Prehistoric eye disease (trachoma?) in Australian Aborigines

This paper discusses an as yet undescribed lesion of the orbit in Australian Aboriginal skeletal populations. The rather high frequency and geographical distribution of the lesion suggests an association with a common, chronic eye infection. Using differential diagnosis to eliminate a variety of ophthalmic conditions, it is proposed that chronic trachoma may be a possible causative agent. Distribution of the lesion follows that of trachoma among contemporary Aboriginal people, with the highest frequencies occurring in the hotter, arid portions of the Australian continent. It is positively correlated with age, with higher frequencies in older people; it is almost completely absent among sub-adults. The antiquity of the lesion is demonstrated by its appearance among late Pleistocene human remains.     

A survey of osteoderm histology and ornamentation among Crocodylomorpha: A new proxy to infer lifestyle?

Osteoderms of eight extant and extinct species of crocodylomorphs are studied histologically and morphologically. Most osteoderms display the typical “crocodilian” structure with a woven-fibered matrix surrounded by an upper and a lower parallel fibered matrix. The dorsal ornamentation of those specimens consists of a pit-and-ridge structure, with corresponding remodeling mechanisms. However, an osteoderm of Iberosuchus, studied here for the first time, differs in being nearly devoid of ornamentation; moreover, it shows strong bundles of straight Sharpey's fibers perpendicular to the surface in its lateral and dorsal walls, along with a rough plywood-like structure in its basal plate. This suggests that this osteoderm was more deeply anchored within the dermis than the other osteoderms studied hitherto. This peculiar structure might have been linked to a terrestrial ecology and a specific thermoregulation strategy. Some other notosuchians in our sample do not exhibit ornamentation on their osteoderms, as opposed to neosuchians. Considering current interpretations of osteoderm function(s) in crocodilians, our observations are discussed in reference to possible ecophysiological peculiarities of Notosuchia in general, and Iberosuchus in particular.     

脊椎动物古病理学研究现状及其中国中生代化石记录

中国长江流域沿岸的洞穴和裂隙堆积物中常含有属种丰富的更新世哺乳动物群, 其中小哺乳动物化石由于标本数量多且演化速率快, 因此在第四纪生物地层对比方面具有重要的作用。本文系统研究了产自长江下游南岸的安徽繁昌癞痢山东裂隙的鼠科化石, 包括: Apodemus cf. A. asianicus、Micromys minutus、Chiropodomys cf. C. primitivus、Vandeleuria sp.、Niviventer cf. N. preconfucianus、Leopoldamys sp.、Berylmys cf. B. bowersi 和 Rattus sp., 共计 8 属 8 种, 其中绝灭种和现生种的比例分别为 37.5%和 25%。依据化石属种的形态差异和演化水平, 东裂隙鼠科动物群的性质比安徽繁昌人字洞和重庆巫山龙骨坡都要明显进步, 比湖北建始龙骨洞的鼠科组合也显得稍进步, 兼具早—中更新世的特点, 但更偏向早更新世, 其地质时代很可能为早更新世晚期。此外, 本文还初步建立了长江流域早更新世鼠科动物群的层序, 从早到晚依次为: 安徽繁昌人字洞(距今约 220–256 万年)和重庆巫山龙骨坡(距今约 220–250 万年)—湖北建始龙骨洞(距今约 120–160 万年)—安徽繁昌癞痢山东裂隙(估计距今约 78–120 万年)。     

Two possible cases of trephination from Australia

Cranial surgery has been performed for thousands of years among a wide range of cultures. Although the extent of its use has varied, ethnographically the operation has almost always been used as a form of medical treatment following cranial trauma or as a remedy for head pain. This paper describes two cases of cranial trauma on Australian Aboriginal remains from widely separated areas of the continent. The position and morphology of the trauma, as well as other associated features, suggest that these individuals underwent some form of surgical procedure. The features are similar to those found on accepted cases of trephination from elsewhere. If these individuals did undergo some sort of trephination, they are the first to be reported from Australia. Confirmation of the diagnosis would also increase our understanding of the geographical range of the technique in this part of Oceania, which was known previously only from parts of Melanesia.     

A congenital meningocoele in prehistoric Australia

This report concerns a congenital meningocoele in a young adult Aboriginal female from north-western New South Wales, Australia. The fact that this individual reached adulthood throws new light on the attitude of these nomadic people towards such conditions. Evidence of this kind may prompt also a re-evaluation by prehistorians and anthropologists of the popularly held belief that all such malformations were automatically eliminated by infanticide. The discovery of this form of pathology helps provide new information not only on past cultural attitudes towards disease, but its frequency and geographical incidence, and adds to our knowledge concerning the range of pathological conditions suffered by prehistoric societies worldwide.     

Brief communication. on the problem of immunological detection of antigens in skeletal remains.

A detailed investigation with affinity-chromatography-purified fractions of antihemoglobin serum from rabbit shows that the hemoglobin content of human bones dating back 15 to 3,000 years may be very small. Some of the previous results (Ascenzi et al., 1985) indicating a high hemoglobin titer were +vitiated because of an unexpected cross-reactivity of bone extracts with the hemoglobin-unreactive fraction of the antiserum.     

Metastasizing carcinoma in a medieval skeleton: differential diagnosis and etiology

The paper describes the skeleton of an aged adult male from the Middle Ages who most probably suffered from a bronchogenetic carcinoma. The differential diagnosis is based on macroscopic and microscopic examination, X-ray studies, and trace element analysis. Hypothesis for the etiology of the disease are discussed.     

Armored with skin and bone: A combined histological and μCT-study of the exceptional integument of the Antsingy leaf chameleon Brookesia perarmata (Angel, 1933)

Madagascar's endemic ground-dwelling leaf chameleons (Brookesiinae: Brookesia Gray, 1865 + Palleon Glaw, et al., Salamandra, 2013, 49, pp. 237–238) form the sister taxon to all other chameleons (i.e., the Chamaeleoninae). They possess a limited ability of color change, a rather dull coloration, and a nonprehensile tail assisting locomotion in the leaf litter on the forest floor. Most Brookesia species can readily be recognized by peculiar spiky dorsolateral projections (“Rückensäge”), which are caused by an aberrant vertebral structure and might function as body armor to prevent predation. In addition to a pronounced Rückensäge, the Antsingy leaf chameleon Brookesia perarmata (Angel, 1933) exhibits conspicuous, acuminate tubercle scales on the lateral flanks and extremities, thereby considerably enhancing the overall armored appearance. Such structures are exceptional within the Chamaeleonidae and despite an appreciable interest in the integument of chameleons in general, the morphology of these integumentary elements remains shrouded in mystery. Using various conventional and petrographic histological approaches combined with μCT-imaging, we reveal that the tubercle scales consist of osseous, multicusped cores that are embedded within the dermis. Based on this, they consequently can be interpreted as osteoderms, which to the best of our knowledge is the first record of such for the entire Chamaeleonidae and only the second one for the entire clade Iguania. The combination of certain aspects of tissue composition (especially the presence of large, interconnected, and marrow-filled cavities) together with the precise location within the dermis (being completely enveloped by the stratum superficiale), however, discriminate the osteoderms of B. perarmata from those known for all other lepidosaurs.     

Evidence of pathological conditions in the Florisbad cranium

Palaeopathological studies of the middle Pleistocene cranium from Florisbad (Free State, South Africa) document the presence of extensive cortical lesions and areas of thinning, a widened medullary cavity with destruction of the diploë, orbital roof lesions, a benign ectocranial neoplasm, and evidence for alveolar destruction, resorption, and antemortem tooth loss. Differential diagnosis suggests one or more possible aetiologies, including a haematological disorder, metabolic condition(s), Paget’s disease of bone, or non-specific infection perhaps following trauma. Moreover, if not directly associated with those on the external vault, orbital lesions alone could have been caused by infection or an indeterminable factor such as pressure from an enlarged organ. Multiple parasagittal lesions on the internal vault cortex probably represent expansile lesions left by enlarged arachnoid granulations. A multifactorial model of pathogenesis may be most appropriate to account for dentoalveolar lesions and antemortem tooth loss. Additionally, there are clear indications of diagenetic alteration deep within the vault, as well as multiple signs of degeneration on the cranium. These complicate the assessment of pathological alterations and identification of their possible aetiology. The Florisbad cranium is the latest specimen to join the growing sample of Pleistocene hominin remains with non-fatal and non-trivial pathological disorders adding to understanding of early human ecology and lifestyle.