鳔等睾吸虫对寄主瓦氏黄颡鱼的影响

对从嘉陵江北碚江段采集到的264尾瓦氏黄颡鱼的调查表明,瓦氏黄颡鱼感染鳔等睾吸虫的感染率和感染强度分别为25．70％和1．50;体长在12－18cm的个体感染的可能性增大,而体长在14－15cm之间的个体感染率最高,为38．00％;此外还比较了感染鱼和未感染鱼的肥满度（F）、脂肪系数（ASI）、肝系数（HSI）,发现鳔等睾吸虫对瓦氏黄颡鱼的肥满度有显著影响,感染鱼的肥满度下降了16．20％,对脂肪系数、肝系数的影响不显著。感染鱼的肝脏、肠系膜等器官均有不同程度的病变。     

蚯蚓对瓦氏黄颡鱼摄食达氏鳇卵的干扰实验

自然水域中中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)卵常受到敌害鱼类捕食的威胁,瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli(Richerdson)是中华鲟卵的重要敌害鱼类。以中华鲟卵的敌害鱼类瓦氏黄颡鱼为研究对象,选择环毛蚓(Pheretima tschiliensis)为瓦氏黄颡鱼的饵料,以达氏鳇卵(Kalugasturgeon)替代中华鲟卵进行室内实验,通过研究适合瓦氏黄颡鱼摄食的环毛蚓规格,以及环毛蚓干扰瓦氏黄颡鱼摄食达氏鳇卵投放比例,探讨中华鲟卵的保护方法。在水温为(20.0±1.5)℃的条件下,研究了3种不同体长规格[体长(15.3±1.4)cm、(12.0±2.1)cm、(7.7±0.5)cm]实验鱼个体分别摄食3种不同体长规格环毛蚓(体高为0.3cm,体长分别为8、4、2cm)和达氏鳇卵的摄食率;研究了体长为4cm的环毛蚓对3种不同体长实验鱼摄食达氏鳇卵的干扰效果。实验结果表明:3种体长规格瓦氏黄颡鱼均摄食达氏鳇卵;3种体长规格瓦氏黄颡鱼共同摄食的替代饵料规格为体长4cm及以下的环毛蚓;适宜干扰实验所选体长实验鱼摄食达氏鳇卵的饵料为体长4 cm的环毛蚓;当环毛蚓与达氏鳇卵数量比例为1∶1时,可实现达氏鳇卵的保护。研究证明在实验条件下可实现环毛蚓对中华鲟卵敌害鱼类——瓦氏黄颡鱼实施摄食干扰,提示下一步可以尝试选择环毛蚓作为替代中华鲟卵的饵料,进行干扰食卵鱼类摄食中华鲟卵的野外验证试验。     

饲料脂肪水平对瓦氏黄颡鱼生长及脂蛋白脂酶基因表达的影响

研究采用脂肪水平分别为4.7%、7.9%、10.9%、15.4%、18.9%的五种等氮配合饲料饲喂瓦氏黄颡鱼早期幼鱼,进行了为期30d的生长实验,探讨了瓦氏黄颡鱼早期幼鱼的脂肪需求。并克隆了瓦氏黄颡鱼脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)cDNA序列片段,采用实时荧光定量PCR研究了饲料脂肪水平对肝脏LPL基因表达水平的影响。结果表明,饲料脂肪水平从4.7%增加到10.9%显著促进了瓦氏黄颡鱼早期幼鱼的生长(P<0.05)。饲料脂肪水平显著影响了实验鱼的鱼体体成分,随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,鱼体干物质和脂肪含量显著增加而蛋白含量显著下降(P<0.05)。高脂诱导了瓦氏黄颡鱼肝脏LPL基因表达,摄食15.4%、18.9%这两组较高脂肪水平的实验鱼肝脏LPLmRNA表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。根据特定生长率通过折线回归分析得出瓦氏黄颡鱼早期幼鱼最适脂肪水平为11.2%。       

饥饿胁迫对瓦氏黄颡鱼脂肪代谢的影响

在水温(252)℃条件下, 对初始体重为(23.652.82) g的瓦氏黄颡鱼进行30d饥饿处理, 于饥饿第0、第7、第15和第30天取样, 分析了饥饿胁迫对瓦氏黄颡鱼的生长、体成分、脂肪酸组成和脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响. 结果表明: 饥饿胁迫显著降低了瓦氏黄颡鱼肥满度、脂体比及肝体指数(p0.05). 肌肉脂肪含量也随着饥饿时间的延长而下降(p0.05). 肝脏中的饱和脂肪酸和肌肉中的单不饱和脂肪酸显著下降, 而肝脏中多不饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸及肌肉中的多不饱和脂肪酸显著上升(p0.05). 此外, 肌肉中的n-6和n-3及肝脏中的n-6多不饱和脂肪酸显著上升, 而肝脏中的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸显著下降(p0.05), 表明瓦氏黄颡鱼饥饿期间主要消耗饱和脂肪酸及单不饱和脂肪酸供能, 保留多不饱和脂肪酸. 饥饿胁迫15-30d, 瓦氏黄颡鱼肝脏脂蛋白酯酶、肝酯酶及肉碱酰基转运酶mRNA表达显著高于对照组(0d)(p0.05), 而脂肪酸结合蛋白及脂肪酸合成酶mRNA的表达显著低于对照组(p0.05), 表明饥饿胁迫可能会促进肝脏脂肪分解供能, 降低脂肪的生物合成.       

草鱼、鲢和瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼感应流速的比较

在21±1℃水温下,使用自行制作的鱼类游泳行为测试槽,采用流速递增的方法测定了草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)(体长9.64±3.12 cm,体重20.97±16.71 g)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)(体长10.60±3.45 cm,体重24.37±18.61 g)和瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)(体长11.54±1.46 cm,体重20.98±6.94 g)幼鱼个体的感应流速.结果表明:草鱼、鲢和瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼的感应流速分别是(8.21±0.68)、(6.74±0.84)和(33.11±3.06) cm·s-1,相对感应流速分别是(0.91±0.22)、(0.67±0.15)和(2.9±0.29) BL·s-1;鲢和草鱼幼鱼的感应流速差异不显著(P＞0.05),但瓦氏黄颡鱼比草鱼和鲢幼鱼感应流速大近4倍,差异显著(P＜0.05);因此,草鱼和鲢幼鱼较瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼对流速的感应更敏感.本实验结果可为设计鱼道、确定拖网速度等提供一定的科学指导.     

苏州地区野生黄颡鱼寄生虫多样性及其寄生特性

2002年2～9月对苏州地区野生黄颡鱼寄生虫进行了系统调查,发现其体内外寄生虫共有37种,分别隶属于5门11纲14目22科28属,其中原生动物门13种,占所有寄生虫的35．1％;扁形动物门15种,占40．5％;线形动物门5种,占13．5％;节肢动物门3种,占8．1％;环节动物门1种,占2．7％。从不同体长组黄颡鱼的寄生虫感染率和平均感染强度变化以及季节变化的结果表明,黄颡鱼对许多淡水寄生虫易感,而且吸虫与纤毛虫是苏州地区黄颡鱼的主要寄生虫。研究还发现,当黄颡鱼体长超过20cm时,寄生虫的感染程度显著减弱。     

不同蛋白源对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼生长和蛋白质代谢相关基因表达的影响

以初始体重为(2.90±0.01) g的瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)为研究对象, 探究不同蛋白源对瓦氏黄颡鱼生长、体组成、前肠PEPT1和肝脏TOR基因表达的影响。以鱼粉(FM)、大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)、水解鱼蛋白(FH)和晶体氨基酸混合物(CAA)为主要蛋白源, 配制4种等氮(粗蛋白含量为39.0%)等脂(粗脂肪含量为9.0%)的实验饲料, 投喂实验鱼66d。结果显示, 不同蛋白源虽然对瓦氏黄颡鱼存活率(SR)无显著影响(P>0.05), 但显著影响了瓦氏黄颡鱼的特定生长率(SGR)。其中, SPC组瓦氏黄颡鱼SGR低于FM组, 却显著高于FH组和CAA组(P<0.05)。虽然SPC组瓦氏黄颡鱼粗蛋白含量低于FM组, 但其鱼体粗脂肪含量显著高于FM组(P<0.05)。不同蛋白源显著影响了瓦氏黄颡鱼PEPT1基因表达(P<0.05), 在35d时, SPC组PEPT1表达量虽然低于FM组, 但显著高于FH和CAA组(P<0.05);在66d时, SPC组瓦氏黄颡鱼前肠PEPT1表达量显著高于FM组(P<0.05)。不同蛋白源饲料对鱼体肝脏TOR基因表达无显著影响(P>0.05)。以上结果表明, SPC组瓦氏黄颡鱼生长性能虽然低于FM组, 但显著高于FH组和CAA组, 这可能是通过上调前肠PEPT1表达来实现的。     

水温与光照对瓦氏黄颡鱼幼鱼行为的影响

实验观察了水温和光照强度对水槽中的瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus vachelli)个体行为和群体行为的影响.结果表明:瓦氏黄颡鱼个体对黑白底质具有选择性;当水温为30℃和20℃,水面光照强度低于15 lx时,瓦氏黄颡鱼的游动增加;光照强度高于15 lx,游动减少;光照强度低于5 lx,在白色底质所处的时间减少;水温30℃时,瓦氏黄颡鱼在白色底质所处时间的降幅大于水温20℃的降幅;当光照强度高于5 lx,在白色底质所处的时间趋于平稳;瓦氏黄颡鱼的集群可以分为紧密集群、分散集群、休息集群和游泳集群4种类型;造成休息集群的主要原因是低水温(7.0℃～9.0℃);造成紧密集群的主要原因是较高的光照强度;通常在较弱的光照强度下(1.2～209.0 lx),瓦氏黄颡鱼表现出游泳集群;在微弱的光照强度下(0～1.6 lx)时,表现出分散集群.     

云斑(鱼回)、泥鳅和瓦氏黄颡鱼的含肉率及营养价值比较研究

研究了3种人工养殖的小型经济鱼类云斑(鱼回)(Ictalurus ncbulosus)、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)和瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco,Richardson)含肉率和肌肉的熟肉率、生化成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸的种类组成,并对其营养价值进行评定.结果表明:云斑(鱼回)和瓦氏黄颡鱼含肉率分别为(74.48±2.01)%和(73.63±3.27)%,二者间无显著性差异,显著高于泥鳅(65.95±1.27)%.泥鳅熟肉率最高为(69.36±2.35)%.泥鳅肌肉中蛋白质含量为(16.24±0.56)%,明显高于云斑(鱼回)的(15.34±0.44)%和瓦氏黄颡鱼的(14.45±0.24)%.瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉中脂肪含量最高为(2.4±0.17)%,与云斑(鱼回)(1.22±0.33)%和泥鳅(1.26±0.60)%有显著性差异.云斑(鱼回)、泥鳅和瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉中,含人体必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例为(40.06±0.63)%、(39.79±0.57)%和(40.36±0.52)%.3种鱼的第一限制性氨基酸均为缬氨酸,F值均在4.90-5.06之间.4种鲜味氨基酸总含量均高于29%,泥鳅和瓦氏黄颡鱼鲜味氨基酸大多明显高于云斑(鱼回).3种鱼肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸含量明显高于饱和脂肪酸,泥鳅和瓦氏黄颡鱼高于云斑(鱼回).云斑(鱼回)肌肉中廿碳五烯酸(C20:5)为(2.52±0.30)%,显著高于泥鳅(0.16±0.05)%和瓦氏黄颡鱼(0.12±0.04)%(P<0.05),廿二碳六烯酸(C22:6)含量泥鳅最高为(4.62±0.30)%,其次为瓦氏黄颡鱼(2.86±0.32)%,云斑(鱼回)最低为(1.84±0.27)%,三者间均有显著性差异.结果表明,泥鳅和瓦氏黄颡鱼具有独特风味,3种小型经济鱼类均为有较高营养价值的人类食品.     

黄颡鱼河鲈源吸虫和黄颡前驼形线虫的季节动态和频率分布

2001年2月到2002年7月,对湖北省梁子湖黄颡鱼的胃部寄生蠕虫进行了调查,共发现4种寄生蠕虫,即:黄颡前驼形线虫(Procamallanus fulvidraconis)、杜父鱼驼形线虫(Camallanus cotti)、黄颡刺盖线虫(Spinitectus gigi)和河鲈源吸虫(Genarchopsis goppo),本文主要报道了黄颡前驼形线虫的频率分布,以及河鲈源吸虫的季节动态和频率分布.黄颡前驼形线虫的感染率为96.70%,平均丰度为21.59±23.37,方均比为25.29,与负二项分布拟合不成功(p＜0.001),没有发现表示"宿主年龄-寄生虫丰度"之间关系的凸形曲线,寄生虫丰度与宿主年龄和体长之间都呈显著的正相关关系(Rx,y=0.3038,p＜0.001;Rx,y=0.3938,p＜0.001);河鲈源吸虫的感染率为48.61%,平均丰度为2.45±5.44,方均比为12.09,与负二项分布拟合成功(p=0.29),其"宿主年龄-寄生虫丰度"之间的关系呈凸形曲线,并且伴随着聚集度的下降,感染丰度与宿主年龄和体长都呈显著的正相关关系(Rx,y=0.1694,p＜0.001;Rx,y=0.2449,p＜0.001).河鲈源吸虫感染的高峰期发生在春季、晚秋和初冬,各月份间的感染率和平均丰度都有显著的差异(G=93.4＞χ20.05[17]=27.58;F=16.7,p＜0.001).寄生虫本身的生活史模式可能是引起河鲈源吸虫显著季节变化的主要原因.     

Protein metabolism in Isoparorchis hypselobagri.

Isoparorchis hypselobagri was maintained in a non-nutrient medium containing streptomycin and penicillin to prevent bacterial growth for a period of 12 hours. The parasites were kept under aerobic conditions at a suitable temperature of 30 degrees C. The protein content in Isoparorchis hypselobagri ranged from 56.25% to 67.5% with an average of 63.5%+/-4.6 of dry seight of the tissue. The nitrogen of Isoparorchis hypselobagri excreted as ammonia, after 12 hours of starvation was 3.04% of the total body nitrogen and as uric acid 1.6% of total body nitrogen.     

Non-specific alkaline phosphomonoesterases of eight species of digenetic trematodes.

Alkaline phosphatases from different trematodes occupying the same habitat have identical pH otima but different levels of enzyme activities. Isoparorchis hypselobagri, from the fish Wallago attu, shows four to six times more enzyme activity than Fasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis and Echinostoma malayanum, from the pig Sus scrofa, and Fasciola gigantica, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Cotylophoron cotylophorum and Gastrothylax crumenifer, from the buffalo Bubalus bubalis. At least two peaks of activity at different levels of pH were obtained for each trematode examined. Both Gastrodiscoides hominis and Isoparorchis hypselobagri enzymes had three peaks of alkaline phosphatase activity. The optimum temperature for maximum enzyme activity was 40 degrees C, above which rapid inactivation occurred. At temperatures below 40 degrees C, the enzymes of fish and mammalian trematodes did not behave similarly; I. hypselobagri enzyme being active over a wider range of temperature (20 degrees-40 degrees C. Various concentrations of KCN and arsenate proportionately inhibited enzyme activity. NaF Did not significantly influence enzyme activity, while Mg++ and Co++ acted as activators. The extent of inhibition or activation of enzyme activity of different trematodes varied, probably due to species differences. Both inhibition and activation of I. hypselobagri enzyme was higher than in the case of other trematodes.     

Gas content of swim bladder of Wallago attu and oxygen consumption in Isoparorchis hypselobagri (Trematoda).

The swim bladder gas of Wallago attu contains O2 (22-58 mm Hg) and the presence or absence of Isoparorchis hypselobagri does not influence the O2 content of the swim bladder. Glucose increases the O2 consumption of I. hypselobagri by 50%. With the passage of in vitro culture time, the rate of O2 consumption gradually decreases to the extent of 64% on the 40th day. The optimal temperature for O2 consumption is 30 degrees C beyond which the rise in temperature is detrimental to the fish trematode as manifested by the decrease in their O2 consumption.     

Studies on in vitro survival of Isoparorchis hypselobagri.

Adult parasites, Isoparorchis hypselobagri were maintained in vitro in four basic salt solutions, viz. Stephenson saline, AB saline, Tyrode's solution and Locke's solution. Survival was prolonged by adding sugars to Tyrode's solution. Of all the sugars, glucose was found most effective and parasites survived for 39 days in solution containing glucose, 6 days in galactose and sucrose, 10 days in fructose and lactose and 12 days in maltose. The parasites absorb carbohydrates through the cuticle. Ligated parasites survived for a longer period than unligated parasites. The pH 9 was considered as an optimum for maximum survival of the parasites Isoparorchis hypselobagri for 39 days.     

Trace elements in Isoparorchis hypselobagri.

The trace elements contents of the tissue of Isoparorchis hypselobagri were ascertained by quantitative analyses. The iron content was found to be particularly high in comparison of copper and zinc.     

Evidence for negative impact of plerocercoid infection of Triaenophorus nodulosus on Perca fluviatilis L. stock in Upper Lake Constance, a water body undergoing rapid reoligotrophication

The macro-pathological impact of plerocercoid infection of perch Perca fluviatilis livers was quantitatively determined by an index of liver lesion ( I _LL) in fish from Upper Lake Constance (ULC). These results were compared to the I _LL values of perch from two other lakes. From February to November 1999, 2071 perch were examined from the three sites. Prevalence of infection in ULC was 13% in actively growing first year (0+ year) perch and 94% in older fish, whereas in the two lakes used for comparison the figures for 0+ year perch were 12 and 20%, and in older fish 62 and 60%, respectively. Infected livers from perch caught in ULC revealed significantly higher I _LL values than those of fish from the other two lakes. Perch livers from ULC containing more than three Triaenophorus nodulosus larvae also showed significantly more serious pathological alterations than uninfected livers or those with normal infection levels of one to three T. nodulosus . In all three lakes, excluding heavily infected perch from ULC, 0+ year perch livers revealed little or no damage, whereas in livers of older perch pathological alterations were apparent. In addition, analysis of age and total length data showed that perch infected with one to three parasites in ULC grew significantly slower than uninfected ones, and severely infected perch (greater than three parasites) grew significantly slower than those with a normal parasite load. With respect to mass, growth of ULC fish suffering normal infection (49% of all adults) was reduced by 9% and in those with severe infections (45% of all adults) growth was 16% below expected at normal harvesting age.     

Some aspects of the infection of bib, Trisopterus luscus (L.), by the parasitic copepod Lernaeocera lusci (Basset-Smith, 1896) in Portuguese waters

Winter samples totalling 2308 specimens of Trisopterus luscus (total length range: 13–36 cm) caught in northern Portugal were examined for infections with Lernaeocera lusci. Infection prevalence was of 42%, and infection intensity was 1.7 copepods per infected fish. Individual infection varied between 1 and 9 copepods per infected specimen; 30.6% of the fish had bilateral parasitosis. There was a significant correlation (P<0.01) between fish length and prevalence. Length-weight relationships of uninfected and infected fish were not significantly different (P > 0.05) and thus provide evidence that L. lusci has no effect on the condition of T. luscus in all the examined 1–cm size classes.     

Alkali denaturation of oxyhaemoglobins of some digenetic trematodes and their hosts

Oxyhaemoglobins of six digenetic trematodes,--Srivastavaia indica, Gastrothylax crumenifer, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Fasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis, Isoparorchis hypselobagri, and of their 3 vertebrate hosts, Bubalus bubalis, Sus scrofa, Wallago attu, were subjected to alkali denaturation at a pH of 12.4. All oxyhaemoglobins from trematodes and their hosts differ from each other in the rate and extent of alkali denaturation which may be explained due to variations in the amino acid sequences of a particular haem protein in addition to other factors.     

Direct Transmission of a Hemoflagellate,Cryptobia salmositica (Kinetoplastida: Bodonina) Between Rainbow Trout Under Laboratory Conditions1

Transmission of Cryptobia salmositica occurred when infected and uninfected rainbow trout were held in the same tank. In tanks where infected and uninfected fish were allowed to mix freely, 67–80% of the uninfected fish acquired detectable infections by the 27th week. None of the control fish in another tank was infected. In another tank where the infected and uninfected fish were separated by a wire screen, 9 of 20 uninfected fish acquired detectable infections by the 22nd week. This is the first demonstration of direct transmission of a hemoflagellate via the water medium in aquatic vertebrates. Cryptobia salmositica was found in the mucus on the body surface of 9 of 10 fish examined 6 weeks after infection. These parasites were infective and some of them were morphologically similar to those in the blood or peritoneal fluid. It is suggested that the vascular species of Cryptobia were originally ectoparasitic on fishes and that these ectoparasitic species were descended from the free-living Procryptobia.     

Body condition and reproductive status in sticklebacks exposed to a single wave of Schistocephalus solidus infection

This paper describes the results of a study of the effects of Schistocephalus solidus on one of its intermediate hosts, the stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus , in an annual population in which infection is known to occur in one major wave in autumn. Weight, as a function of length, was lower in infected sticklebacks compared with uninfected fish during autumn and spring; in winter and summer, both categories of fish were in equally poor condition. In early autumn, the hepatosomatic indices of newly infected fish were higher than those of uninfected fish, perhaps due to a pathological response. Thereafter, relative liver size of uninfected and infected sticklebacks was comparable until spring, when it increased sharply in uninfected sticklebacks but remained stable at a low level in infected sticklebacks. Few infected fish reached maturity. The only males to attain maturity whilst sustaining an infection of S. solidus were in particularly good condition. Nuptial coloration, kidney hypertrophy and testes size were unimpaired in these mature infected males, but whether they were capable of successful reproduction remains debatable.