中国浙江地区儿童下呼吸道感染KI多瘤病毒的鉴定

呼吸道病毒感染可以导致大面积人群致病[1],近些年,临床上由于不明原因导致的小儿下呼吸道感染病例屡见不鲜,对于该类患儿一般采取抗生素混合治疗的方法,但是治疗效果不佳.尽管过去几年开展的多项研究已经鉴定到了很多的病原体,如腺病毒,鼻病毒属病毒,冠状病毒属病毒,呼吸道合胞体病毒,流感病毒,副流感病毒等.     

2株WU多瘤病毒全基因组序列测定和分析

WU多瘤病毒(WUPyV)是多瘤病毒科多瘤病毒属的新成员,近来发现与人呼吸道感染等有关。本研究对2株WUPyV进行全基因组序列测定和拼接,获得这2株病毒全基因组序列,并与已上传到GenBank的国内外几株WUPyV的全基因组序列和氨基酸序列进行比对和系统进化分析。这2株WUPyV是环状、双链DNA病毒,基因组全长5 228bp,比GenBank已知WUPyV全序列少1bp。缺失的一对碱基位于位点4 536处,属于大T抗原的非编码区。病毒全基因组编码5个蛋白,分别是3个衣壳蛋白VP2、VP3、VP1与大T抗原和小T抗原。系统进化分析显示相对中国福建福州的FZ18株,另一株FZTF株与参考株-澳大利亚的B0株关系较近。     

急性呼吸道感染儿童中WU多瘤病毒基因组序列特征分析

为了解从北京地区急性呼吸道感染儿童中发现的WU多瘤病毒的基因组编码特征,并对其进行基因序列多样性分析,应用针对基因组5'端非编码区、衣壳蛋白VP1、VP2编码基因以及LTAg编码基因的引物对,从已确证为WU病毒阳性的来自北京地区急性呼吸道感染儿童的编号为BJF5276的临床标本中经聚合酶链反应扩增得到预期的基因片段,直接测序后将序列拼接得到全基因组序列,进而推导其基因组编码特征;随后从其它21例已确证为WU多瘤病毒阳性的急性呼吸道感染儿童标本中扩增得到衣壳蛋白VP2编码区基因,进行基因序列测定以及基因序列多样性分析。得到了WU病毒BJF5276全基因组序列。序列分析结果显示WU病毒BJF5276基因组序列全长为5229bp,共有5个主要的CDS(Coding domain sequences),分别编码衣壳蛋白VP2、VP3、VP1,并以其互补序列为模板,编码STAg和LTAg;所得到的22例VP2蛋白编码区基因序列同源性比较结果显示病毒VP2基因编码区序列与GenBank中已有的64个序列之间同源性很高;Mega4.0NJ进化树(Neighbor-joiningtree)分析显示这22个VP2基因序列分属于不同的基因进化簇,其中20个序列属于进化簇I中的Ia,另外2个序列属于进化簇III,其中的一个序列在IIIb基因进化簇中,另外一个序列独立成簇,不属于现有的IIIa或IIIb,暂时将其命名为IIIc。本研究结果提示北京地区的WU病毒具有多瘤病毒科的基因组编码特性;序列非常保守,有分属于不同基因进化簇的WU病毒在北京地区流行,与文献报道的以Ib流行为主所不同的是北京地区的WU病毒以Ia为主,且有新的基因进化簇出现。     

北京地区住院患儿WU多瘤病毒感染的流行病学研究

自2007年Gaynor A M等人通过高通量测序在肺炎患儿呼吸道样本中发现了WU多瘤病毒(Washington University polyomavirus,WUPyV)以来,WUPyV在世界各地被广泛检出。为了解北京地区急性呼吸道感染住院儿童中WUPyV感染情况及其临床特征,收集北京地区2017年4月至2018年3月共1 276份呼吸道感染住院患儿的鼻咽抽吸物样本,使用real time PCR方法对样本进行WUPyV检测,同时对WUPyV阳性样本进行17种常见呼吸道病毒筛查。共检出WUPyV阳性样本76份(5.96%,76/1 276),4岁以下儿童居多(92.11%,70/76);WUPyV感染全年可见,无显著季节性;多伴随其他呼吸道病毒混合感染(60.53%,46/76),最常见混合感染为鼻病毒和A型流感病毒;WUPyV单一感染者与混合感染者病毒载量无显著性差异,临床诊断和表现基本一致;WUPyV感染患儿的常见诊断为支气管炎(68.42%,52/76)和肺炎(30.26%,23/76);临床症状主要表现为高热、咳嗽、咳痰。研究结果提示WUPyV是北京地区急性呼吸道感染住院患儿呼吸道样本中常见病毒之一,多见于4岁以下儿童。     

多瘤病毒感染与妇科肿瘤相关性的初步研究

人多瘤病毒(John Cunningham Virus,JCV)是广泛存在于人体内的一种多瘤病毒,最近二十年,国外研究显示JCV感染与多种神经系统及消化系统肿瘤高度相关,而JCV感染与妇科肿瘤关系的研究还鲜有报道。本研究在建立JCV核酸检测方法及规程的基础上,收集子宫肌瘤(98例)、子宫颈癌(84例)、子宫内膜癌(40例)、卵巢肿瘤(72例)患者临床资料、活检组织及血和尿样。运用PCR技术对上述患者活检样本及血、尿样本实施人乳头瘤病毒、单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型、人类疱疹病毒(Estein-barr virus,EBV)、巨细胞病毒和多瘤病毒JCV及BKV(B.K.virus,BKV)核酸检测。子宫颈癌高度相关人乳头瘤病毒在子宫颈癌组中检出率(19.0%)明显高于其它组,单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型、EBV及巨细胞病毒检出率几乎为0。BKV在尿样中的检出率明显高于血样及活检组织检出率,且检出率在各患者组中无显著差异。JCV检出率在血清样本及活检中几乎为0,然而,尿样中检测率均超过50%,且在子宫肌瘤患者组中高达65.3%。本研究显示JCV感染与子宫肌瘤高度相关,为子宫肌瘤的发病机理提供了新的病原学参考证据。     

多瘤病毒分离株的研究

多瘤病毒注入新生小鼠体内后,可刺激小鼠组织细胞分裂繁殖、产生多种肿瘤。用肿瘤药物治疗后,从缩小的肿瘤块组织细胞中分离的多瘤病毒株有的已经不再能诱发肿瘤。本文研究了这种不能产生肿瘤的多瘤病毒株和野生型病毒株在分子遗传学上的区别。1材料与方法5一氟胞咯咤（5－F。）购于美国SIGMA公司,［’H卜胸腺喀＠、［‘’S〕一甲硫氨酸购一千英国RadiocheAncalCentreAmrsharn,兔抗鼠多瘤病毒幻灯免疫荧光试剂购于法国巴斯德研究所。1．且分离多瘤病毒的方法小鼠为NIH小鼠,新生小鼠皮下接种或腹腔内接种多瘤病毒悬液。有肿瘤生长…     

人多瘤病毒7 TaqMan探针实时定量PCR检测方法的建立

目的:建立人多瘤病毒7(HPy V7)核酸快速、特异的Taq Man探针实时定量PCR检测方法。方法:分别设计HPy V7特异性的引物与Taq Man探针,建立实时荧光定量PCR方法,并对其特异性、灵敏性和重复性进行评价;用建立的方法检测200份健康成人志愿者的血清和300份急性呼吸道感染住院儿童的鼻咽抽吸物样本。结果:所建立的实时定量PCR方法对HPy V7的检测灵敏度可达10拷贝/μL,检测线性范围为101~1010拷贝/μL,且实验特异性和重复性好(CV1.0%);采用该方法,从200份血清样本中检出9份阳性标本。结论:建立了HPy V7 Taq Man探针实时定量PCR检测方法,为HPy V7的流行病学调查及其初步研究提供了技术手段。     

鼠多瘤病毒样颗粒及其在疫苗开发等方面的研究进展

鼠多瘤病毒(murine polyomavirus,MPV)的病毒样颗粒(virus-like particle,VLP)是通过MPV的衣壳结构蛋白VP1自组装而成的球形纳米壳状结构. MPV VLP具有独特的纳米结构,在一定条件下能够进行体内或体外自组装,具有丰富的可修饰位点.因此,容易通过结构的修饰改造实现MPV VLP在诸多领域的应用.本文从MPV VLP的结构特点着眼,回顾MPV VLP的发现历程,介绍MPV VLP的制备表达系统和组装机理,综述MPV VLP的修饰.重点介绍化学修饰和基因工程修饰方法,并通过实例阐述MPV VLP在疫苗开发、药物及其他分子载体等领域的应用及其研究进展.基于对已有研究进展的分析,指出大规模生产、组装机理解析及其应用研究的关键环节,服务于MPV VLP的应用开发.     

同时检测人多瘤病毒和巨细胞病毒PCR技术的建立及在肾移植受者中的初步应用

建立同时检测人多瘤病毒(BKV)和巨细胞病毒(CMV)载量的实时定量荧光PCR技术(FQ-PCR),并探讨其在肾移植术后感染监测中的应用。选择BKV和CMV核酸保守性序列作为靶基因,PCR扩增靶片段与质粒pcD-NA3.1(+)连接。通过测序技术对进行克隆筛选。提取质粒并采用10倍梯度稀释(5×103～107拷贝/mL)作为BKV和CMV核酸序列的标准品,并评价其灵敏度;采用对比正常人DNA、BKV阳性质控和CMV阳性质控评价其特异性;通过对标准品DNA分别进行批内和批间各20次重复实验,以其循环阈值(Ct)的变异系数(CV)评价其精密度。对480例肾移植受者外周血样本,进行FQ-PCR检测BKV和CMV DNA拷贝数,检测FK506血药浓度,并对两者进行相关性分析。重组质粒经测序检测显示含有靶BKV和CMV核酸序列。所建立的FQ-PCR方法,其最低检测下限均为5.0×103拷贝/mL的DNA标准品。正常人DNA的BKV和CMV拷贝数检测为阴性,而阳性对照能够发现荧光值显著变化,证实为针对靶DNA的特异性扩增;重复性检测显示批内差异分别为3.44%(BKV)和2.23%(CMV),批间差异分别为4.98%(BKV)和3.76%(CMV)。肾移植患者CMV感染的阳性率为27.08%(130/480),明显高于BKV的阳性率(13.33%,64/480,P<0.05),并且感染程度与免疫抑制剂FK506用量呈正相关。建立的同时检测BKV和CMV两种病毒载量的FQ-PCR方法具有快速、重复性好、灵敏的优点,可为临床监测肾移植术后病毒感染提供技术平台。     

人多瘤病毒BK株VP1的C端阳电荷残基对病毒样颗粒形成的影响

VP1是人多瘤病毒BK株的主要结构蛋白,使用重组杆状病毒表达系统在体外表达VP1可以形成病毒样颗粒(VLP).为了探讨VP1的C末端阳电荷残基R-281,R-285,K-288,R-290,R-292,K-293,R-294,和K297对VLP形成和其结合DNA的影响,我们分别改变将阳电荷残基变成丙氨酸,然后表达VP1蛋白.结果发现用丙氨酸替代K-288,R-290,R-292,K-293,R-294后仍能形成VLP,但与野毒株相比,在VLP分泌以及衣壳蛋白与细胞DNA的结合方面有差异.有趣的是,R-281被丙氨酸取代后仅在细胞中形成少量的VLP,而R-285被丙氨酸取代后不能形成VLP.该研究证实阳电荷氨基酸残基R-281和R-285是形成VLP所必须的,K-288、R-290、R-292、K-293、R-294和K-297则影响VLP和DNA的结合.     

Detection of KI polyomavirus and WU polyomavirus DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swabs and in normal lung and lung adenocarcinoma tissues

Polyomaviruses KI (KIPyV) and WU (WUPyV) were detected from 7 (3.0%) and 38 (16.4%) of 232 children with respiratory tract infections by real-time PCR. The rates of infection by KIPyV and WUPyV alone were 3 of 7 (42.9%) and 20 of 38 (52.6%), respectively. In the other samples, various viruses (human respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus 1 and human bocavirus) were detected simultaneously. One case was positive for KIPyV, WUPyV and hMPV. There was no obvious difference in clinical symptoms between KIPyV-positive and WUPyV-positive patients with or without coinfection. KIPyV was detected in one of 30 specimens of lung tissue (3.3%). Neither of the viruses was detected in 30 samples of lung adenocarcinoma tissue.     

Discovery of a Novel Polyomavirus in Acute Diarrheal Samples from Children

Polyomaviruses are small circular DNA viruses associated with chronic infections and tumors in both human and animal hosts. Using an unbiased deep sequencing approach, we identified a novel, highly divergent polyomavirus, provisionally named MX polyomavirus (MXPyV), in stool samples from children. The ∼5.0 kB viral genome exhibits little overall homology (<46% amino acid identity) to known polyomaviruses, and, due to phylogenetic variation among its individual proteins, cannot be placed in any existing taxonomic group. PCR-based screening detected MXPyV in 28 of 834 (3.4%) fecal samples collected from California, Mexico, and Chile, and 1 of 136 (0.74%) of respiratory samples from Mexico, but not in blood or urine samples from immunocompromised patients. By quantitative PCR, the measured titers of MXPyV in human stool at 10% (weight/volume) were as high as 15,075 copies. No association was found between the presence of MXPyV and diarrhea, although girls were more likely to shed MXPyV in the stool than boys (p = 0.012). In one child, viral shedding was observed in two stools obtained 91 days apart, raising the possibility of chronic infection by MXPyV. A multiple sequence alignment revealed that MXPyV is a closely related variant of the recently reported MWPyV and HPyV10 polyomaviruses. Further studies will be important to determine the association, if any, of MXPyV with disease in humans.     

Whole-Genome Characterization and Genotyping of Global WU Polyomavirus Strains

Exploration of the genetic diversity of WU polyomavirus (WUV) has been limited in terms of the specimen numbers and particularly the sizes of the genomic fragments analyzed. Using whole-genome sequencing of 48 WUV strains collected in four continents over a 5-year period and 16 publicly available whole-genome sequences, we identified three main WUV clades and five subtypes, provisionally termed Ia, Ib, Ic, II, IIIa, and IIIb. Overall nucleotide variation was low (0 to 1.2%). The discriminatory power of the previous VP2 fragment typing method was found to be limited, and a new, larger genotyping region within the VP2/1 interface was proposed.In 2007, two new human polyomaviruses isolated from respiratory samples of pediatric patients suffering from respiratory disease were discovered, with one being KI polyomavirus (KIV) (2) and the other being WU polyomavirus (WUV) (8).WU polyomavirus shares most of the genomic characteristics of other polyomaviruses, with a noncoding control region (NCCR) separating the early and late coding regions on opposite strands. However, unlike for JCV and BKV, but similar to what was observed for KIV, a late-region-residing agnoprotein gene has not been identified in WUV (8).Despite being frequently detected in respiratory samples of ill patients, no distinct disease associations have so far been conclusively identified for WUV (1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 27). There have been some suggestions that sequence variation plays a role in disease severity and pathogenesis in other polyomaviruses (6, 24). Unfortunately, due to the early nature of research into WUV, there has been a dearth of available complete genomic sequences.In this study, we set out to investigate a large sample set of whole WUV genomes from diverse geographical, temporal, and clinical origins. Incorporating existing WUV genomes with this data set allowed us to investigate global WUV genomic diversity, to characterize the WUV genome, and to propose a new robust typing scheme.     

African Origin of Polyomavirus JC and Implications for Prehistoric Human Migrations

Abstract The presence of distinctive types of JC virus (JCV) in the main ethnic groups suggests a close coevolution with the human host. However, phylogenetic trees of JCV show a basal clade of European lineages (Types 1/4), whereas trees of human genes are coherent in placing the first split between African and non-African populations. This discrepancy places into question the effectiveness of JCV as a marker of human population history. The present study investigates the evolution of JCV using a large set of fully sequenced strains. Their relationships are first elucidated by principal coordinates analysis. It is suggested that Type 6 from West Africa could represent the ancestral type, while the peculiar phylogeny of Types 1/4 could reflect their direct origin from the ancestral lineage. Further credit to the African origin of JCV is provided by a neighbor-joining analysis based on slow-evolving sites. Sequence analysis of fast-evolving sites reveals that the deep emergence of Types 1/4 in the tree does not reflect a real evolutionary divergence; rather it is the implicit result of a remarkably different G + C content. The hypothesis that Types 1/4 originated directly from Type 6 is confirmed by examining the pattern of variation at a few specific fast-evolving sites. On the basis of this approach, a twofold exit of JCV from Africa is hypothesized: one in the direction of the Eurasian continent and another limited to Europe. These findings suggest that two distinct migrations of individuals played a key role in the peopling of Europe during prehistoric times.     

Identification of MW Polyomavirus, a Novel Polyomavirus in Human Stool

We have discovered a novel polyomavirus present in multiple human stool samples. The virus was initially identified by shotgun pyrosequencing of DNA purified from virus-like particles isolated from a stool sample collected from a healthy child from Malawi. We subsequently sequenced the virus' 4,927-bp genome, which has been provisionally named MW polyomavirus (MWPyV). The virus has genomic features characteristic of the family Polyomaviridae but is highly divergent from other members of this family. It is predicted to encode the large T antigen and small T antigen early proteins and the VP1, VP2, and VP3 structural proteins. A real-time PCR assay was designed and used to screen 514 stool samples from children with diarrhea in St. Louis, MO; 12 specimens were positive for MWPyV. Comparison of the whole-genome sequences of the index Malawi case and one St. Louis case demonstrated that the two strains of MWPyV varied by 5.3% at the nucleotide level. The number of polyomaviruses found in the human body continues to grow, raising the question of how many more species have yet to be identified and what roles they play in humans with and without manifest disease.     

一个新矮生玉米种质资源的发现与遗传鉴定

玉米矮生种质资源在育种工作中具有重要的利用价值。2002年在玉米种质资源扩繁与鉴定过程中,从玉米自交系K36中发现一株矮生突变体。随后通过连续自交,获得了纯合一致、稳定的矮生自交系,命名为矮2003。该矮秆材料在北京表现株高62．1cm,植株清秀,茎秆坚硬,结实正常。于不同时期用不同浓度赤霉素处理该材料显示其对赤霉素反应不敏感。矮2003与正常玉米自交系测交F1呈现高秆,F2与BC1高、矮秆分离比例分别符合3：1与1：1,遗传分析表明其矮生性状受一对主效单基因控制,表现为隐性遗传。所携带的矮生基因不同于已报道的玉米Dwarf8等。