武汉市城区苔藓植物多样性和分布及与环境因子的关系

对武汉市7个中心城区和部分远郊城区共26个样点73个样地的苔藓群落进行调查,采集苔藓植物样本共431份。经鉴定调查区内共有苔藓植物20科35属91种,其中狭叶小羽藓（Haplocladium angustifolium（Hampe et C.Muell.）Broth.）和钝叶绢藓（Entodon obtusatus Broth.）等为优势种,分布于其中的24个样点。多样性指数分析结果显示,位于青龙山国家森林公园的α多样性Patrick和Shannon-Wiener指数最高,说明该样点苔藓植物群落的复杂程度高,群落所含信息量大。Patrick指数与环境因子的Pearson相关性分析结果显示,土壤含水率和与主要干道距离是显著影响地面生苔藓植物多样性的环境因子,而显著影响树附生苔藓植物多样性的环境因子仅与距主要干道距离相关。用典范对应分析法（CCA）研究26个样点中苔藓植物的盖度与主要环境因子的关系,结果发现人为干扰程度、草本盖度、与城市主要干道的距离等对地面生和树附生苔藓植物的分布都有显著影响。其中地面生苔藓植物的分布受人为干扰和草本盖度影响最为显著;而树附生苔藓植物的分布受附生树干胸径及与主要干道距离影响最为显著。研究结果表明武汉市区苔藓植物的多样性和分布受人为干扰较大,树附生苔藓对汽车尾气等因素更为敏感。     

南京市主城区苔藓植物多样性及其与环境的关系

苔藓植物是结构特殊的高等植物,种类数量仅次于被子植物,具有独特的观赏价值,应用前景广阔.为了更好地利用苔藓植物进行园林造景,本研究对南京市主城区10个绿地样点77个样地的苔藓植物进行了调查.结果表明: 共记录苔藓植物21科36属55种,其中丛藓科、羽藓科等苔藓种类在调查区域内分布广泛.苔藓种类丰富度由城中心向周围逐渐降低.根据苔藓植物多样性的聚类分析可将10个绿地样点分为3组,与园林生境、人为干扰频度、面积等因素有关.典范对应分析(CCA)表明,郁闭度、湿度和基质类型是影响苔藓植物分布的主要环境因子.南京市多数苔藓植物喜欢生长在湿度适中、较为开阔的区域.     

黑龙江兴凯湖沼泽地苔藓植物群落初步研究

2009年夏在黑龙江兴凯湖沼泽地中随机选取47个1m×1m样方,进行苔藓植物及相应维管植物群落调查,并测量记录环境因子,以分析苔藓植物多样性,探讨影响苔藓植物生长与分布的主要环境因子。结果表明：所调查的沼泽地中共有苔藓植物5科、6属、7种,其中粗叶泥碳藓（Sphagnumsquarrosum）和中位泥碳藓（S.magellanicum）为优势种。CCA分析结果显示,粗叶泥炭藓和中位泥炭藓多分布于水位埋深大的生境中,且前者常出现于以细叶苔草（Carexrigescens）为主的群落中,而后者则主要出现于以芦苇（Phragmitesaustralis）-小叶章（Deyeuxiaangustifolia）为主的群落中;中位泥炭藓能生长于沼泽地pH4·4~6·5的所有生境中,粗叶泥碳藓则局限生长于pH5·3左右的生境中,而大湿原藓（Calliergonellacuspidata）、万年藓（Climaciumdendroides）、地钱（Marchantiapolymorpha）和镰刀藓（Drepanocladusaduncus）等4种苔藓植物生长于水体pH值为6·3左右的生境中。研究认为,沼泽地的水位埋深、水pH值和维管植物群落特征是影响这7种苔藓植物生长和分布的主要因子。     

不同生境对藏东南地面生苔藓多样性和生物量的影响

为解析苔藓在藏东南森林生态系统中的重要生态作用, 以及森林干扰对林内地面生苔藓的影响, 该研究以藏东南色季拉山地面生苔藓植物为调查对象, 选取林分、坡向、坡度和地势组成等相似的7块100 m × 100 m的样地, 每块样地以林窗为中心, 在其东、南、西、北4个方向选取林窗、林缘和林下3种不同生境设置50 cm × 50 cm的样方, 每块样地共12个样方, 共计168个样方。通过对每个样方进行苔藓植物调查采集, 研究了西藏色季拉山苔藓多样性和不同生境条件下地面生苔藓单位面积生物量特征。主要结果: (1)研究区共有苔藓植物24科63属110种。其中, 优势科有8个, 分别是丛藓科、曲尾藓科、金发藓科、提灯藓科、真藓科、紫萼藓科、青藓科和灰藓科。苔藓各科分布规律明显, 曲尾藓科和真藓科广泛分布于各个海拔, 金发藓科、真藓科和提灯藓科分布在海拔3 700-4 300 m, 而丛藓科多分布在4 300 m以上。(2)林窗生境较林缘和林下复杂, 它干扰了苔藓物种组成和群落结构, 其苔藓种类最多、结构最复杂, 而林下的苔藓种类最少, 群落结构最简单。林窗地面生苔藓生物量最高, 其次为林缘, 林下苔藓生物量最低。(3)地面生苔藓生物量大小不仅受其物种组成、盖度、体形和群落结构的影响, 而且是众多因子共同作用的结果, 而非某一因子起主导作用。     

重庆主城区地面苔藓植物群落特征及其与环境的关系

通过对重庆主城区44个样地的地面苔藓植物进行样方调查,应用物种多样性指数和典范对应分析(CCA),研究了该地区苔藓植物种类组成、物种多样性和群落与环境因子的关系.结果表明： 石生群落共有苔藓植物25科43属86种;土生群落共有苔藓植物22科28属46种.相比公园、风景区和缙云山国家级自然保护区,大学校园的石生和土生苔藓植物物种多样性水平较高.双向指示种分析结果将石生群落划分为3种类型,土生群落划分为2种类型.典范对应分析显示,林冠郁闭度是影响公园和大学校园内石生苔藓植物的主要环境因子;海拔、相对湿度和人为干扰程度是影响自然保护区和旅游景区内石生苔藓植物的主要环境因子.土壤〖JP2〗pH值、人为干扰程度和林冠郁闭度是影响公园和大学校园土生苔藓植物的主要环境因子;海拔、相对湿度和土壤含水量是影响自然保护区和旅游景区内土生苔藓植物的主要因子.     

长白山哈泥泥炭地七种苔藓植物生态位

采用Levins和Pianka公式,对哈泥泥炭地7种苔藓植物的生态位进行了研究.结果表明：7种苔藓在泥炭的全氮、全磷、Ca²⁺、K⁺、沼泽水的pH和电导率、乔木郁闭度、灌木盖度以及水位埋深9个环境因子梯度上的平均生态位宽度排序为：沼泽皱缩藓＞喙叶泥炭藓＞中位泥炭藓＞尖叶泥炭藓、桧叶金发藓＞大泥炭藓＞锈色泥炭藓.锈色泥炭藓倾向于特化种,沼泽皱缩藓倾向于泛化种.在各种环境因子中,以电导率平均重叠值最高,水位埋深、乔木郁闭度、pH和灌木盖度梯度上平均重叠值最低,是影响苔藓分布的主要环境因子.多数苔藓在这4个梯度上产生生态位分异.少数苔藓种对在所有环境因子梯度重叠值均较高,是由于苔藓之间存在水分协作关系.这为苔藓植物的种间竞争提供了间接证据.     

影响广东黑石顶树附生苔藓分布的环境因子

通过对广东省黑石顶自然保护区内5个2500 m2样地内树附生苔藓的调查及有关环境因子的测定,研究了树附生苔藓的分布格局及其与环境因子的关系.树附生苔藓在不同高度的分布存在一定梯度,20 cm高处树附生苔藓的种类数与盖度均大于60 cm及更高处,且其群落优势种的数量组成与后者存在较大差异.不同树种附生苔藓盖度和种数差异较大.基于附生苔藓植物的盖度进行DCA排序及聚类分析将树种分成四组,马尾松(Pinus massoniana)因具有两种特有的网藓(巴西网藓Syrrhopodon prolifer和鞘刺网藓S.armatus)单独一组,福建青冈(Quercus chungii)亦与其余各种的差异均较大,形成一组,其余阔叶树种根据其所处的森林类型分成两组,针阔叶混交林内的阔叶树种和次生阔叶林内的阔叶树种各形成一组.对环境因子及树皮含水量和pH的分析显示,垂直梯度上空气湿度的差异可能是造成附生苔藓在不同高度分布差异的主要影响因子之一,不同树种附生苔藓的差异在一定程度上受树皮pH的影响,而与树皮含水量无关.同一树种上树附生苔藓的分布又在一定程度上受森林类型的影响.     

重庆主城区住宅小区苔藓组成与多样性

目前对于人造生活环境中的苔藓植物组成与多样性所知甚少。本文报道了城市住宅小区中的苔藓植物多样性, 以丰富重庆市苔藓植物区系资料, 为小区环境质量评估提供依据, 为认识苔藓植物对新环境的适应能力提供科学基础。通过对重庆主城九区23个住宅小区进行详细调查, 报道苔藓植物19科33属84种。种类组成以土生的丛藓科和真藓科为主。常见种类包括小凤尾藓(Fissidens bryoides)、大叶石灰藓(Hydrogonium majusculum)、细叶小羽藓(Haplocladium microphyllum)、鳞叶藓(Taxiphyllum taxirameum)和绿片苔(Aneura pinguis)共5种。各住宅小区苔藓物种数介于5-25种之间。物种相似性程度非常低, 群落间差异较为显著, 多样性较高。苔藓生活型以丛集型为主。典范对应分析排序结果显示, 住宅小区居住户数对其苔藓物种多样性影响最大, 其次是绿地面积。研究结果表明, 住宅小区是城市苔藓植物的重要分布区域之一。地理环境差异、城市化水平、小区内部小生境条件和人为干扰程度可能是造成各住宅小区苔藓组成差异的原因。     

贵州普定喀斯特石生藓类生态分布与环境因子的相关分析

苔藓植物与环境的相关性一直是苔藓生态学的研究热点,研究喀斯特石生苔藓分布与环境的关系,为深入石生苔藓植物生态学研究提供理论依据。选择贵州普定石漠化区域石生环境中的5个大样方25个小样方125个采集点进行调查,采集苔藓植物并测定收集了相关的环境因子数据。结果发现:(1)样方共采集到标本267份,经鉴定有石生藓类54种。其中,丛藓科、灰藓科为优势科(属数≥3),曲柄藓属、扭口藓属、真藓属等为优势属(种数≥3),丛藓、细牛毛藓、美灰藓、绿羽藓为优势种(次数≥3)。(2)运用典范对应分析(CCA)分析了影响该地区石生藓类分布的主要环境因素,发现石生藓类分布与坡度呈显著的负相关;与其它环境因子相关的重要性依次为岩面倾角、海拔、土壤中全钾含量、土壤厚度和pH。因此,研究环境因子对石生藓类分布的关系可以为石漠化综合治理以及石面绿化植物的筛选提供参考。     

小秦岭自然保护区苔藓植物群落数量分类、排序及多样性垂直格局

苔藓物种多样性沿海拔梯度呈什么样的分布格局?基于53个20 m×20 m样地,采集并鉴定了样地内所有生境中的苔藓物种;采用多元回归树(multivariate regression trees,MRT)对苔藓植物进行分类;采用典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)进行排序分析;用广义线性模型(Generalized Linear Model,GLM)研究苔藓物种多样性沿海拔的分布格局。结果如下:(1)采集的1378份苔藓植物标本经过鉴定,共有33科89属240种,其中藓类226种,苔类14种;(2)经交叉验证认为本区苔藓植物可分为4类,Ⅰ长肋青藓(Brachythecium populeum)+大叶匐灯藓(Plagiomnium succulentum)+圆叶匐灯藓(Plagiomnium vesicatum)群落,Ⅱ灰白青藓(Brachythecium albicans)+宽叶青藓(Brachythecium curtum)+短肋羽藓(Thuidium kanedae)+平肋提灯藓(Mnium laevinerve)群落,Ⅲ短肋羽藓(Thuidium kanedae)+光萼叶苔(Jungermannia leiantha)+薄罗藓(Leskea polycarpa)+叉肋藓(Trachyphyllum inflexum)群落,Ⅳ宽叶青藓(Brachythecium curtum)+垂蒴棉藓(Plagiothecium nemorale)+全缘匐灯藓(Plagiomnium integrum)群落;(3)海拔、坡度和坡向对苔藓物种分布的解释量为7.29%;(4)苔藓物种多样性随海拔的变化成明显的上升格局。通过研究了解了小秦岭国家级自然保护区苔藓物种组成、群丛划分以及每种苔藓植物的海拔分布范围;苔藓物种多样性随海拔的上升呈显著的上升格局,与乔木、灌木和草本的分布格局不同。希望此研究能为苔藓植物生态学研究和物种多样性保护提供参考。     

Testing species–stone area and species–bryophyte cover relationships in riverine macroinvertebrates at small scales

1. The species–area relationship is considered amongst the few genuine laws in ecology. Although positive species richness–stone area relationships have been found previously in stream systems, very few studies have simultaneously examined species–individuals, individuals–area, species–bryophyte biomass and individuals–bryophyte biomass relationships. We examined these relationships based on temporally replicated assessments of macroinvertebrates on stones at two river sites. 2. We found only one significant species–area relationship out of six relationship tested, and two significant individuals–area relationships. Even these significant relationships were weak, however. By contrast, we detected significant and rather strong relationships between species richness and the number of individuals at both river sites on all three sampling dates. We also found significant relationships of both species richness and the number of individuals with bryophyte biomass at both river sites on all sampling occasions. One of the river sites was disturbed by a bulldozer, and the species–bryophyte biomass relationships were somewhat stronger after the disturbance event. 3. Our findings are quite surprising, given that there were very weak species–area relationships on stream stones. By contrast, our results suggest a pivotal role for bryophyte biomass in determining the species richness and the number of individuals of stream macroinvertebrates at this small scale. The most probably origin of these relationships begins with bryophyte cover, which determines the number of individuals, and subsequently passively affects species richness. Thus, there is not necessarily a direct mechanism that determines the variability of species richness on stream stones. 4. Experimental studies are needed to disentangle the various mechanisms (e.g. passive sampling, provision of more food, more niche space, flood disturbance refugia) by which bryophyte biomass affects stream macroinvertebrates.     

Relationships between species richness patterns in deciduous forests at the north Estonian limestone escarpment

Abstract. The flora of the deciduous forests at the base of the north Estonian limestone escarpment is species rich, with an exceptionally high number of rare bryophyte species. Relationships between species richness of bryophyte and herb layers and biotic and environmental conditions were studied, using General Linear Mixed Models. Human disturbance (waste deposit, tree damage etc) was significantly negatively correlated with species richness of both plant layers. Soil nitrogen content was negatively and soil water retention positively correlated with bryophyte species richness, while herb richness was unrelated to soil factors. After eliminating the effects of environment, negative correlations in species richness and cover between the bryophyte and herb layers were discovered on finer scales (1 m²), referring to biotic interactions. This relationship was obscured with the simple correlation analysis. On the other hand, the positive correlation in species pools between the bryophyte and herb layers (0.1 ha) was insignificant. The species pools of both bryophyte and herb layers were significantly positively correlated with the species richness of the tree layer. In summary, bryophyte and herb layer richness responded differently to environmental conditions, but human disturbance significantly decreased the richness of both layers. Due to the uniqueness and small area of these forests we recommend protection and restoration of disturbed sites.     

苔藓植物岩溶作用研究进展

苔藓植物参与岩溶作用的过程是生物岩溶的重要内容。开展苔藓植物岩溶作用研究可为石漠化裸岩的生态恢复及其综合治理提供理论依据和技术支撑。该文系统论述了苔藓植物岩溶作用的过程(溶蚀与沉积)、机理及其与生境互作机制的最新研究进展。苔藓植物及其生物结皮在干湿交替下发生膨胀、卷缩、冻融等物理机械力, 以及其代谢分泌物和因呼吸作用而产生的H₂CO₃与岩石中矿物反应, 破坏矿物晶体结构, 导致矿物裂解、使岩面崩解脱落而改变岩面形态, 塑造岩溶地貌, 形成原始土壤。苔藓植物岩溶作用驱动力的大小与植物功能性状、基岩性质与生存环境密切相关。此外, 生物岩溶作用需要长时间尺度的监测, 研究周期长, 建议建立野外长期监测基地, 加强对其内在机制与过程以及与生境间互作机制, 苔藓植物的生理代谢过程及其生物酶等与岩溶作用的相互关系, 岩溶地区苔藓植物环境适应性特征及其生物多样性维持机制等方面的研究。     

样方大小对苔藓植物生态学指标的影响

为了分析样方大小对苔藓植物生态指标的影响,在环境相对一致的条件下,在各样点以巢式取样法调查苔藓植物盖度,取样的大小分别为20 cm× 20 cm,30 cm× 30 cm,40 cm×40 cm,50 cm× 50 cm,60 cm×60 cm.通过统计发现,随着取样面积的增加,目测法所获得的优势种、总的苔藓植物的盖度...     

Bryophyte Species Diversity in Secondary Forests Dominated by the Introduced Species Spathodea campanulata Beauv. in Puerto Rico

The introduced tree species Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae) forms novel forests in Puerto Rico, these having emerged after the abandonment of fields in the mid‐20th century and resulting in forests with a new species composition. We assessed bryophyte species richness in these novel forests and sought correlations with geological substrate, past land use, forest edge and patch area, forest structure, elevation, microhabitat diversity, tree species richness, and microclimatic conditions. Transects were established (edge and forest interior) in nine moist forest patches dominated by Spathodea in north‐central Puerto Rico. These Spathodea forest patches ranged from 0.6 to 9 ha. ANOVA, Chi‐square, correlation, and cluster analyses were used in data analyses. We found 57 bryophyte species. There was a significant difference in bryophyte richness among patches. Those on karst exhibited highest bryophyte richness due to microhabitat diversity, past land use, and shorter hydroperiods. Alluvial sites scored lowest in bryophyte species richness, and forest structure was important for bryophyte communities on these sites. Significant differences in temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity were observed between edge and forest interior. These appeared important for establishing bryophyte species cover but not richness and composition. Microhabitat diversity, patch area, and forest age were more related to bryophyte species richness than elevation, exposed edge, and tree species richness, regardless of geologic substrate. Collectively, Spathodea patches were similar to mature forests on the Island with respect to bryophyte species richness and composition. Novel Spathodea forests have conservation value due to their habitat suitability for bryophyte communities.     

Predicting bryophyte diversity in grassland and eucalypt-dominated remnants in subhumid Tasmania

Aim To determine the environmental factors associated with bryophyte diversity in remnants in a fragmented, agricultural landscape. Location Eighty‐two remnants of tussock grassland, eucalypt woodland and eucalypt forest in the subhumid Midlands region of Tasmania, Australia. Methods Remnants were surveyed for bryophytes and predictor variables, such as vascular plant cover, climate, and topography. Management histories for each remnant were compiled using both site observation and landowner surveys. Bryophyte cover, richness, and composition were related to the independent variables using simple correlation and general linear models. Results We found weak relationships between the dependent variables and the fragmentation variables (remnant area, remnant perimeter to area ratio, distance to nearest remnant, distance to nearest larger remnant, and remnant age). Instead, climatic variables were important in predicting bryophytes, in particular those affecting humidity (minimum temperature of the coldest month, precipitation). Despite extensive sheep grazing in this landscape, grazing was not correlated with bryophyte diversity. Bryophyte diversity was not explained by vascular plant richness and was only weakly explained by composition, but was predicted by the cover of vascular plants. There was greater bryophyte cover and richness and different composition where the cover of native vascular plants was lower. Main conclusions The implications of our results are that all remnants, regardless of area, age and isolation, appear to be valuable for bryophyte conservation in this highly altered landscape. Our results also suggest that the cover of the vascular plant community, rather than its diversity, holds promise as a guide to bryophyte diversity. Bryophyte composition was similar between sites and a focus on the most species‐rich sites may be the best conservation strategy in this ecosystem.     

高海拔幼林地表苔藓组成与结构——皆伐与造林实践的影响评估

 对壤塘县二林场4个不同时间皆伐和造林后形成的幼林地, 开展了苔藓植物和维管植物多样性调查, 采用方差分析法对苔藓植物特征进 行差异性检验, 对苔藓植物结构特征和环境因子作偏相关性分析。结果表明: 1)幼林地4个阶段的发展进程中苔藓物种组成变化显著。优势种相 似, 为喜光耐旱的侧蒴藓物种; 一些耐阴喜湿的种类种群扩大成为林下局部生境优势物种; 同时由于干扰造成地表裸露后产生耐旱土生或石生 性广泛分布的藓类。2)随着幼林地植被恢复进程, 苔藓物种丰富度(22～37)和多样性指数(0.37～1.08)呈增长趋势。结构特征在4个幼林地表现 出较强的差异性。3)乔木与灌木层盖度与苔藓植物的发育呈正相关, 灌木层盖度的发育明显促进了苔藓植物丰富度的增加, 而基于喜光先锋的 禾草为主的草本发育程度很高, 与凋落物生物量一起抑制了苔藓的发育。随幼林地发展, 乔、灌、凋落物发育性质及其相互作用发生动态变化 。因此加速幼林地乔、灌层片的发育对于促进地表苔藓植物多样性的恢复与层片发育具有重要作用。     

浙江金华市郊地面苔藓植物生态位研究

在金华市郊不同生境设立30个样点。调查发现共有67种地面苔藓植物。计测了其中的54个主要种类的生态位重叠值和宽度,以生态位重叠值为指标,应用最小生成树法和主坐标排序法对它们进行分类。结果发现,金华市郊的地面生苔藓植物可被分成3个生态类群,苔藓植物种数(N)与生态位宽度(B)符合:N=27.304e 11.425B(R2=0.9915),大部分的地面生苔藓植物生态位宽度很窄。