逆境对真菌膜脂肪酸成分的影响

利用气相色谱对真菌膜脂肪酸在逆境下的变化进行研究,发现低温胁迫时膜上的不饱和脂肪酸较多,低碳源浓度、低氧浓度和高盐浓度胁迫时,膜上不饱和脂肪酸的含量反而出现降低。表明不同逆境胁迫时,真菌中膜的脂肪酸含量不一样。     

细菌VBNC态检测技术的研究进展

细菌在一些不良压力条件下会进入"活的非可培养状态"(viable but non-culturable,VBNC),其仍具有活力但不能采用常规的平板培养基进行培养,VBNC态细菌一旦培养条件适宜仍能继续生长繁殖,有些致病菌依旧具有毒力。如果检测方法不当,会造成假阳性或假阴性的结果,需要采取适合的检测方法进行检测。文章概述了几种检测VBNC态细菌的方法,如活菌直接计数法、核酸染料检测法、呼吸检测法、分子生物学法、免疫学法、流式细胞仪检测法等,并对检测方法的应用现状进行了评述。     

植物microRNA功能及其在逆境条件下的研究进展

microRNA(miRNA)是一种内源性的小分子RNA,长度约为21到25个核苷酸大小,在动植物生长发育的各个过程中起重要的调控作用。近几年随着高通量测序技术的飞速发展,研究人员在许多物种中鉴定了大量的miRNA,未来miRNA的研究主要集中在功能研究方面,尤其是植物miRNA在逆境条件下的功能方面。就目前miRNA功能的主要研究方法,以及逆境条件下植物miRNA的研究进行了综合阐述。     

植物膜Ca2+运输系统与逆境应答

主要介绍了细胞膜Ca2 运输系统的种类、分子结构及调控机制,并通过膜Ca2 运输系统与胞质Ca2 水平变化之间的关系评述了细胞膜Ca2 运输系统在植物应答逆境中的作用.     

细菌素发酵条件的研究进展

自从乳酸乳球菌产生的细菌素--Nisin批准作为食品防腐剂以来,细菌素的研究已成为微生物学研究中的一个活跃领域,研究内容主要涉及产细菌素菌株的筛选和鉴定,细菌素的分离纯化、理化性质、作用机制、发酵条件和应用以及工程菌株的构建等。人们已从不同生态环境中筛选到产细菌素的菌株,如新鲜牛奶、发酵奶制品、豆芽、泡菜、香肠和动物肠道等.细菌素的产量除了与菌株自身性质有关外,发酵条件对细菌素的产量有很大影响,如培养基成分、有机溶剂、培养温度、培养时间、培养方式、起始pH、接种量和接种种龄等,其中以培养基成分、有机溶剂的添加和培养温度影响较大。     

细菌脂肪酸合成多样性的研究进展

与哺乳动物、真菌采用I型脂肪酸合成系统不同,细菌采用II型脂肪酸合成系统,每步反应都由独立的酶催化,因此细菌脂肪酸合成酶是研究抗菌药物的优良靶标。研究表明,在不同细菌中参与脂肪酸合成的酶都具有较高的多样性,而脂肪酸种类不同,合成方式也不尽相同,本文对此进行了总结。     

长期低浓度SO2逆境条件下油桐的氮代谢和碳代谢的变化

对长期低浓度SO2熏气处理以后油桐叶片中氮和碳代谢进行了测定。结果表明：长期低浓度SO2熏气处理以后引起了油桐叶片中可溶性蛋白含量和脯氨酸含量的增加,而硝酸还原酶活性下降．可溶性糖含量和光合速率下降,呼吸速率增加。单位叶面积鲜重和干重均减少,由此得出结论：长期低浓度SO2熏气处理引起了油桐体内氮素代谢发生变化,碳素积累量减少,最终导致了油桐生长减缓。     

环境中"活的非可培养(VBNC)"细菌的研究进展

1982年徐怀恕等通过对V.cholerae和E.coli存活规律的研究,首次发现并提出了细菌“活的非可培养”状态(Viable but non—culturable state,VBNC),即细菌处于不良环境条件下,其细胞通常缩成球形(最近许多研究中发现还有些细菌表现为体积增大,细胞伸长),用常规方法培养不能使其生长繁殖,但仍然具有代谢活性,在DNA合成抑制剂的作用下,添加一定量的营养物培养时,这些细胞虽然不能分裂,但仍可以伸长生长,证明其仍然存活,并非死亡。处于VBNC状态的细菌,在一定的条件下可以复苏,并具有潜在的致病性,如V.cholerae即通过这种形式实现越冬。至今已有多种细菌进入VBNC状态的报道,许多G^-菌及某些不形成芽胞的G^ 菌在不良环境条件下都可能进入该状态。这些细菌通过进入VBNC状态,得以渡过难关并存活下来,成为细菌的一种特殊存活形式。现在,细菌VBNC状态已作为微生物学的一个全新概念,受到极大的关注,它对传统的微生态学、食品安全、水质监测、菌种保藏及流行病学研究等均提出了新的挑战,也为人们应用基因工程菌的危险性评估提供了新的认识,本文对环境中VBNC细菌的研究进展进行了综述。     

水分逆境对吊兰叶片膜质组成的影响

测定了吊兰(Chlorophytum comosum)在干旱、正常浇水和渍水三种供水条件下叶片的磷脂组成、膜脂和总磷脂的脂肪酸组成,以及磷脂中4种主要组分PG、PE、PC和PI的脂肪酸组成,观察到干旱使磷脂中PE的相对含量增加,PE脂肪酸中16:0明显减少,而膜脂,总磷脂和PC、PI中饱和脂肪酸增加,但PG脂肪酸组成变化很小。     

细菌聚羟基脂肪酸酯检测方法研究进展

细菌聚羟基脂肪酸酯(polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHAs）是存在于许多细菌细胞内的聚合物,是一种新型的生物材料,在生态研究中可作为营养指标。回顾有关PHAs的研究方法的同时介绍用FT-IR技术从细胞水平快速定性和定量分析细菌PHAs。     

PMA-qPCR法检测冷冻基质中非可培养状态(VBNC)副溶血性弧菌

【背景】副溶血性弧菌为冰鲜产品及肉制品中常见的污染微生物,致病性强,危害严重,出入境运输及加工的肉食品常采取冷冻冷藏的处理手段来防止微生物污染及生长,以保持食物新鲜。而残留的部分副溶血性弧菌会进入活的非可培养状态(Viable but non-culturable state,VBNC),从而构成潜在的风险隐患。【目的】建立可用于冷冻食品中VBNC副溶血性弧菌的快速检测方法,并探讨其适用性。【方法】将大西洋鲑鱼1:10匀浆,加入终浓度为6.6×10~5 CFU/mL的副溶血性弧菌,-20°C分别诱导10、20、30和50 d。建立实时荧光PCR技术(qPCR)方法,测定其特异性、灵敏度及稳定性。利用PMA-qPCR法对不同冷冻时期样品中的副溶血性弧菌进行检测,同时与qPCR、平板培养法进行比较。【结果】建立的qPCR方法特异性好,与其他阴性参考株无交叉反应;灵敏度高,检测限为19.8 CFU/mL;重复性好,C_q值的变异系数(CV)均在1.5%以下;标准曲线为y=-3.272x+45.310,线性回归系数R~2为0.996,定量范围为1×10~2–1×10~9 CFU/mL。在低温诱导10-50 d后,qPCR法的C_q值在26.32-27.34之间,与诱导前相比几乎没有变化;叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)-qPCR法的C_q值则从诱导前的26.43逐步上升到38.84,呈现明显的上升趋势,表明死菌的数量在显著上升。经过比较及统计,PMA-qPCR检测的活菌数均高于平板培养法测出的数量,差异显著(P0.05)。【结论】PMA-qPCR特异性及灵敏度高,能有效抑制对死菌的扩增,同时能克服传统平板培养法对VBNC的漏检缺陷,可方便、快捷地用于冷冻食品中受损致病微生物,尤其是进入VBNC状态的细菌检测。     

Bacteria Associated with Toxic Clonal Cultures of the Dinoflagellate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ostreopsis lenticularis</Emphasis>

The marine toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis lenticularis has been implicated as the major vector in ciguatera seafood poisoning on the southwest coast of Puerto Rico. Studies have demonstrated that associated bacteria play a role in the ciguatoxin production and that different clonal cultures of O. lenticularis harbor different culturable bacteria. In this study, more than 125 associated bacteria from two toxic clonal cultures of O. lenticularis (no. 302 and no. 303) were analyzed utilizing polymerase chain reaction amplification of the partial small subunit ribosomal DNA (rRNA), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing. Approximately 50% of total bacteria identified in both cultures were a single species belonging to the Cytophaga-Flavobacter-Bacteroides complex. This bacterium was also found in six new O. lenticularis clonal cultures established 10 years after the original cultures used in this study and absent from a clonal culture of a different dinoflagellate species. The data presented here indicate a persistent and apparently specific association of this bacterium with O. lenticularis, which makes it a candidate involved in ciguatoxin production.     

VBNC细菌荧光观察技术问题分析及对策

以SYTO-9和PI两种荧光染料对细菌进行核染,以市售的黑色钢笔墨水替代伊拉克黑,利用手动压片方式对标本进行固定,自建一种"活的非可培养状态"(VBNC)细菌荧光显微镜观察技术。通过总结分析该项技术方法在应用过程中所出现的问题,如存在背景荧光、菌体聚集、荧光图像模糊、滤膜吸附能力差、菌体形态不鲜明、菌体荧光减淡等,并提出相应的解决策略,旨在给予相关研究者以帮助和启迪。     

基于EMA-qPCR的茄科青枯菌活体检测技术的建立

【目的】利用特异性核酸染料叠氮溴乙锭(Ethidium monoazide bromide, EMA)与实时荧光定量PCR技术相结合, 建立一种能有效区分青枯菌死活细胞的检测方法。【方法】样品DNA制备前经EMA渗透预处理, 再进行实时荧光定量PCR特异扩增菌体DNA。【结果】终浓度为2.0 mg/L的EMA能有效排除1.0×107 CFU/mL灭活青枯菌细胞DNA的扩增, 对活细胞和不可培养状态(Viable but non-culturable, VBNC)活菌的DNA扩增均没有影响。当每个定量PCR反应体系中的活细胞在5.0×100?5.0×104 CFU范围内时, 扩增Ct值与定量PCR反应体系中活细胞CFU对数值呈良好的负相关性(R2=0.992 5)。比较EMA-qPCR法和平板计数法对经过不同温度短期保存的青枯菌检测结果发现, 待检样品可在24 °C与4 °C冷藏条件下短期保存。【结论】本研究建立的EMA-qPCR方法能有效检测青枯菌VBNC细胞和有效区分死活菌, 避免或减少青枯菌PCR检测的假阳性和假阴性。     

多不饱和脂肪酸对细胞膜功能影响的研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸是细胞膜磷脂的重要组成成份,影响细胞膜的稳定性.它具有广泛的生物学功能,包括细胞内信号传导通路、基因表达和细胞凋亡的调控等.主要从细胞膜脂质的组成,细胞膜的流动性及膜脂质过氧化等方面对多不饱和脂肪酸对细胞膜功能的影响进行了综述.     

Abnormality of Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Erythrocyte Membrane Sphingomyelin from Patients with Adrenoleukodystrophy

Abstract: We have devised an analytical method for the determination of fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane sphingomyelin by chemical ionization mass spectrometry combined with capillary column gas-liquid chromatography. Fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane sphingomyelin from 8 patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and 16 healthy controls were examined by this method. The ratio of hexacosanoic acid (C_26.0) to docosanoic acid (C_22:0) in erythrocyte membrane sphingomyelin from ALD patients was 2.6-fold higher than that of the controls. This result suggests that biochemical diagnosis of ALD is possible by the analysis of fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane sphingomyelin. Furthermore, it demonstrates that biochemical abnormality in ALD is the generalized abnormal metabolism of very long-chain saturated fatty acids.     

Changes in Unsaturated Levels of Fatty Acids in Thylakoid PSII Membrane Lipids During Chilling-induced Resistance in Rice

Temperature is one of the abiotic factors limiting growth and productivity of plants. In the present work, the effect of low non‐freezing temperature, as an inducer of “chilling resistance”, was studied in three cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.), japonica cv. 9516 (j‐9516), the two parental lines of superhigh‐yield hybrid rice between subspecies, Peiai/E32 (ji‐PE), and the traditional indica hybrid rice Shanyou 63 (i‐SY63). Leaves of chill‐treated rice showed chilling‐induced resistance, as an increase of their low‐temperature tolerance was measured using chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, revealing a change in photosystem II (PSII) efficiency. After 5 d of exposure to 11°C under low light (100 μmol m^‐2 s^‐1), levels of unsaturated fatty acids in PSII thylakoid membrane lipids decreased during the initial 1‐2 d, then increased slowly and reached 99.2%, 95.3% and 90.1% of the initial value (0 d) in j‐9516, ji‐PE and i‐SY63, respectively, on the fifth day. However, under medium light (600 μmol m^‐2 s^‐1), all cultivars experienced similar substantial photoinhibition, which approached steady state levels after a decline in levels of unsaturated fatty acids in PSII thylakoid membrane lipids to about 57.1%, 53.8% and 44.5% of the initial values (0 d) in j‐9516, ji‐PE and I‐SY63 on the fifth day. Under either chilling‐induced resistance (the former) or low temperature photoinhibition (the latter) conditions, the changes of other physiological parameters such as D1 protein contents, electron transport activities of PSII (ETA), F_v/F_m, xanthophyl cycle activities expressed by DES (deepoxide state) were consistent with that of levels of unsaturated fatty acids in PSII thylakoid membrane lipids. So there were negative correlations between saturated levels of fatty acids (16:1(3t), 16:0, 18:0), especially the 16:1(3t) fatty acid on thylakoid membrane and other physiological parameters, such as D1 protein contents, ETA and (A+Z)/(A+V+Z). A specific role of desaturation of fatty acids and the photoprotective pigments of the xanthophyl cycle, leading to an acclimation response in thylakoid membrane lipids may be involved. We conclude that chilling‐induced resistance is accelerated by the unsaturation of thylakoid membranes, and the ability of rice plants to cold‐harden can be enhanced by genetic engineering.