48. Paul Weisser: Zur Kenntnis der Erdkakteen in Chile

Se describe una forma de vida de cactáceas semicrípticas (fig. 3) del norte de Chile. Su distribución se extiende entre Antofagasta y Coquimbo (fig. 1) y se encuentra ligada a la presencia de neblinas costeras (camanchaca). Se enumeran las principales especies que tienen esta forma de vidi semicríptica. Se discuten, tomando como ej. Neochilenia napina (Phil.) Backbg., algunas de sus características morfológicas (p. ej. radicación) e histológicas en relación a los factores ambientales. Estos condicionan en gran parte esta forma de vida, pues en cultivo estas plantas pierden su fisonomía original, emergiendo del suelo (fig. 5). Herrn Prof. Dr. G. Hoecker , Dekan der Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, sei hier besonders für seine Unterstützung bei der Ausführung dieser Arbeit gedankt. Für freundliche Hilfe und Ratschläge möchte ich auch Herrn Dr. A. Kohler (Freising-Weihenstephan), Herrn H. Lembcke , Frau Professor F. Sudzuki und Herrn Prof. F. Schlegel (letztere von Santiago, Chile) danken.     

Ethnobotany ofAnoda Cristata (L.) schl. (Malvaceae) in central Mexico: Uses, management and population differentiation in the community of Santiago Mamalhuazuca, Ozumba, state of Mexico

Anoda cristata is a common weed used for food and medicine in central Mexico where it grows among field crops during the rainy seasons. People prefer robust, tender plants from the agricultural fields because these “develop better.” Hence, the plants are tolerated within the conventional agricultural activities and benefit indirectly from the improvements in the agrohabitat. People do not select individuals with specific morphological characteristics but rather they select for plants at the level of the habitat. This step may precede that of direct management of individual plants. It is possible that these differences in the level of interaction between humans and plants (i.e., within the ruderal and agrestal habitats) may promote morphological and genetic differences over time,

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Etnobotánica de anoda cristata (Malvaceae) en México: Usos, Manejo y diferenciación poblacional en la Comunidad de Santiago Mamalhuazuca, Ozumba, estado de México

Resumen   Anoda cristata es una maleza muy común utilizada como medicina y alimento en el centro de México durante la época de lluvias La gente prefiere las plantas robustas y tiernas que crecen en los campos de cultivo porque se “desarrollan mejor.”Ahí, las plantas son toleradas dentro de las prácticas agrícolas tradicionales y se benefician indirectamente de las alteraciones que se hacen al agrohabitat. La gente no selecciona conscientemente individuos con características morfológicas específicas, sino que seleccionan a las plantas a nivel del hábitat. Este paso puede ser previo al manejo indirecto de individuos particulares. Es posible que estas diferencias en el nivel de interactión entre los hombres y las plantas (entre el hábitat ruderal y arvense) puede promover diferencias morfológicas y genéticas a través del tiempo.

     

Effect of D-amino acids on some mitochondrial functions in rat liver

Summary.  We studied the role of the D-amino acids (D-aa) D-serine, D-alanine, D-methionine, D-aspartate, D-tyrosine and D-arginine on rat liver mitochondria. The stability of D-amino acids, mitochondrial swelling, transmembrane potential and oxygen consumption were studied under oxidative stress conditions in rat liver mitochondria. In the presence of glutamate-malate all D-aas salts increased mitochondrial swelling, while in the presence of succinate plus rotenone only D-ala, D-arg and D-ser, induced mitochondrial swelling. The transmembrane potential (ΔΨ) was decreased in the presence of 1 μM Ca²⁺. The D-aas inhibited oxygen consumption in state 3. The D-aa studied exerted effects on mitochondria via an increase of free radicals production. Received January 15, 2002 Accepted April 14, 2002 Published online September 4, 2002 Acknowledgements The authors appreciated the partial economical support from Mexican grants of CONACYT (to A.S.-M. during its sabbatical) and CIC-UMSNH (2.5) and critical readings from Rafael álvarez-González. Authors' address: Alfredo Saavedra-Molina, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B-3. C.U., Morelia, Mich. 58030. México, Fax: 52-443-326-5788, E-mail: saavedra@zeus.umich.mx     

Base composition of ribosomal RNA and evolution

Summary Base composition analysis has been carried out for the two major ribosomal RNA components extracted from ribosomes of plants and animals of various taxonomic position. The high degree of change undergone by these molecules during evolution is evident from the results obtained. Moreover, the evolutionary pattern of therRNA base composition well reflects the phylogenetic relationships of the various taxonomic groups.On leave from the Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ampelozizyphus guaquirensis</Emphasis> (Rhamnaceae), a new tree species endemic to the Venezuelan Coastal Cordillera

Ampelozizyphus guaquirensis, native to the central portion of the Coastal Cordillera of Venezuela, is newly described and illustrated. It differs from the only other species in the genus, A. amazonicus, in its arborescent (vs. lianoid) habit, subsessile (vs. pedunculate) inflorescence, deciduous (vs. persistent) calyx lobes in fruit, and presence (vs. absence) of nectaries at the base of the leaf blades. Ampelozizyphus is now a prime example of the disjunct distribution of closely related species between Amazonia and the Coastal Cordillera of Venezuela.

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Resumen  Se describe e ilustra Ampelozizyphus guaquirensis, una especie nativa de la zona central de la Cordillera de la Costa de Venezuela. Se distingue de la única otra especie en el género, A. amazonicus, por su hábito arborescente (vs. trepador), su inflorescencia subsesil ( vs. pedunculada), los lóbulos del caliz decíduos (vs. persistentes) en fruto, y la presencia (vs. ausencia) de nectarios en la base de las láminas foliares; estos caracteres ahora amplian el concepto morfológico del género. Ampelozizyphus se convierte así en un ejemplo notable de la distribución disyunta de especies afines entre Amazonía y la Cordillera de la Costa de Venezuela.

     

Mitochondrial nitric oxide inhibits ATP synthesis. Effect of free calcium in rat heart

Summary.  Nitric oxide is a small potentially toxic molecule and a diatomic free radical. We report the interaction of L-arginine, oxygen and calcium with the synthesis of nitric oxide in heart mitochondria. Nitric oxide synthesis is increased in broken rat heart mitochondria compared with intact and permeabilized mitochondria. Intact mitochondria subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation conditions accumulated nitric oxide that inhibits oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis. ATPase activity is not affected during this augment of nitric oxide. Physiological free calcium concentrations protected mitochondria from the damage caused by the accumulation of nitric oxide. Higher concentrations of the divalent cation increase the damage exerted by nitric oxide. Received April 15, 2002 Accepted June 17, 2002 Published online November 14, 2002 Acknowledgements This work was supported in part by Mexican Grants from CONACYT (to A.S.M. during its sabbatical) and CIC-UMSNH (2.5). Authors' address: Alfredo Saavedra-Molina, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B-3. C.U., Morelia, Mich. 58030, México, Fax: 52-443-326-5788, E-mail: saavedra@zeus.umich.mx     

Tinea Nigra: Report of Twelve Cases in Venezuela

Tinea nigra is a superficial mycotic infection produced by Hortaea werneckii, formerly known as Phaeoannelomyces werneckii, formerly known as Exophiala werneckii, and Stenella araguata, the latter autochthonous in Venezuela, it was first described and named as Cladosporium castellanii in 1973. The present report describes 12 cases in the period of 1972–2002, diagnosed at the Medical Mycology Section at the Tropical Institute of the Universidad Central de Venezuela, in Caracas. This mycosis is more prevalent among young people, with fair skin, from 3 to 28 years of age, who visited beaches and in whom the lesions are more evident. Out of these 12 patients, 8 (66.66%) had Phaeoannelomyces werneckii as the causal agent and 2 (16.67%) Stenella araguata was isolated. Two patients had more than one macule, and curiously in these cases, each lesion was caused by a different species of the aforementioned fungus.     

Buchbesprechungen

Bond, J. (1961): Birds of the West Indies. ‐ 256 pp., 8 Farbtaf. (mit insgesamt 80 Abb.) von D. R. Eckelberry und 186 Strichzeichnungen von E. L. Poole. ‐ Houghton Mifílin Comp. Boston, The Riverside Press, Cambridge.

Herklots, G. A. C. (1961): The Birds of Trinidad and Tobago. ‐ 287 pp., 16 Farbtaf. (mit 180 Figuren) des Autors, 4 schwarzweißen Tafeln (mit 34 Figuren) von J. M. Abbott und 14 Textfiguren. ‐ Collins, St. Jame's Place, London.

Koepcke, H.‐W. &; Koepcke, M. (seit 1963): Las Aves Silvestres de Importância Económica del Peru. — Ministério de Agricultura, Servicio Forestal y de Caza, y Servicio de Pesquería, Lima. (Zu beziehen durch: Librería ?La Universidad?, Av. Nicolás de Piérola No. 639, Lima, oder durch Horst Dickudt, Librería, Casilla 1981, Lima.) Erscheint seit 1963 in Lieferungen zu je 8 Seiten.

Moynihan, M. (1962): Hostile and Sexual Behaviour Patterns of South American and Pacific Laridae. ‐Behaviour, Suppl. VIII, 365 pp., 49 Fig., 25 Tabellen, 5 Diagramme. E. J. Brill, Leiden.

Olrog, C. C. (1959): Las Aves Argentinas. Una Guia de Campo. ‐ 344 pp., 48 Farb‐taf. (mit 1216 Figuren), zahlreiche Textfiguren und Verbreitungskärtchen, 1 Übersichtskarte von Argentinien. ‐ Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Instituto ?Miguel Lillo?, Tucumán.

Phelps, W. H. &; Phelps, W. H., jr. (1963): Lista de las Aves de Venezuela con su Distribution, Tomo 1, Parte II, Passeriformes, Segunda Edition. ‐ 479 pp.; Bol. Soc. Venezolana Ci. Naturales, Tomo XXIV, Nos. 104 y 105; Editorial Sucre, Caracas.

Steinbacher, J. (1962): Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Vögel von Paraguay. ‐ Abh. senckenb. naturf. Ges., No. 502, S. 1–106, 4 Karten.

Delamare Deboutteville, Cl. et Rapoport, E.: Biologie de l'Amérique Australe. ‐Vol. 1: Etudes sur la Faune du Sol. ‐ Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1962. ‐ Großformat, 657 Seiten. ‐ 120,‐ N. F.

Keast, A., Crocker, R. L. et Christian, C. S.: Biogeography and Ecology in Australia. (Monographiae Biologicae Nr. VIII.) Dr. W. Junk, Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands. ‐ 1959. 8e. IV and 640 pages with 56 figs, and 18 plates. Cloth. Dutch Guilders 65‐ (US $ 18,50).     

A new species of Securidaca (Polygalaceae) from sandstone outcrops in the Venezuelan Andes

A new species ofSecuridaca was found during the preparation of the Polygalaceae treatment for theNuevo Catálogo de la Flora de Venezuela.Securidaca fundacionensis, from La Fundación, in the Venezuelan Andes, is described, illustrated, and its morphological relationship with an allied species is discussed. This new species is similar toS. uniflora, but it differs by its terete branches; broadly ovate leaves; larger petioles, flowers, fruits; and flabellate-crested keel (abaxial) petal. An updated key to the 27 Venezuelan species ofSecuridaca is presented, and phytogeographical information about La Fundación is provided.

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Resumen  Una nueva especie del géneroSecuridaca fue encontrada durante la elaboración del tratamiento de la familia Polygalaceae para elNuevo, Catálogo de la Flora de Venezuela.Securidaca fundacionensis, del sector La Fundación, estado Táchira, Andes de Venezuela, es descrita, ilustrada y sus relaciones morfológicas con su especie afín son discutidas.S. fundacionensis es similar aS. uniflora, sin embargo, difiere de esta especie por poseer las ramas teretes; las hojas ampliamente ovadas; los pecíolos, las flores, y los frutos más grandes; y la quilla (el pétalo inferior) con una cresta flabelada. Se presenta una clave actualizada para diferenciar las 27 especies del géneroSecuridaca presentes en Venezuela y información general acerca la fitogeografía del sector La Fundación.

     

Ultrastructure of Elasmobranch and Teleost Thrombocytes

Zapata, A., Carrato, A. 1980. Ultrastructure of elasmobranch and teleost thrombocytes. (Departamento de Morfología Microscópica, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.) — Acta zool. (Stockh.) 61 (3): 179–182. The ultrastructure of circulating thrombocytes of Raja clavata and Torpedo marmorata (Elasmobranchs) and Rutilus rutilus and Gobio gobio (Teleosts) was described. In elasmobranchs, only one thrombocytic cell type was found, while teleosts presented two types. These cells contained microtubules and cytoplasmic granules, whose functional significance related to clotting processes is analyzed.     

Description of a new species and notes on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crossoglossa</Emphasis> (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Malaxideae) from the eastern Andes in Colombia and Venezuela

A new species of Crossoglossa (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Malaxideae), Crossoglossa acuminatissima, from Santander del Sur Department in Colombia, is described and illustrated, and its affinities are discussed. Malaxis tipuloides var. exigua is raised to the rank of species as Crossoglossa exigua, and its report from Venezuela constitutes the first record of the genus Crossoglossa in that country.

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Resumen  Se describe Crossoglossa acuminatissima de Santander del Sur en Colombia y se provee una ilustración y una discusión de sus afinidades. Malaxis tipuloides var. exigua se eleva al rango de especie como Crossoglossa exigua, y su reporte para Venezuela constituye el primer registro del género en ese país.

     

In Vitro susceptibility of 137 Candida sp. Isolates from HIV positive patients to several antifungal drugs

Oropharyngeal candidiasis caused by various species of Candida is one of the most common infections in HIV seropositive or AIDS patients. Drug resistance among these yeasts is an increasing problem. We studied the frequency of resistance profile to fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and terbinafine of 137 isolates of Candida sp. From HIV positive or AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis at Instituto de Inmunología, U.C.V. and the Hospital “Jose Ignacio Baldó”, Caracas Venezuela, using the well diffusion susceptibility test (Magaldi et al.). We found that nearly 10% of C. albicans isolates were primarily fluconazole resistant, 45% of C. albicans isolates from patients with previous treatment were resistant to fluconazole, of which 93% showed cross-resistance to itraconazole, and even about 30% of C. tropicalis (n = 13) were resistant to fluconazole and/or itraconazole. To this respect, several recent reports have been described antifungal cross-resistance among azoles. Therefore, we consider that C. tropicalis should be added to the growing list of yeast in which antifungal drug resistance is common. This report could be useful for therapeutic aspect in AIDS patients with oral candidiasis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A summit of cladistics: abstracts of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Willi Hennig Society and VIII Reunión Argentina de Cladística y Biogeografía

The 27th meeting of the Willi Hennig Society was held at the Sierras de San Javier, Tucumán (27–31 October 2008), jointly with the VIII Reunión Argentina de Cladística y Biogeografía. This was the second Hennig meeting held in South America and the third in Latin America. The event was attended by 129 participants from 16 countries, with the strongest presence from Argentina, USA and Brazil. As pointed out in the minutes of previous meetings, student participation is a good measure of the health of a society, and by this measure, the Hennig society is doing very well. For this meeting, 64 of the participants (50%) were students, 40 of which had authored or co‐authored a talk or poster. The schedule was intense, with 98 presentations (67 talks and 31 posters). The sessions consisted of contributed papers, and five symposia on diverse topics: Large Scale Analyses of Large Chunks of Life, Molecular Systematics, Latin American Biogeography in the 21st Century, Methodology, and Botanical Phylogenetics (each of the symposia, except the “green” one, had two or three student speakers). As is usual at these meetings, the atmosphere was informal and relaxed, with much discussion and debate (although the biogeographic symposium took first place for the heat of its exchanges). The Student Award Committee (Lone Aagesen, Dan Janies and Gitte Petersen) selected Santiago Catalano for the Hennig Award (‘The optimization of landmark data: a three‐dimensional approach’), Prashant Sharma for the Brundin Award (‘Phylogenetic analysis of Sandokanidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores): Evaluating the independence of associated gene regions’), and Sebastian Barrionuevo for the Rosen Award (‘Continuous characters in a phylogenetic analysis of the frog genus Telmatobius’). In addition to the logistics and funding provided by the Willi Hennig Society, the event was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Fundación Miguel Lillo, Instituto Superior de Entomología ‘Dr Abraham Willink’, and the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica.
© The Willi Hennig Society 2009.     

Tortula and some related genera (Pottiaceae, Musci): phylogenetic relationships based on chloroplast rps4 sequences

 According to chloroplast rps4 sequence data the genus Syntrichia forms a monophyletic clade clearly separated from Tortula, while Pottia is shown to be polyphyletic and the Rhynchostegiae species (with rostrate lid) are very similar to Tortula. Crossidium is probably polyphyletic. The close affinity of Desmatodon, Stegonia, Pterygoneurum and some of the species of Phascum with Tortula is confirmed by the molecular data. Received May 23, 2002; accepted August 23, 2002 Published online: November 22, 2002 Address of the authors: O. Werner, R. M. Ros, M. J. Cano, J. Guerra (E-mail: werner@um.es) Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100-Murcia, Spain.     

Predation of wild spider monkeys at La Macarena,Colombia

The killing of an adult male spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth ) by a jaguar (Panthera onca) and a predation attempt by a puma (Felis concolor) on an adult female spider monkey have been observed at the CIEM (Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas La Macarena), La Macarena, Colombia. These incidents occurred directly in front of an observer, even though it is said that predation under direct observation on any type of primate rarely occurs. On the basis of a review of the literature, and the observations reported here, we suggest that jaguars and pumas are likely to be the only significant potential predators on adult spider monkeys, probably because of their large body size.     

Inhibition of neutral Mg2+-dependent sphingomyelinase by ubiquinol-mediated plasma membrane electron transport

Summary.  Sphingomyelin is an abundant constituent of the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. Ceramide, its primary catabolic intermediate, has emerged as an important lipid signaling molecule. Previous work carried out by our group has documented that plasma membrane Mg²⁺-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase can be effectively inhibited by exogenous ubiquinol. In this work, we have tested whether or not plasma-membrane-associated electron transport can also achieve this inhibition through endogenous ubiquinol. Our results have shown that Mg²⁺-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase in isolated plasma membranes was inhibited by NAD(P)H under conditions where ubiquinone is reduced to ubiquinol. This inhibition was potentiated in the presence of an extra amount of NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase 1 (EC 1.6.99.2). Depletion of plasma membranes from lipophilic antioxidants by solvent extraction abolished the inhibition by reduced pyridine nucleotides without affecting the sensitivity of the neutral sphingomyelinase to exogenous ubiquinol. Reconstitution of plasma membranes with ubiquinone restored the ability of NAD(P)H to inhibit the enzyme. Our results support that the reduction of endogenous ubiquinone to ubiquinol by NAD(P)H-driven electron transport may regulate the activity of the plasma membrane neutral sphingomyelinase. Received May 20, 2002; accepted September 20, 2002; published online May 21, 2003 RID="**" ID="**" Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. RID="*" ID="*" Correspondence and reprints: Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio C-6, Campus Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.     

Ultrastructural immunolocalization of IGF-1 and insulin receptors in rat pituitary culture: evidence of a functional interaction between gonadotroph and lactotroph cells

We have investigated the expression of receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in rat pituitary cells in vitro and examined the morphological and proliferative changes induced in adenohypophyseal cells by insulin and IGF-1. The proliferation of lactotrophs was determined by double-immunostaining for bromodeoxyuridine and prolactin. Incubation with insulin (10, 100 or 1000 ng/ml) or IGF-1 (5, 30 or 100 ng/ml) for 48 or 72 h significantly increased the number of lactotrophs undergoing mitosis. Co-incubation of insulin or IGF-1 with genistein (25 μM), an inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase receptor, reduced the proliferation of lactotrophs elicited by the hormone and the growth factor. The receptors for insulin and IGF-1 were localized in intact pituitary cells by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with the colloidal gold-protein A technique. Gonadotrophs expressed both receptors, specific labelling being restricted to this cell type. Electron-microscopical observations of pituitary cell cultures incubated with insulin or IGF-1 revealed gonadotroph cells exhibiting the fine-structural features of enhanced protein synthetic activity. These findings suggest that both insulin and IGF-1 are able to induce the proliferation of lactotrophs through an indirect mechanism mediated by a factor synthesized by gonadotroph cells, in addition to stimulating the biosynthetic activity of the gonadotroph in a direct manner.This work was supported by grants from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and the Secretaría de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (SECyT).     

Phylogenetic analysis of Stylosanthes (Fabaceae) based on the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA

 Phylogenetic relationships in Stylosanthes are inferred by DNA sequence analysis of the ITS region (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA in 119 specimens, representing 36 species of Stylosanthes and 7 species of the outgroup genera Arachis and Chapmannia. In all examined specimens of any particular diploid and (allo)polyploid species, only a single ITS sequence type was observed. This allowed us to identify a parental genome donor for some of the polyploids. In several diploid and polyploid species, different specimens contained a different ITS sequence. Some of these sequence types were present in more than one species. Parsimony analysis yielded several well-supported clades that agree largely with analyses of the chloroplast trnL intron and partially with the current sectional classification. Discordances between the nuclear and cpDNA analyses are explained by a process of allopolyploidization with inheritance of the cpDNA of one parent and fixation of the ITS sequences of the other. S. viscosa has been an important genome donor in this process of speciation by allopolyploidy. Received August 14, 2001; accepted March 4, 2002 Published online: November 14, 2002 Addresses of the authors: Jacqueline Vander Stappen, Steven Van Campenhout and Guido Volckaert (E-mail: guido.volckaert@agr.kuleuven.ac.be), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Gene Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. Jan De Laet, American Museum of Natural History, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York 10024–5192, USA. Susana Gama-López, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Protipos (UBIPRO), FES-Iztacala, Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales, Av. de Los Barrios S/N, Colonia Los Reyes Iztacala, Municipio Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, C.P. 54090, México. Present address: Apartado Postal 154, Cto. Parque No. 3, C.P. 53102, México.