辐射增敏剂增敏活性的分子连接性研究

计算４２个辐射增敏剂的各阶分子连接性指数ｍＸｔ及△ｍＸｔ,并对其中３８个非对称性化合物的分子连接性指数与其增敏活性进行定量构效关系（ＱｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｒｅＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅＡｃｔｉｖｉｔｙＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ,ＱＳＡＲ）的研究,得到相关方程。并分析了影响增敏活性的１ｇＰ、ＥＳ及σ在一定程度上都可通过分子连接性指数表达出来。对这些增敏剂进行分子对称性的研究,发现对称性会降低分子的极性,进而降低其增敏活性。另外,还发现在这些增敏剂中存在亚类现象,并对各亚类的反应机理进行了探讨。     

黄酮类醛糖还原酶抑制剂的三维定量构效关系研究

目的：建立黄酮类化合物抑制剂活性的三维定量构效关系模型,为进一步进行黄酮类醛糖还原酶抑制剂（ARI）的活性与三维结构关系的研究提供重要依据。方法：采用比较分子力场分析法（CoMFA）和比较分子相似性指数分析法（CoMSIA）,系统研究了75个新型ARI的三维定量构效关系。结果：CoMFA和CoMSIA模型的交互验证相关系数q^2值分别为0.603和0．706、非交互验证相关系数r2值分别为0.956和0.900。结论：CoMFA和CoMSIA模型均具有较强的预测能力,CoMFA和CoMSIA模型的三维等值线图直观地解释了化合物的构效关系,阐明了化合物结构中各位置取代基对黄酮类醛糖还原酶抑制剂活性的影响,为进一步结构优化提供了重要理论依据。     

萜类驱避化合物与引诱物三分子缔合的计算研究

【目的】目前驱避剂的作用机理研究还不理想,本研究从单个萜类驱避化合物分子与不同种类引诱气味分子同时相互缔合的角度入手,通过理论计算探究该缔合与蚊虫驱避作用的关系,从而为驱避作用机理研究提供新认识。【方法】利用Gaussian View 4.1和Gaussian 03W软件构建和优化萜类驱避化合物单体、单体与引诱物L-乳酸及氨分子同时缔合后三分子缔合体的结构,获得其最低能量结构和缔合能;通过程序Ampac 8.16将前述结构导入到程序Codessa 2.7.10,计算各类结构描述符;再利用Codessa 2.7.10的启发式方法得到一系列缔合体结构描述符与驱避活性之间的定量关系模型,并通过转折点确定、模型验证后确定最佳定量关系计算模型。【结果】三分子缔合的缔合能基本上在20~50 kJ/mol的范围,所得最佳三参数定量计算模型的R²值为0.9098,包含的3个结构描述符分别是三分子缔合体的maximum nucleophilic reactivity index for a C atom,topographic electronic index (all bonds) ［Zefirov’s PC］和exchange energy + e-e repulsion for a H-O bond。【结论】萜类驱避化合物分子可同时与2个不同种类的引诱物分子发生缔合作用,该缔合作用符合氢键的能量基本特征;缔合体的碳原子最大原子核反应指数、所有键的拓扑电子指数、氢氧键电子间交换互斥能对驱避活性影响显著。这些结果初步说明萜类驱避化合物与引诱物三分子缔合作用确实存在,且该缔合作用对驱避活性具有显著影响,这为驱避机理的研究提供了新的理论依据。     

根据分子连接性指数和基团校正因子预测有机化合物在鱼体中的生物富集因子

研究了２３９种有机化合物的ＢＣＦ预测模型,结果显示根据分子连接性指数（ＭＣＩ）的线性模型不能准确计算及极性化合物的ＢＣＦ,也不适用于超疏水性化合物,在模型中引入基团校正因子后,极性经合物的计算误差明显降低。对数据进行曲线拟合,所得模型的估算精度进一步提高,最终确定以（＾０ｘ＾ｖ）＾２、（＾２ｘ＾ｖ）＾１／２、＾２ｘ、＾３ｘｃ、＾０ｘ＾ｖ及ＯＨ、ＮＨ２、ＮＯ２、ＮＣＯＯ等１０个基团校正团子为参数建立     

黄酮化合物色谱保留时间与其三维结构的关系研究

利用比较分子相似性指数分析（CoMSIA）方法,结合黄酮类化合物含有较多羟基、易形成较强分子内氢键的特点,建立了黄酮类化合物色谱保留时间与其三维结构的关系模型,以探讨黄酮类化合物色谱保留时间预测的新方法。模型交叉验证相关系数q2值为0．705,非交叉验证相关系数r2为0．981,表明模型具有较好的预测能力。该研究结果对进一步开展黄酮类化合物液相色谱保留参数与三维结构关系的研究提供了思路和方法。     

降水与土壤水混合过程的生态水文分离现象及其研究进展

以往通常假设降水与土壤水完全混合后形成径流,而基于δD-δ¹⁸O关系研究表明,降水与土壤水混合存在生态水文分离现象,即土壤水可分为由土壤无效水和可供植物吸收的有效水构成的束缚水及自由移动形成径流的自由水,且两个水库间存在着部分混合即连接性.本研究系统阐述了“生态水文分离”的概念及其内涵,描述了降水与土壤水的混合过程以及两个水库δD和δ¹⁸O的特征与关系,总结了土壤水、束缚水及自由水δD和δ¹⁸O直接观测及替代观测方法的优缺点,并阐明了径流小区及流域尺度上基于直接及替代观测方法的土壤束缚水与自由水完全分离及连接性的定性研究进展,同时阐明了基于模型和控制试验的土壤束缚水与自由水完全分离及连接性的定量研究进展,并指出应加强生态水文分离过程的定性及定量方法以及对传统生态水文模型的影响和改进研究.     

用分子轨道法探讨油田废水中取代苯系物的毒性效应

采用半经验的分子轨道AM1方法中的MOPAC软件包计算了55种在油田废水中易于检出的取代苯系物的分子轨道能（EHOMO,ELUMO,ENHOMO,ENLUMO）、分子生成熟（△H^f0)和偶极矩（μ）等量化参数,结合一阶价分子连接性指数（^1X^V)和正辛醇／水分配系数(logP)与实验所得发光菌的半数活性浓度（EC50）成功建立了多参数定量－结构活性关系模式,在分类建模的基础上,又获得了仅包含1^X^V和EHOMO两个参数的55种取代苯系物的定量结构－活性相关模式,探讨了不同取代基的毒性作用机制,结果表明,量化参数与物化参数结合能够很好地预测油田废水中具有不同取代基团的取代苯系物的生物活性,预测模式中量子化学参数的出现有利于深入探讨油田废水中有机污染物的毒性效应。     

2,4-二氨基喹唑啉衍生物的抑菌活性研究

喹唑啉衍生物具有广泛的生物活性,包括抗菌活性。为发现此类化合物中具有潜在抑菌活性的化合物,本研究考察了15种带有哌嗪二硫代甲酸酯侧链的2,4-二氨基喹唑啉衍生物7a~7o的抑菌活性。首先采用分子对接方法对底物与酶的结合能进行预测,并用标准2倍稀释法测定这15种化合物对多重耐药大肠埃希菌的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)。结果表明,15种化合物与阳性对照相比均具有较好的抑菌活性。化合物7a、7g和7k具有明显的抑菌活性,其MIC均≤1mg/mL。进一步采用高效毛细管电泳筛选模型对7a、7g和7k进行分子水平抑菌实验,分别测定其抑制率与半数抑制浓度(half inhibitory concentration,IC50),发现化合物7k具有最佳抑制活性(IC_(50)为4.97×10~(-2) mg/mL)。此外,对15种化合物抑菌活性构效关系的研究表明,苯环上连有吸电子基团的哌嗪二硫代甲酸酯侧链对抑菌活性有贡献。这一研究有望为抑菌药物的研发提供有效的先导化合物。     

酰胺类蚊虫驱避化合物与引诱物氨分子缔合作用的计算

【目的】为了探究驱避机理,此前选择萜类驱避化合物及与DEET(避蚊胺)具有类似结构的酰胺类驱避化合物,开展了驱避化合物与引诱气味组分(L-乳酸、羧酸等)缔合作用对驱避活性影响的研究。为了扩大驱避化合物的类型,本研究选择另外一组43个酰胺类驱避化合物,计算了它们与蚊虫引诱物氨之间的双分子缔合作用,以及该缔合作用对驱避活性的影响,从而为驱避机理研究提供帮助。【方法】用Gaussian 03软件优化驱避化合物单体和双分子缔合体的三维结构式;通过Ampac和Codessa软件建立结构与驱避活性之间的定量构效关系模型。【结果】驱避化合物与氨分子的缔合距离、角度和缔合能量分别是2.2~3.0,128~180°和14~25 k J/mol;最佳四参数模型中R2为0.8987,其中2个参数来自驱避化合物单体,分别是(1/6)X GAMMA polarizability(DIP)和ESPminimum net atomic charge for an H atom,另外2个参数来自双分子缔合体,分别是ESP-DPSA-2 difference in CPSAs(PPSA2-PNSA2)[Quantum-Chemical PC]和Minimum valency of a C atom。模型检验中训练集和测试集的相关系数平方的平均值分别为0.9013和0.8666。【结论】驱避化合物与氨分子之间存在弱氢键力缔合作用,驱避化合物分子的极化度及其与氨分子之间的极性相互作用、缔合体中分子间键相互作用及其电荷分布均对驱避活性产生显著影响,说明双分子缔合对驱避活性具有显著影响。模型检验表明最佳四参数模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力。本研究可为寻找新型蚊虫驱避剂和揭示蚊虫驱避剂的作用机理提供参考。     

黄绿绿僵菌Mf82悬乳剂对褐飞虱作用的时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析

为了寻找褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens生物防治的新途径,用新分离出的黄绿绿僵菌Metarhiziumflavoviride(Mf82)菌株与实验室保存的黄绿绿僵菌、金龟子绿僵菌和球孢白僵菌3种菌种9个菌株作对比,测定了它们对褐飞虱成虫的毒力。结果表明:Mf82菌株对褐飞虱成虫的毒力最高,以1.0×108个孢子/mL的孢子液喷雾接种到褐飞虱成虫体表上,累积死亡率高达81.7%,LT50为4.6d,致病效果显著高于其他受测菌株。在此基础上研制了黄绿绿僵菌悬乳剂,并研究了其对褐飞虱的致病力。结果表明:随着黄绿绿僵菌浓度的增加,褐飞虱的累计死亡率增加,在浓度为1,048个孢子/mm2时,累计死亡率达到85.0%。利用时间-剂量-死亡率模型对数据进行处理,所建模型均顺利通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,表明模型拟合良好,并由模型估计出了该剂型对褐飞虱的致死剂量与致死时间。在接种后第7天和第9天,LC50值分别为2.1×103、9.9×102个孢子/mm2,LC90分别为7.8×104、3.7×104个孢子/mm2。黄绿绿僵菌悬乳剂对褐飞虱的致死时间与对数剂量相关,供试菌剂LT50值随着对数剂量的增加而递减,对数剂量由7.0增加到8.0时,LT50由8.9d降为5.7d。可见该黄绿绿僵菌悬乳剂对褐飞虱具有较强的毒力,在褐飞虱生物防治中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Inferring anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) class of drugs using shortest path and random walk with restart algorithms

The anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification system is a widely accepted drug classification scheme. This system comprises five levels and includes several classes in each level. Drugs are classified into classes according to their therapeutic effects and characteristics. The first level includes 14 main classes. In this study, we proposed two network-based models to infer novel potential chemicals deemed to belong in the first level of ATC classification. To build these models, two large chemical networks were constructed using the chemical–chemical interaction information retrieved from the Search Tool for Interactions of Chemicals (STITCH). Two classic network algorithms, shortest path (SP) and random walk with restart (RWR) algorithms, were executed on the corresponding network to mine novel chemicals for each ATC class using the validated drugs in a class as seed nodes. Then, the obtained chemicals yielded by these two algorithms were further evaluated by a permutation test and an association test. The former can exclude chemicals produced by the structure of the network, i.e., false positive discoveries. By contrast, the latter identifies the most important chemicals that have strong associations with the ATC class. Comparisons indicated that the two models can provide quite dissimilar results, suggesting that the results yielded by one model can be essential supplements for those obtained by the other model. In addition, several representative inferred chemicals were analyzed to confirm the reliability of the results generated by the two models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Accelerating Precision Medicine through Genetic and Genomic Big Data Analysis edited by Yudong Cai & Tao Huang.     

Connectivity Features for Identifying Cognitive Impairment in Presymptomatic Carotid Stenosis

Severe asymptomatic stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) leads to increased incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) likely through silent embolic infarcts and/or chronic hypoperfusion, but the brain dysfunction is poorly understood and difficult to diagnose. Thirty cognitively intact subjects with asymptomatic, severe (≧70%), unilateral stenosis of the ICA were compared with 30 healthy controls, matched for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors and education level, on a battery of neuropsychiatric tests, voxel-based morphometry of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging and brain-wise, seed-based analysis of resting-state functional MRI. Multivariate regression models and multivariate pattern classification (support vector machines) were computed to assess the relationship between connectivity measures and neurocognitive performance. The patients had worse dizziness scores and poorer verbal memory, executive function and complex visuo-spatial performance than controls. Twelve out of the 30 patients (40%) were considered to have MCI. Nonetheless, the leukoaraiosis Sheltens scores, hippocampal and brain volumes were not different between groups. Their whole-brain mean fractional anisotropy (FA) was significantly reduced and regional functional connectivity (Fc) was significantly impaired in the dorsal attention network (DAN), frontoparietal network, sensorimotor network and default mode network. In particular, the Fc strength at the insula of the DAN and the mean FA were linearly related with attention performance and dizziness severity, respectively. The multivariate pattern classification gave over 90% predictive accuracy of individuals with MCI or severe dizziness. Cognitive decline in stroke-free individuals with severe carotid stenosis may arise from nonselective widespread disconnections of long-range, predominantly interhemispheric non-hippocampal pathways. Connectivity measures may serve as both predictors for cases at risk and therapeutic targets for mitigating vascular cognitive impairment.     

Validation and implications of a growth model for brown trout, Salmo trutta, using long-term data from a small stream in north-west England

Summary 1. The objectives were: (i) to check the validity of a new growth model; (ii) to examine the relationship between population density and both mean mass and mean growth rate and (iii) to discover if compensatory growth occurred. First (0+) and second (1+) year‐old juvenile sea‐trout were sampled by electrofishing at the beginning and end of the summer from 1967 to 2000. Additional samples were taken in some years in winter and in the critical period for survival when the fry first emerge from the gravel. The trout left the stream as pre‐smolts in May, soon after their second birthday. 2. A growth model ( Elliott, Hurley & Fryer, 1995 ) estimated the mean mass of the trout over the 2 years spent in fresh water. The date and mean mass at the start of the growth period were defined as the median date for fry emerging from the gravel and their mean mass at emergence, both being estimated from individual‐based models ( Elliott & Hurley, 1998a, b ). 3. The variation in mean mass among year‐classes was small for newly‐emerged fry (CV = 6.2%), maximum at the start of the first summer of the life cycle (CV = 38.1%), and then decreased gradually for successive life‐stages to a low value for pre‐smolts (CV = 10.8%). Mean mass was not related to population density and, therefore, mean growth rate was density‐independent. Growth in the first, but not the second, winter of the life cycle was lower than model prediction, but when it was assumed in the model that there was no first‐winter growth, there was good agreement in most year‐classes between model estimated values and observed mean mass. Exceptions were that mean masses and growth rates for 0+ trout after four summer droughts were lower than expected, but compensatory growth followed, so that observed and expected masses were similar for 1+ trout. 4. Pre‐smolt mean mass on 30 April measured total growth achieved in the freshwater phase of the life cycle. This was significantly related to mean mass at the end of the first and second summers of the life cycle, but not to the emergence date and mean mass of emerging fry. 5. These juvenile sea‐trout were growing at their maximum potential in most year‐classes but when this was not achieved, compensatory growth soon restored their mass to values expected from the model. This ensured a low variation in the mean mass of pre‐smolts just before they migrated to the sea. However, the latter mass was higher in more recent year‐classes (1987–98) than in previous ones (1967–86), demonstrating the effect of slightly higher stream temperature. This study has shown the importance of developing realistic growth models in order to detect departure from maximum potential growth, and the more subtle effects of temperature change, possibly due to the effects of climate change.     

Frequency- and density-dependent selection on a quantitative character

The equilibrium distribution of a quantitative character subject to frequency- and density-dependent selection is found under different assumptions about the genetical basis of the character that lead to a normal distribution in a population. Three types of models are considered: (1) one-locus models, in which a single locus has an additive effect on the character, (2) continuous genotype models, in which one locus or several loci contribute additively to a character, and there is an effectively infinite range of values of the genotypic contributions from each locus, and (3) correlation models, in which the mean and variance of the character can change only through selection at modifier loci. It is shown that the second and third models lead to the same equilibrium values of the total population size and the mean and variance of the character. One-locus models lead to different equilibrium values because of constraints on the relationship between the mean and variance imposed by the assumptions of those models.——The main conclusion is that, at the equilibrium reached under frequency- and density-dependent selection, the distribution of a normally distributed quantitative character does not depend on the underlying genetic model as long as the model imposes no constraints on the mean and variance.     

Genetic evaluation and selection response for growth in meat-type quail through random regression models using B-spline functions and Legendre polynomials

The objective was to estimate (co)variance functions using random regression models (RRM) with Legendre polynomials, B-spline function and multi-trait models aimed at evaluating genetic parameters of growth traits in meat-type quail. A database containing the complete pedigree information of 7000 meat-type quail was utilized. The models included the fixed effects of contemporary group and generation. Direct additive genetic and permanent environmental effects, considered as random, were modeled using B-spline functions considering quadratic and cubic polynomials for each individual segment, and Legendre polynomials for age. Residual variances were grouped in four age classes. Direct additive genetic and permanent environmental effects were modeled using 2 to 4 segments and were modeled by Legendre polynomial with orders of fit ranging from 2 to 4. The model with quadratic B-spline adjustment, using four segments for direct additive genetic and permanent environmental effects, was the most appropriate and parsimonious to describe the covariance structure of the data. The RRM using Legendre polynomials presented an underestimation of the residual variance. Lesser heritability estimates were observed for multi-trait models in comparison with RRM for the evaluated ages. In general, the genetic correlations between measures of BW from hatching to 35 days of age decreased as the range between the evaluated ages increased. Genetic trend for BW was positive and significant along the selection generations. The genetic response to selection for BW in the evaluated ages presented greater values for RRM compared with multi-trait models. In summary, RRM using B-spline functions with four residual variance classes and segments were the best fit for genetic evaluation of growth traits in meat-type quail. In conclusion, RRM should be considered in genetic evaluation of breeding programs.     

Methodology and Accuracy of Estimation of Quantitative Trait Loci Parameters in a Half-Sib Design Using Maximum Likelihood

Maximum likelihood methods were developed for estimation of the six parameters relating to a marker-linked quantitative trait locus (QTL) segregating in a half-sib design, namely the QTL additive effect, the QTL dominance effect, the population mean, recombination between the marker and the QTL, the population frequency of the QTL alleles, and the within-family residual variance. The method was tested on simulated stochastic data with various family structures under two genetic models. A method for predicting the expected value of the likelihood was also derived and used to predict the lower bound sampling errors of the parameter estimates and the correlations between them. It was found that standard errors and confidence intervals were smallest for the population mean and variance, intermediate for QTL effects and allele frequency, and highest for recombination rate. Correlations among standard errors of the parameter estimates were generally low except for a strong negative correlation (r = -0.9) between the QTL's dominance effect and the population mean, and medium positive and negative correlations between the QTL's additive effect and, respectively, recombination rate (r = 0.5) and residual variance (r = -0.6). The implications for experimental design and method of analysis on power and accuracy of marker-QTL linkage experiments were discussed.     

Sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes exposed during Go to four classes of DNA-damaging chemicals.

Human lymphocytes were treated prior to mitogenic stimulation with varying concentrations of 6 cytostatic drugs representing 4 classes of DNA-damaging chemicals. Afterwards the cells were washed to remove residual chemical and cultured in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine for analysis of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). A dose-related increase in SCEs was observed in cells exposed during Go to the alkylating chemicals mitomycin C, chlorambucil, and thiotepa, while significant increases in SCEs were not noted in cultures exposed to methotrexate, cytarabine, or bleomycin. These findings suggest that not all classes of clatogenic chemicals which induce SCEs in proliferative cells substituted with BUdR are capable of inducing long-lived lesions in the DNA of Go lymphocytes that can lead to SCE formation.