes (LBA9402) with the binary p35SGUSINT plasmid carrying the genes coding for -glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase II. High levels of transient GUS expression were found in the basal cut surface of 87% of the segments, and 98% of these formed well-developed adventitious roots. Proliferating root cultures were established in liquid culture, and GUS expression was found in 75% of the roots. Shoot-bud regeneration in root cultures was very high: 99% of the roots yielded shoot-buds (4.3 buds per root), of which 91% expressed GUS. Southern blot analysis and polymerase chain reaction confirmed the transgenic nature of the plants expressing GUS. Kanamycin resistance of transformants was tested with respect to callus growth and bud regeneration. Callus from transgenic plants exhibited a high growth rate in the presence of up to 100 g/l kanamycin, and bud regeneration from transformed roots occurred in the presence of up to 30 g/l kanamycin. Callus and buds from control (non-transformed) plants failed to proliferate or regenerate, respectively, in the presence of kanamycin at concentrations above 10 g/l. Ninety-four independent clones from different transformation events were established, of which 52 were phenotypically true-to-type.Abbreviations NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - BA 6-benzylaminopurine - GUS -glucuronidase - NPTII neomycin phosphotransferase II - PCR polymerase chain reaction - EtOH ethanol - CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - NOS nopaline synthase - CaMV cauliflower mosaic virus     

Genetic control of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) isozymes in cultivated wheat and rye

Summary The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) zymogram phenotypes of wheat, rye and their aneuploid derivatives were determined. Two genes involved in the production of 6-PGD isozymes were located on chromosome arms CRL (4 RL) and FRL (6 RL) of Imperial rye. On the basis of differential interactions between wheat and rye chromosomes, evidence was obtained that genes located on chromosomes 6 A, 6 BL and 7 BL control 6-PGD isozyme activities in Chinese Spring wheat. The wheat and rye 6-PGD zymogram phenotypes were indicative of homoeologous relationships between rye chromosome 6 RL to wheat chromosomes of group 6, and rye chromosome 4 RL to wheat chromosomes of group 7.     

A high-resolution karyotype of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica rapa</Emphasis> ssp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">pekinensis</Emphasis> revealed by pachytene analysis and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization

A molecular cytogenetic map of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis, 2n=20) was constructed based on the 4-6-diamino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride-stained mitotic metaphase and pachytene chromosomes and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (McFISH), using three repetitive DNA sequences, 5S rDNA, 45S rDNA, and C11-350H. The lengths of mitotic metaphase chromosomes ranged from 1.46 m to 3.30 m. Five 45S and three 5S rDNA loci identified were assigned to different chromosomes. The C11-350H loci were located on all the mitotic metaphase chromosomes, except chromosomes 2 and 4. The pachytene karyotype consisted of two metacentric (chromosomes 1 and 6), five submetacentric (chromosomes 3, 4, 5, 9 and 10), two subtelocentric (chromosomes 7 and 8), and one acrocentric (chromosome 2) chromosome(s). The mean lengths of ten pachytene chromosomes ranged from 23.7 m to 51.3 m, with a total of 385.3 m, which is 17.5-fold longer than that of the mitotic metaphase chromosomes. In the proposed pachytene karyotype, all the chromosomes of B. rapa ssp. pekinensis can be identified on the basis of chromosome length, centromere position, heterochromatin pattern, and the location of the three repetitive sequences. Moreover, the precise locations of the earlier reported loci of 5S rDNA, 45S rDNA, and Chinese cabbage tandem DNA repeat C11-350H were established using McFISH analysis. We also identified a 5S rDNA locus on the long arm of pachytene bivalent 7, which could not be detected in the mitotic metaphase chromosomes in the present and earlier studies. The deduced karyotype will be useful for structural and functional genomic studies in B. rapa.     

An elongated segment of DNA observed between two human α globin genes

Summary Detailed restriction enzyme analysis of the DNA from a Chinese female showed that one of her chromosomes had a >17.5 kb deletion of DNA, including the , 2, and 1 globin genes, which is present in many Southeast Asians with an -thalassemia-1 chromosome. Her normal chromosome had the expected cluster of -like globin genes (5----2-1-3), but the segment of DNA between the two globin genes was elongated by some 0.5–0.7 kb. Analyses of various restriction sites suggested that this normal variant of the human globin gene complex is due to a crossover between a normal chromosome with () and a chromosome with an -thalassemia-2 (–^3.7) and an -21-hybrid gene.     

Mapping of β-glucan content and β-glucanase activity loci in barley grain and malt

Genetic study of -glucan content and -glucanase activity has been facilitated by recent developments in quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. QTL for barley and malt -glucan content and for green and finished malt -glucanase activity were mapped using a 123-point molecular marker linkage map from the cross of Steptoe/Morex. Three QTL for barley -glucan, 6 QTL for malt -glucan, 3 QTL for -glucanase in green malt and 5 QTL for -glucanase in finished malt were detected by interval mapping procedures. The QTL with the largest effects on barley -glucan, malt glucan, green malt -glucanase and finished malt glucanase were identified on chromosomes 2,1,4 and 7, respectively. A genome map-based approach allows for dissection of relationships among barley and malt glucan content, green and finished malt -glucanase activity, and other malting quality parameters.     

Transposition of mobile genetic elements in interspecific hybrids of Drosophila

In situ hybridization of labeled DNA of four mobile dispersed genetic elements (mdg), isolated from D. melanogaster and C. virilis genomes, with polytene chromosomes of the larvae of several Drosophila species has been carried out. The data show that the mdg elements exhibit a high degree of species specificity. The same conclusions are derived from filter hybridization using ³²P-labeled D. melanogaster and D. virilis DNA and cloned mdg sequences immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. We attempted to induce transpositions (jumping) of mdg elements specific for D. virilis chromosomes to the chromosomes of related species (e.g. D. littoralis Meigen) originally lacking the representatives of this family of repeats. For this purpose we produced hybrid stocks with synthetic karyotoypes characterized by different combinations of D. virilis homologous chromosomes and hybrid chromosomes. In one of such stocks we did find by in situ hybridization the insertion of a D. virilis mdg element into the fifth chromosome of D. littoralis Meigen. The transposition (jumping) took place in the only region where somatic pairing between the fifth chromosomes of D. virilis and D. littoralis occurs more or less regularly in the hybrids. Since crossing-over in hybrid chromosomes of males is excluded in such synthetic stocks, gene conversion may be responsible for this transposition. The possible bearing of the phenomenon observed on the problem of hybrid dysgenesis is discussed.     

Specific fluorescent bands on chromosomes produced by acridine orange after prestaining with base specific non-fluorescent DNA ligands

Metaphase chromosomes stained with acridine orange exhibit uniform yellow-green fluorescence. Chromosome preparations treated with the non-fluorescent A-T specific antibiotic distamycin A prior to acridine orange staining exhibit longitudinal fluorescent banding patterns similar to those produced by a number of fluorescent R-band techniques. Similarly, chromosome preparations treated with the non-fluorescent G-C specific antibiotic actinomycin D followed by acridine orange staining exhibit Hoechst-type banding patterns. Interactions of various ligand-DNA combinations in solution indicate that the base pair specific antibiotics induce banding patterns by selectively altering acridine orange binding sites in chromosomal regions rich in the particular base pair for which the antibiotic exhibits specificity.     

Cytological and molecular observations on Solanum phureja-induced dihaploid potatoes

Summary Seventeen potato dihaploids, produced by pollinating the tetraploid (2n = 48) cv Pentland Crown with pollen from Solanum phureja (2n = 24) dihaploid inducer clones, were studied. Since dihaploids are thought to develop parthenogenetically from unfertilized ovules they were expected to be euploid (2n = 24), but somatic chromosome counts showed that 15 of the 17 dihaploids were aneusomatic. Ten of the clones were predominantly diploid (2n = 24) with a proportion of hyperploid cells that contained 25 or 26 chromosomes. Five of the dihaploids contained variable numbers of triploid cells (2n = 36). RFLP analysis was used to determine whether the additional chromosomes were from S. phureja or S. tuberosum. Unique hybridizing fragments present in S. phureja but not in Pentland Crown were identified. These S. phureja-specific restriction fragments were present in some of the dihaploid offspring of Pentland Crown. Of the 5 clones that contained triploid cells 4 had S. phureja type banding. Four of the 10 aneusomatic clones that contained hyperploid cells had the unique S. phureja hybridizing fragments. We propose that ovules of Pentland Crown were fertilized by pollen from S. phureja and that the aneusomatic clones were derived from triploid zygotes from which some of the S. phureja chromosomes were eliminated. We consider that this is an additional mechanism of dihaploid formation in potato.     

Adoptions expérimentales de larves entre des fourmis de genres différents (II):Myrmica laevinodis Nylander etAnergates atratulus Schenck

Résumé Nous avons fait élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deMyrmica laevinodis à 22°C. Pour y parvenir, il n'est pas utile de faire hivernerensemble les larves d'Anergates et les ouvrières deMyrmica. La présence de larves autochtones n'empêche pas lesMyrmica d'élever des larves d'Anergates. Dans toutes les expériences lesMyrmica ont été soumises au fridavant de recevoir des larves d'Anergates. Aucune reine deMyrmica n'a été utilisée dans ces expériences.Sur les 64 larves d'Anergates que nous avons utilisées, 38 se sont transformées en imagos. C'est au début de l'adoption et au moment des métamorphoses que périrent la plupart des 26Anergates perdus. Les femelles vécurent en général 2 ou 3 jours et cherchèrent très tôt à quitter le nid natal. Les mâles vécurent 2 à 3 semaines.

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Summary Larvae ofAnergates atratulus were experimentally reared by workers ofMyrmica laevinodis, at 22°C. An overwintering of both larvae ofAnergates and workers ofMyrmica is not necessary for the success of that experiment. The presence of larvae ofMyrmica does not keep theMyrmica from rearing larvae ofAnergates. The workers ofMyrmica have been cooled, in all the experiments, before receiving larvae ofAnergates. No queen ofMyrmica have been used in that experiments.38 of the 64 larvae ofAnergates used became imagos. Most of the 26 lostAnergates died at the beginning of the adoption and during the metamorphosis. The females lived generally 2 or 3 days and tried, very early, to leave their native nest. The males lived 2 or 3 weeks.

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Anergates atratulus Myrmica laevinodis, 22 . bmecme Anergates Myrmica. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica . 64 Anergates , 38 . 26 Anergates 2 3 . 2 3 .

     

Further studies on polyploid amphibians

The manner in which centromere regions of mitotic chromosomes are distributed with respect to the age of their DNA was studied. Cells of the Indian deer, Muntiacus muntjak, were grown in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for two generations and stained with the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33258. Chromatids containing granddaughter DNA appear dim when compared with those containing grandparental DNA. The frequencies of the various anaphase patterns of bright and dim centromere regions were binomially distributed, indicating random distribution of chromatids with respect to the age of their DNA templates.     

Fluorescence in situ hybridization reveals a break in the α-satellite DNA of chromosome 1 in a family with a balanced whole-arm translocation

We have characterized a whole-arm translocation involving chromosomes 1 and 19 by traditional cytogenetic methods and fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific -satellite and whole-chromosome painting probes, and different satellite III DNA probes. We have identified a break in the -satellite DNA region of chromosome 1, with division of this material into two a-satellite DNA blocks. This leaves one translocation chromosome with truncated -satellite DNA from chromosome 1 and the other trranslocation chromosome with all the -satellite DNA from chromosome 19 and truncated -satellite DNA from chromosome 1. We speculate whether the recombination event observed has taken place in tetraplex structures of satellite III DNA interspersed between -satellite DNA.     

Complex sex-determining mechanisms in three species of South American grasshoppers (Orthoptera,Acridoidea)

The karyotype of three species of South American grasshoppers are studied in this paper. Leiotettix sanguineus has two chromosome races, one of them with 2n=23 and an XO sex mechanism and the other, as far as we know limited to the Cerro Chato population, with 2n=22 and an XY sex mechanism. Leiotettix politus has two kinds of individuals, one with 2n=14 and XY sex chromosomes and the other 2n=13 and an X₁X₂Y mechanism. Dichroplus dubius presents 2n=21 and an X₁X₂Y sex chromosomes. One of the three specimens studied shows aberrant behaviour in the meiotic process.     

NADH dehydrogenase: a new molecular marker for homoeology group 4 in Triticeae. A map of the 4RS chromosome arm in rye

Summary Structural gene loci encoding the monomeric isozymes nicotin adenin dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH dehydrogenase or NDH) have been located on the 4AL, 4B, and 4DS chromosome arms of Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring, on the 4RS chromosome arm of Secale cereale cultivars Imperial, King II, Dakold, and Ailes, on the 4S¹ S/7S¹ chromosome of Aegilops longissima, the 4E of Elytrigia elongata, and the CSU-A of Aegilops umbellulata. All the results support the homoeologous relationships among these chromosomes in the five species studied. In addition, a map of the 4RS chromosome arm in cv Ailes has been realized, linking loci Pgm-1 (located on the 4RS chromosome arm) and Ndh-1 (17.91 cM), with an estimated distance between both loci and the centromere of 20.00 cM and 32.12 cM, respectively.     

Selective excitation of mithramycin or DAPI fluorescence on double-stained cell nuclei and chromosomes

Summary Fluorescence spectra of leukocytes stained by both mithramycin and DAPI showed that the fluorescence of the two dyes can be separated efficiently by using different excitation wavelengths, for instance the 435 nm and the 365 nm mercury lines. In human chromosomes the complementary (reverse) banding pattern produced by these dyes may thus be observed on double stained chromosome spreads. In plants, for instance in Anemone blanda, the two dyes may reveal two different banding patterns. The results of absorption and fluorescence measurements suggest the existence of at least two binding sites, or types, for each dye, with different fluorescent yields and binding strengths.     

Histologische Studien zur vegetativen und cerebralen Innervation des Innenohrs und seiner Gefässe beim Menschen und beim Hund

Zusammenfassung Das Nervengewebe in der Wand der Arteria labyrinthi, in dem vestibulären Abschnitt des membranösen Labyrinths und im Ductus cochlearis wurde mit der Silbermethode nach Bielschowsky-Gros überwiegend in Totalpräparaten untersucht.Innervation der Arteria labyrinthi Die Adventitia der Arteria labyrinthi birgt nebenden sympathischen Geflechten einen weitmaschigen Plexus bandförmiger Nervenfasern vermutlich cerebraler Herkunft. Die Kollateralen dieser Fasern entwickeln auf der Muscularis neurofibrilläre Endbäumchen. Eine derartige Nervenendigung ist in ein kernhaltiges Plasmodmm eingebettet.Kapillarnerven vermutlich cerebralen Ursprungs werden in dem membranösen Labyrinth beschrieben.Innervation der Pars superior labyrinthi Im Planum semilunatum breitet sich ein intra- und subepithelialer Neurofibrillenplexus aus. Er verdankt seine Entstehung den marklosen Nervenfasern des Ramus ampullaris.An der Basis der Sinneszellen in der Crista ampullaris, in der Macula sacculi und utriculi entwickeln die ursprünglich markhaltigen Neuriten des Ganglion vestibuli zarte, untereinander verbundene Neurofibrillenkelche. Engmaschige, perinucleäre Gitterwerke der Neurofibrillen in den Sinneszellen werden abgebildet.Innervation des Ductus cochlearis In dem sekundären Neurofibrillengeflecht des Plexus marginalis kommen bipolare, neurofibrillenarme Zellen vor. Sie ähneln den embryonalen Nervenzellen im Ganglion spirale cochleae. Der Plexus marginalis beim Menschen enthält nur gliaartige, multipolare Zellen. Die Fortsätze solcher Zellen gehen im Gegensatz zu den Fortsätzen der bipolaren Zellen nicht in das Nervengeflecht des Plexus marginalis über. In der Cupula setzen sich die schmal gewordenen Neurofibrillenbündelchen in die äußeren Spiralzüge fort. Einzelne Neurofibrillen des Plexus marginalis begleiten die Capillaren des Limbus spiralis. Die Verbindungen des Plexus marginalis mit den nervösen Formationen des Cortischen Organs werden geschildert.     

Monosomic analysis of heading date and spikelet number in the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) multispikelet line ‘Noa’

Summary Genetic analysis of heading date and spikelet number was carried out in the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) multispikelet line Noa, by using the monosomic series of the regular line Mara. Noa's high number of spikelets was found to be controlled by a recessive major gene on chromosome 2D; a slight reduction in spikelet number was induced by another recessive gene on Noa's 7A chromosome. Noa's late heading date was found to be controlled by two recessive genes, located on chromosome 2D (a major effect) and 6B (a minor effect). The nature of the genes located on Noa's 2D chromosome and the relationship between spikelet number and heading date are discussed.