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1.
Toshifumi Komatsu Kiyotaka Chinzei Mohamed S. Zakhera & Hiroshige Matsuoka 《Palaeontology》2002,45(6):1037-1048
A new species of oyster, Crassostrea tetoriensis , is described from the lower part of the Middle Jurassic–Cretaceous Tetori Group. This is the oldest record of the genus and one of the earliest muddy–bottom–dwelling oysters. Characteristics of the species include an elongate spatulate outline and narrow attachment area, an elongate hinge area with deep umbonal cavity, a reniform adductor muscle scar, and a smooth commissural margin without chomata. The oysters are cemented to each other and constitute bouquet–like aggregates or colonies of shells in muddy deposits of inferred brackish–water origin. The shells contain lenticular or blister–like chambers filled with a chalky deposit. These ecological and structural properties are characteristic of Crassostrea , and may be regarded as the result of adaptation of the sessile, suspension feeding animals to soft muddy substrates. Oysters are a group of bivalves that have lost mobility and live cemented mostly to hard substrates. Crassostrea and its allies returned secondarily to soft bottoms. The find of C. tetoriensis indicates that the return occurred early in the history of oysters, 60 myr after the first appearance of ostreid oysters in Late Triassic. 相似文献
2.
Efforts to restore the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reef habitats in Chesapeake Bay typically begin with the placement of hard substrata to form three‐dimensional mounds on the seabed to serve as a base for oyster recruitment and growth. A shortage of oyster shell for creating large‐scale reefs has led to widespread use of other materials such as Surf clamshell (Spisula solidissima), as a substitute for oyster shell. Oyster recruitment, survival, and growth were monitored on intertidal reefs constructed from oyster and Surf clamshell near Fisherman’s Island, Virginia, U.S.A. and on a subtidal Surf clamshell reef in York River, Virginia, U.S.A. At the intertidal reefs, oyster larvae settlement occurred at similar levels on both substrate types throughout the monitoring period but higher levels of post‐settlement mortality occurred on clamshell reefs. The oyster shell reef supported greater oyster growth and survival and offered the highest degree of structural complexity. On the subtidal clamshell reef, the quality of the substrate varied with reef elevation. Large shell fragments and intact valves were scattered around the reef base, whereas small, tightly packed shell fragments paved the crest and flank of the reef mound. Oysters were more abundant and larger at the base of this reef and less abundant and smaller on the reef crest. The availability of interstitial space and appropriate settlement surfaces is hypothesized to account for the observed differences in oyster abundance across the reef systems. Patterns observed emphasize the importance of appropriate substrate selection for restoration activities to enhance natural recovery where an underlying habitat structure is destroyed. 相似文献
3.
Brown BL Franklin DE Gaffney PM Hong M Dendanto D Kornfield I 《Molecular ecology》2000,9(12):2216-2218
4.
The diversity and adaptive radiations of modern Arcoidea, here considered to contain the families Arcidae, Noetiidae, Cucullaeidae, and Glycymerididae, are reviewed. Most fall into either epibyssate or endobyssate life habits with only the Glycymerididae living as free burrowers. The phenetic characters of the families within the Arcoida are reviewed and the families are shown to be supported by very few synapomorphic characters. Homoplasy is shown to be widespread and is illustrated in a series of discussions on the ligament, epibyssate–endobyssate radiations, and possible parallelism within genera, and in a review of arcoid anatomical characters. Previously published molecular data are reviewed and these support the inclusion of the Glycymerididae in the Arcoidea. They also indicate, however, that polyphyly is probably widespread at the subfamily level. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 148 , 237–251. 相似文献
5.
热休克诱导近江牡蛎对高温的耐受性 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
设计6个温度组成的梯度,即38℃、39℃、40℃、41℃、42℃、43℃,对近江牡蛎加热处理1.5h后放回室温海水中连续观察3d,发现致死温度为42℃,半致死温度是40℃,亚致死温度为36℃。经亚致死温度36℃热休克1.5h后,在正常环境温度下恢复6h,再经受致死温度42℃处理1.5h后,放回室温海水中连续观察3d,发现三次重复的平均存活率为96.7%,显著高于对照组的存活率(0),结果表明预先的热休克极显著地增强了近江牡蛎对致死温度(42℃)的耐受力。 相似文献
6.
近江牡蛎吊养养成技术标准 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
近江牡蛎是我国重要的养殖经济贝类,其养殖历史约两个世纪,但是,一直缺乏该牡蛎的养殖技术规范(标准)。为了近江牡蛎优质高产,特制定了该牡蛎吊养技术标准。该标准由以下几个方面组成:养殖条件,包括养殖环境、海水温度范围(6-32℃)、海水深度(低潮线以下2-8m)、盐度(8‰-30‰),吊养设施结构,吊养方法,饲养过程中的管理和起捕条件与方法等等。 相似文献
7.
SATOSHI CHIBA ANGUS DAVISON 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2007,91(1):149-159
The endemic land snail genus Mandarina of the Ogasawara Islands provides an excellent model system to investigate adaptive radiation. Previously, it has been shown that coexisting species of the islands segregate by microhabitat, so that they are either predominantly found on the ground in relatively wet and sheltered sites, dry and exposed sites, or else are arboreal. Moreover, shell morphology correlates with microhabitat, so that species in wet and sheltered sites tend to have high-spired shells with a high aperture, and those in dry and exposed sites tend to have relatively low-spired shells with a wide aperture. We have now found that on Hahajima, Mandarina polita have variable shell morphology, and there is a correlation between morphology and the depth of leaf litter, as well as the presence/absence of other terrestrial species. Specifically, when high-spired terrestrial Mandarina ponderosa is present, M. polita tend to be low-spired and have a large aperture, indicative of character displacement. When M. ponderosa is absent, the shell shape of M. polita is much more variable, the overall spire is higher, individuals are found in deeper litter, and there is a strong correlation between litter depth and spire height. We argue that these patterns are due to local adaptation, but it remains possible that they are an artefact due to the 'ghost of species past'. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 91 , 149–159. 相似文献
8.
S.P. Nappier T.K. Graczyk L. Tamang K.J. Schwab 《Journal of applied microbiology》2010,108(2):736-744
Aims: To evaluate the bioaccumulation, retention and depuration rates of nine pathogens and surrogates when two oyster species were co‐localized in tanks of seawater. Methods and Results: Crassostrea ariakensis (n = 52) and Crassostrea virginica (n = 52) were exposed to five virus types, two protozoan and two microsporidian species for 24 h. Oysters were then placed in depuration tanks, and subsets were removed and analysed for micro‐organisms at weekly intervals. The odds of C. ariakensis oysters harbouring mouse norovirus‐1 (MNV‐1), human norovirus (NoV) or haepatitis A virus (HAV) were significantly greater than the odds of C. virginica oysters harbouring the same viruses (MNV‐1 OR = 5·05, P = 0·03; NoV OR = 6·97, P = 0·01; HAV OR = 7·40, P < 0·001). Additionally, compared to C. virginica, C. ariakensis retained significantly higher numbers of transmissive stages of all protozoan and microsporidian species (P < 0·01). Crassostrea ariakensis oysters are also capable of retaining multiple human pathogens for at least 1 month. Conclusions: Crassostrea ariakensis oysters were statistically more likely to harbour enteropathogens and microbial indicators, compared to C. virginica. Individual C. ariakensis were also statistically more likely to retain multiple viruses, protozoa and microsporidia than C. virginica, highlighting the role the species may play in the transmission of multiple diseases. Significance and Impact of the Study: Nonnative Crassostrea ariakensis oysters are under review for their introduction into the Chesapeake Bay. The results of this study suggest that nonnative C. ariakensis oysters may present a serious public health threat to people consuming the oysters raw from contaminated sites. 相似文献
9.
Twenty‐four microsatellite repeat sequences were identified by screening a total of 4446 eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, expressed sequence tags. Polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to amplify 12 of these loci. After optimizing reaction parameters, eight loci showed high variability with consistent amplification that could be scored unambiguously. Ninety two C. virginica from the James River, VA, were genotyped at these loci. Number of alleles per locus ranged from 11 to 53, expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.69 to 0.97, and from 0.30 to 0.99, respectively. Discrepancies between expected and observed heterozygosities were common and likely caused by null alleles. 相似文献
10.
Shells of windowpane oyster [Placuna placenta (L)] in the intertidal zone of the Zuari estuary, Goa, were often found to be black in color. Microscopical observation of partially decalcified shells showed the presence of cyanobacterial filaments encrusted with black precipitate. Microchemical test (Prussian blue reaction) and wavelength dispersive x‐ray analysis confirmed this precipitate to be of iron. Mineralogical studies of this black precipitate, using x‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, suggested the presence of iron as iron oxides. The cyanobacteria from such black shells were cultured in enriched seawater medium. In this medium also they precipitated iron as confirmed by Prussian blue reaction. They were identified as Plectonema terebrans Born et Flah and Phormidium sp. 相似文献
11.
Elizabeth A. Wilson Eric N. Powell M. Alison Craig Terry L. Wade James M. Brooks 《International Review of Hydrobiology》1990,75(4):533-550
Oysters from 48 Gulf of Mexico sites were examined for presence and infection intensity of the endoparasite, Perkinsus (= Dermocystidium) marinus (Mackin, Owen and Collier, 1950) as part of NOAA's Status and Trends Mussel Watch Program. Prevalence exceeded 75% at 25 sites. Infection intensity did not vary with sex or reproductive stage. Latitude, total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content and industrial and agricultural land use significantly affected the parasite's distribution. PAH and pesticide concentrations were latitudinally dependent, suggesting an impact of spawning frequency on uptake and depuration. P. marinus analysis complements the use of pollutant body burden for determining change in environmental quality because it responds differently than pollutant body burden to the biology and ecology of the oyster. 相似文献
12.
E. Pathirana A. McPherson R. Whittington P. Hick 《Journal of applied microbiology》2019,127(2):429-444
13.
Lesley P. Baggett Sean P. Powers Robert D. Brumbaugh Loren D. Coen Bryan M. DeAngelis Jennifer K. Greene Boze T. Hancock Summer M. Morlock Brian L. Allen Denise L. Breitburg David Bushek Jonathan H. Grabowski Raymond E. Grizzle Edwin D. Grosholz Megan K. La Peyre Mark W. Luckenbach Kay A. McGraw Michael F. Piehler Stephanie R. Westby Philine S. E. zu Ermgassen 《Restoration Ecology》2015,23(6):737-745
Restoration of degraded ecosystems is an important societal goal, yet inadequate monitoring and the absence of clear performance metrics are common criticisms of many habitat restoration projects. Funding limitations can prevent adequate monitoring, but we suggest that the lack of accepted metrics to address the diversity of restoration objectives also presents a serious challenge to the monitoring of restoration projects. A working group with experience in designing and monitoring oyster reef projects was used to develop standardized monitoring metrics, units, and performance criteria that would allow for comparison among restoration sites and projects of various construction types. A set of four universal metrics (reef areal dimensions, reef height, oyster density, and oyster size–frequency distribution) and a set of three universal environmental variables (water temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen) are recommended to be monitored for all oyster habitat restoration projects regardless of their goal(s). In addition, restoration goal‐based metrics specific to four commonly cited ecosystem service‐based restoration goals are recommended, along with an optional set of seven supplemental ancillary metrics that could provide information useful to the interpretation of prerestoration and postrestoration monitoring data. Widespread adoption of a common set of metrics with standardized techniques and units to assess well‐defined goals not only allows practitioners to gauge the performance of their own projects but also allows for comparison among projects, which is both essential to the advancement of the field of oyster restoration and can provide new knowledge about the structure and ecological function of oyster reef ecosystems. 相似文献
14.
Philine S. E. zu Ermgassen;Jonathan R. Gair;Brandon Jarvis;Laura Geselbracht;Anne Birch;Whitney A. Scheffel;Kent Smith;Bryan DeAngelis; 《Conservation Science and Practice》2024,6(2):e13061
The development of science-based restoration goals that reflect the primary motivation of stakeholders is a key factor leading to large-scale, long-term restoration successes. The ability to predict the potential ecosystem service delivery from restoration can inform the setting of appropriate goals and facilitate the strategic planning of restoration activities. While recovery of the ecosystem services provided by oyster reefs is a regularly cited reason for undertaking restoration, few examples exist where large-scale oyster habitat restoration plans have been informed using ecosystem service functions. Such an approach is currently being implemented in the Pensacola Bay System, Florida, where a broad coalition of partners and community stakeholders are utilizing a watershed approach to restoring oysters with the aim of restoring oysters for multiple objectives including habitat, ecosystem services, and wild harvest and aquaculture. Through the process of developing a habitat management plan, water filtration was identified as a key ecosystem service by the stakeholders. To support restoration planning we derived a spatially explicit estimate of water filtration services provided by the eastern oyster in the Pensacola Bay system by linking an oyster habitat suitability map to a hydrodynamic-oyster filtration model. This spatially explicit model allowed us to identify the areas where restored oyster reefs have the potential to provide the greatest increase in filtration service as well as provide spatially explicit estimates of the potential filtration provided by oyster habitat restored. Such information is useful in restoration planning and management and for stakeholder engagement, outreach, and education programs. 相似文献
15.
Carolyn Brown 《Journal of invertebrate pathology》1981,38(2):281-293
The red pigment produced by a marine Pseudomonas sp. which causes abnormal development and mortality in developing embryos of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, was analyzed. A comparative study of a nonpigmented and two pigmented mutants of the red parental strain indicated that virulence was associated and varied with pigmentation. The use of sonicated cells supported lysing of the pseudomonad cells as the most probable means of pigment release. Crude pigment extracted from the red parental strain and its yellow mutant was toxic to developing oyster embryos. Neither the “pigment” extracted from the white mutant nor dimethyl sulfoxide, used for dissolving the extract, was toxic. Three pigment fractions were demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography even after purification. Studies indicate that only the fraction corresponding to R1 0.41 was necessary for virulence. The virulent pigment fraction was identified as belonging to the prodiginine group. 相似文献
16.
Klinbunga S Ampayup P Tassanakajon A Jarayabhand P Yoosukh W 《Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)》2000,2(5):476-484
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to identify species-specific markers of 5 oyster species in Thailand:
Crassostrea belcheri, Crassostrea iredalei, Saccostrea cucullata, Saccostrea forskali, and Striostrea (Parastriostrea) mytiloides. Species-specific markers were found in C. belcheri, C. iredalei, and S. cucullata but not in S. forskali and S. mytiloides. Three C. belcheri–specific RAPD fragments were cloned and sequenced. A primer set was designed from each of the recombinant clones (pPACB1,
pPACB2, and pPACB3). The polymerase chain reaction products showed expected sizes of 536, 600, and 500 bp, respectively, with
the sensitivity of detection approximately 30 pg of C. belcheri total DNA template. The specificity of pPACB1 was examined against 135 individuals of indigenous oyster species in Thailand
and against outgroup references S. commercialis (N= 12) and Perna viridis (N= 12). Results indicated the species-specific nature of primers developed from pPACB1. This primer set can be used for broodstock
selection and determination of C. belcheri larvae to assist the selective breeding program for this commercially important species.
Received December 8, 1999; accepted March 16, 2000. 相似文献
17.
We report the development of 18 new polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers derived from Crassostrea gigas expressed sequences tags. Genotyping of 48 wild adult oysters sampled from Marennes-Oléron bay (France) revealed 12 to 48 alleles per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.64 to 1 and from 0.77 to 0.97, respectively. The development of these new markers creates a useful complementary tool for population genetics studies, parentage analysis and mapping in Pacific oyster, a species of major aquacultural and ecological importance. 相似文献
18.
Abstract A field experiment documented the development of fouling communities on two shell regions, the lip and hinge, of the pearl oyster species Pinctada fucata, Pteria penguin and Pteria chinensis. Fouling communities on the three species were not distinct throughout the experiment. However, when each species was analysed separately, fouling communities on the lip and hinge of P. penguin and P. chinensis were significantly different during the whole sampling period and after 12 weeks, respectively, whereas no significant differences could be detected for P. fucata. There was no significant difference in total fouling cover between shell regions of P. fucata and P. chinensis after 16 weeks; however, the hinge of P. penguin was significantly more fouled than the lip. The most common fouling species (the hydroid Obelia bidentata, the bryozoan Parasmittina parsevalii, the bivalve Saccostrea glomerata and the ascidian Didemnum sp.) showed species-specific fouling patterns with differential fouling between shell regions for each species. The role of the periostracum in determining the community development of fouling species was investigated by measuring the presence and structure of the periostracum at the lip and hinge of the three pearl oyster species. The periostracum was mainly present at the lip of the pearl oysters, while the periostracum at the hinge was absent and the underlying prismatic layer eroded. The periostracum of P. fucata lacked regular features, whereas the periostracum of P. penguin and P. chinensis consisted of a regular strand-like structure with mean amplitudes of 0.84 μm and 0.65 μm, respectively. Although the nature and distribution of fouling species on the pearl oysters was related to the presence of the periostracum, the periostracum does not offer a fouling-resistant surface for these pearl oyster species. 相似文献
19.
Coastal protection remains a global priority. Protection and maintenance of shoreline integrity is often a goal of many coastal protection programs. Typically, shorelines are protected by armoring them with hard, non‐native, and nonsustainable materials such as limestone. This study investigated the potential shoreline protection role of created, three‐dimensional Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) shell reefs fringing eroding marsh shorelines in Louisiana. Experimental reefs (25 × 1.0 × 0.7 m; intertidal) were created in June 2002 at both high and low wave energy shorelines. Six 25‐m study sites (three cultched and three control noncultched) were established at each shoreline in June 2002, for a total of 12 sites. Shoreline retreat was reduced in cultched low‐energy shorelines as compared to the control low‐energy shorelines (analysis of variance; p < 0.001) but was not significantly different between cultched and noncultched sites in high‐energy environments. Spat set increased from 0.5 ± 0.1 spat/shell in July 2002 to a peak of 9.5 ± 0.4 spat/shell in October 2002. On average, oyster spat grew at a rate of 0.05 mm/day through the duration of the study. Recruitment and growth rates of oyster spat suggested potential reef sustainability over time. Small fringing reefs may be a useful tool in protecting shorelines in low‐energy environments. However, their usefulness may be limited in high‐energy environments. 相似文献
20.
C. Sauvage P. Boudry D.‐J. De Koning C. S. Haley S. Heurtebise S. Lapègue 《Animal genetics》2010,41(4):390-399
Summer mortality is a phenomenon severely affecting the aquaculture production of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Although its causal factors are complex, resistance to mortality has been described as a highly heritable trait, and several pathogens including the virus Ostreid Herpes virus type 1 (OsHV‐1) have been associated with this phenomenon. A QTL analysis for survival of summer mortality and OsHV‐1 load, estimated using real‐time PCR, was performed using five F2 full‐sib families resulting from a divergent selection experiment for resistance to summer mortality. A consensus linkage map was built using 29 SNPs and 51 microsatellite markers. Five significant QTL were identified and assigned to linkage groups V, VI, VII and IX. Analysis of single full‐sib families revealed differential QTL segregation between families. QTL for the two‐recorded traits presented very similar locations, highlighting the interest of further study of their respective genetic controls. These QTL show substantial genetic variation in resistance to summer mortality, and present new opportunities for selection for resistance to OsHV‐1. 相似文献