Plethysmographic estimation of thoracic gas volume in apneic mice.

Electrical stimulation of intercostal muscles was employed to measure thoracic gas volume (TGV) during airway occlusion in the absence of respiratory effort at different levels of lung inflation. In 15 tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated CBA/Ca mice, the value of TGV obtained from the spontaneous breathing effort available in the early phase of the experiments (TGVsp) was compared with those resulting from muscle stimulation (TGVst) at transrespiratory pressures of 0, 10, and 20 cmH2O. A very strong correlation (r2= 0.97) was found, although with a systematically (approximately 16%) higher estimation of TGVst relative to TGVsp, attributable to the different durations of the stimulated (approximately 50 ms) and spontaneous (approximately 200 ms) contractions. Measurements of TGVst before and after injections of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 ml of nitrogen into the lungs in six mice resulted in good agreement between the change in TGVst and the injected volume (r2= 0.98). In four mice, TGVsp and TGVst were compared at end expiration with air or a helium-oxygen mixture to confirm the validity of isothermal compression in the alveolar gas. The TGVst values measured at zero transrespiratory pressure in all CBA/Ca mice [0.29 +/- 0.05 (SD) ml] and in C57BL/6 (N = 6; 0.34 +/- 0.08 ml) and BALB/c (N = 6; 0.28 +/- 0.06 ml) mice were in agreement with functional residual capacity values from previous studies in which different techniques were used. This method is particularly useful when TGV is to be determined in the absence of breathing activity, when it must be known at any level of lung inflation or under non-steady-state conditions, such as during pharmaceutical interventions.     

脉搏灌注指数变异在围手术期容量治疗监测中的应用

脉搏灌注指数变异(plethysmographic variability index,PVI)是动态的容量监测指标,作为新一代脉搏氧饱和度仪的测量参数,通过脉搏波形分析技术可以进行连续瞬时监测。PVI可准确地指导液体复苏,维持最佳前负荷,防止有效循环血容量不足导致的低灌注和血容量过多导致的组织水肿,有利于更好的平衡液体管理,是一种简便、有效的实时监测手段。与传统静态的血流动力学参数相比,PVI能准确无创的预测容量治疗反应,因而在优化心输出量和便捷临床应用方面更有优势。然而,PVI受多种因素影响且不能用于自主呼吸和心律失常的患者,因此临床应用时应该综合考虑其影响因素,结合其他方法指导容量治疗。     

脉搏灌注指数变异在围手术期容量治疗监测中的应用

脉搏灌注指数变异（plethysmographic variability index,PVI）是动态的容量监测指标,作为新一代脉搏氧饱和度仪的测量参数,通过脉搏波形分析技术可以进行连续瞬时监测。PVI可准确地指导液体复苏,维持最佳前负荷,防止有效循环血容量不足导致的低灌注和血容量过多导致的组织水肿,有利于更好的平衡液体管理,是一种简便、有效的实时监测手段。与传统静态的血流动力学参数相比,PVI能准确无创的预测容量治疗反应,因而在优化心输出量和便捷临床应用方面更有优势。然而,PVI受多种因素影响且不能用于自主呼吸和心律失常的患者,因此临床应用时应该综合考虑其影响因素,结合其他方法指导容量治疗。     

A method for producing forced expirograms in laboratory animals

A method is described for the production of forced expirograms in anaesthetized laboratory animals, using a whole-body plethysmograph and a Hewlett-Packard (HP) 1000-F computer.     

Monocyte separation from whole blood : A method for experimental animals

A large supply of monocytes can be obtained from whole blood of rats. The principle is to stimulate a monocytosis, separate the lymphocyte/monocyte series on a Ficoll/sodium metrizoate gradient and eliminate lymphocytes with anti-lymphocyte serum. A simple method of labelling monocytes with tritiated thymidine is described. Some possible situations for studying monocytes in syngeneic animals in experimental situations are mentioned.