Potential novel hosts for the lily leaf beetle Lilioceris lilii Scopoli (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in eastern North America

Abstract.  1. Introduced insects often incorporate native plants into their diets and might be expected to show a predilection for novel hosts that are phylogenetically related to their normal hosts. The lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an introduced pest of cultivated lilies. Oviposition behaviour, larval behaviour, and development of L. lilii was examined on a range of potential host plants, as well as on the normal host, Asiatic hybrid lilies Lilium sp.
2. Neonate larval feeding behaviour was quantified on 15 food plant species: 10 from the Liliales, three from the Asparagales and two eudicots. Larvae fed plants closely related to the genus Lilium were more likely to initiate feeding, less likely to abandon their food leaf, and consumed more leaf area.
3. In no-choice tests, females oviposited on the novel hosts Lilium philadelphicum , Medeola virginiana , Clintonia borealis , Streptopus amplexifolius , and Polygonatum biflorum ; however, all but L. philadelphicum received very few eggs. Non- Lilium novel hosts were not used for oviposition when presented along with Asiatic lilies in choice tests.
4. A single individual was reared to the adult stage on the novel host S. amplexifolius . Several larvae survived to the pupal stage on M. virginiana , although no adults emerged from those pupae. Larvae reared on the native wood lily L. philadelphicum performed equally well or better than on the Asiatic cultivar.
5. Our results indicate that the lily leaf beetle poses a threat to native Liliaceae. Several native Lilium species, including L. philadelphicum , are threatened or endangered in certain jurisdictions throughout their range; these species should be monitored closely for colonisation by the beetle.     

Invasion of American native lily populations by an alien beetle

The lily leaf beetle (Lilioceris lilii), indigenous to Eurasia, was first detected in North America on the island of Montréal, Québec, Canada in 1943. Populations remained limited to the original site of introduction but since 1978 the distribution of this species has expanded in all directions. To date L. lilii has only been recorded feeding on cultivated lilies in urban and rural areas. But as the beetle spreads its geographic range it could encounter native lily species. The objectives of this study were to determine the suitability of two indigenous North American lily species (Lilium canadense and L. philadelphicum) as host for L. lilii, and to assess the degree of infestation of wild lily populations. Measurement of fitness parameters under laboratory conditions (survival, development time, size) indicated that L. lilii has the capacity to develop on both species of native lilies. In the provinces of Québec and Ontario eight of the 20 wild populations of L. canadense sampled were infested. In contrast, L. philadelphicum was not attacked by the alien beetle. A number of native lilies are already endangered in North America, so there is an urgent necessity to address the ecological impact of L. lilii in natural ecosystems.     

三种百合鳞茎提取物的抑菌作用

采用纸片琼脂扩散法测定了宜昌百合、岷江百合及兰州百合鳞茎甲醇提取物对革兰氏阳性细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌)和革兰氏阴性细菌(大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌)的抑制活性,并对3种百合鳞茎提取物的含量与抑菌活性进行了剂量-效应关系分析。结果表明:3种百合鳞茎提取物对4种细菌均具有抑制活性,对革兰氏阳性细菌的抑菌活性高于对革兰氏阴性细菌的抑菌活性,且宜昌百合和岷江百合两种野生百合鳞茎提取物的抑菌活性均高于普通食用的兰州百合;3种百合鳞茎提取物的含量与抑菌活性之间存在明显的剂量-效应关系,即随着提取物含量的升高,抑菌活性明显升高。     

岷江流域王百合和通江百合多酚氧化酶同功酶的研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳技术,对岷江流域王百合3个采样点的14个样品和通江百合4个采样点的4个样品的多酚氧化酶(PPO)同功酶进行了研究。结果表明,两种百合的多酚氧化酶在种间和种内均有一定差异。酶谱的聚类分析在遗传相似系数约0.5处,将两种百合18个样品分成5个类群,其中王百合的13个样品聚成了4类,样品12则与通江百合的4个样品聚成了1类;5个类群在外部形态上也呈现出相似性。     

12种百合主要营养成分和活性成分的分析评价

为了探讨百合营养品质综合评价中的主要影响因子,选育赏药食兼用的新品种百合,本文比较研究测定了12个百合种/品种鳞茎的营养成分、活性物质和氨基酸组成,通过主成分分析法综合评价百合营养品质特征。结果表明,12个百合种/品种鳞茎以多酚和生物碱两个活性物质指标含量变异系数大,膳食纤维、氨基酸等指标含量差异相对较小。品质指标转化数据经主成分分析,被提取的前4个主成分累积方差贡献率达90. 229%,影响百合综合营养品质评价的次序依次为:功能因子、营养因子和碳水化合物因子。经综合评价,岷江百合、宜昌百合和‘塞拉达’营养品质评分最高,传统食用百合龙牙百合和兰州百合(平陆)营养品质也较好。该研究基于营养成分、活性物质和氨基酸组成3个方面对12个百合种/品种鳞茎进行了系统评价,为筛选新型赏药食兼用百合、充实和完善百合营养品质评价体系提供参考依据。     

三倍体观赏百合与二倍体食用龙牙百合的杂交分析

为探讨异源三倍体百合与龙牙百合(BB)的杂交亲和性,实现观赏百合与食用百合的种质融合与创新,该研究以三倍体百合Triumphator(LLO)作母本,龙牙百合为父本,采用常规授粉与切柱头授粉,利用基因组荧光原位杂交(GISH)技术分析母本及子代的基因组成.结果 显示:(1)通过常规授粉和切柱头授粉共获得17个发育良好的...     

Aphid-transmitted viruses from lilies in Britain

Three aphid-transmitted viruses, tulip breaking, lily symptomless and cucumber mosaic, were obtained from lilies in Britain. Tulip breaking virus was detected by the leaf mottle produced in Lilium formosanum, cucumber mosaic virus by inoculation of sap to Nicotiana clevelandii and Chenopodium quinoa, and lily symptomless virus by electron microscopy of crude leaf extracts from symptomless L. formosanum. Liiy symptomless virus was transmitted by Myzus persicae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Aulacorthum solani and Aphis fabae. M. persicae, which in a small experiment appeared a more efficient vector than A. fabae, transmitted the virus in a non-persistent manner. This conflicts with the original report of transmission in a persistent manner by A. gossypii but no transmission by M. persicae. The possibility that there are two distinct viruses with similar pathological effects is discussed. Tulip breaking and lily symptomless viruses spread to bait plants of L. formosanum within a field planting of lilies in Scotland especially during July to September; lily symptomless virus was the more prevalent. No spread of cucumber mosaic virus was detected.     

Analysis of the meiosis in the F_1 hybrids of Longiflorum × Asiatic(LA) of lilies(Lilium) using genomic in situ hybridization

Longiflorum and Asiatic lilies of the genus Lilium of the family Liliaceae are two important groups of modern lily cultivars.One of the main trends of lily breeding is to realize introgression between these groups.With cut style pollination and embryo rescue,distant hybrids between the two groups have been obtained.However,the F1 hybrids are highly sterile or some of them could produce a small number of 2n gametes,and their BC1 progenies are usually triploids.Dutch lily breeders have selected many cultivars...     

Effect of Methyl Jasmonate on Morphology and Dormancy Development in Lily Bulblets Regenerated In Vitro

Scales of lily bulbs are swollen petioles. Lily scale fragments cultured in vitro regenerate bulblets consisting of scales that may or may not carry a leaf blade. The bulblets are dormant and require a cold treatment to sprout. We added the gaseous plant growth regulator methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) in the headspace of the tissue-culture container and studied the effect on plantlet morphology (scale/leaf-blade formation) and dormancy development in three lilies, Lilium speciosum “Rubrum No. 10,” L. longiflorum “Snow Queen,” and the Asiatic hybrid “Connecticut King.” Methyl jasmonic acid strongly reduced leaf-blade formation in Lilium longiflorum and Connecticut King. This was a specific effect as scale formation was affected much less. The specific inhibition of leaf-blade formation was not observed in Lilium speciosum. In this lily, high concentrations of methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) inhibited leaf-blade and scale formation to similar extents. Methyl jasmonic acid reduced dormancy development in all three lilies, with the largest effect observed in Connecticut King. In this Asiatic hybrid, almost all bulblets that had regenerated at 300 or 1000 μl l⁻¹ MeJA in the headspace, did not require a dormancy-breaking treatment to achieve sprouting after planting in soil. Previously, it has been found in lily that treatments that reduce leaf-blade formation promote dormancy development. The present findings with MeJA do not agree with this. In the three lilies, the various parameters that were studied—regeneration, scale weight, leaf-blade weight, and dormancy development—were very differently affected by MeJA.     

Cytological Studies of the Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Lilium regale and L. davidii

The distribution and characteristics of plastids and mitochondria in the generative and sperm cells of Lilium regale Wils. and L. davidii Duch. were described. In L. regale there were few plastids and abundant mitochondria in the newly formed generative cell. When the generative cell became free in the vegetative cytoplasm, the plastids degenerated completely within the generative cell. It was further proved by DAPI fluorescent technique that there was no organell DNA in the generative cell within the mature pollen grain or the pollen tube. However, distribution of the plastids was strictly polarizable during the division of the micmspore in L. davidii, resulting the lack of plastids in the newly formed generative cell. Data of RFLP analysis comparable between L. davidii, L. longifiorum and their interspecific hybrid have also proved the plastid inheritance in L. davidii to be of uniparental maternal transmission. Although the mitoehondria were observed both in the generative and sperm cells of L. regale and L. davidii but their DNA was decomposed in the male gametophyte stage. Therefore the mitochondda in the sperm cell could not be transmitted into the offspring. The results provided the detail, cytological evidence that organelles in the microgametophyte are incapable of genetic transmission in the two species of Lilium.     

A trophic cascade in a macrophyte-based food web at the land–water ecotone

Trophic cascades may purportedly be more common in aquatic than terrestrial food webs, but herbivory on freshwater vascular plants has historically been considered low. Water lilies are an exception, suffering severe grazing damage by leaf beetles. To test whether a central prediction of cascade models—that predator effects propagate downwards to plants—operates in a macrophyte-based food web, we experimentally manipulated predation pressure on a key herbivore of water lilies in the littoral zone of a lake in Michigan, USA. Field experiments comprised combinations of caging treatments to alter the number of predators (larvae of the ladybird beetle Coleomegilla maculata) that hunt the grazers of the macrophytes (larvae of the leaf beetles Galerucella nymphaeae) on the leaves of the water lily Nuphar advena. Predatory larvae of the ladybird beetles significantly reduced grazing damage to water-lily leaves by 35–43%. The predators reduced plant damage chiefly via density-mediated effects, when lower densities of grazers translated to significant declines in plant damage. Plant damage caused by the surviving herbivores was less than predicted from individual grazing rates under predator-free conditions. This suggests that trait-mediated effects may possibly also operate in this cascade. The observed strong effect of predators on a non-adjacent trophic level concurs with an essential component of the trophic cascade model, and the cascade occurred at the ecotone between aquatic and terrestrial habitats: Nuphar is an aquatic macrophyte with emergent and floating leaves, whereas both beetle species are semi-terrestrial and use the dry, emergent and floating leaves of the water lily as habitat. Also, the cascade is underpinned by freshwater macrophytes—a group for which trophic processes have often been underappreciated in the past.     

东北地区野生百合数量分类研究

对中国东北地区6种3变种30份野生百合的23个形态性状进行了研究。结果表明,我国东北地区野生百合种质资源的主要数量性状均有明显差异,其中花柱长和叶宽的变异系数较大,分别为59.49%和54.03%。基于形态性状,把30份野生百合聚类并划分为两大类:第1类为茎粗壮、花朵较大的种类,包括卷丹和毛百合;第2类为花朵相对较小的种类,包括有斑百合、大花百合、细叶百合、垂花百合、大花卷丹、东北百合和朝鲜百合。通过主成分分析,前4个主成分代表了形态分化的82.51%,即叶长和宽、外轮花瓣宽、内轮花瓣长和宽、花蕾长、花柱长、花药长8个性状是其形态分化的主要指标。     

秦巴山区及毗邻地区野生百合的形态多样性研究

通过对采集于秦巴山区及其毗邻地区的野生百合形态的详细观察,表明不同种类的野生百合在鳞茎、茎干、叶片及花等器官上具有形态多样性。野百合和宜昌百合同种内不同生态型也存在形态多样性。在宜昌百合上首次发现了黄色花的生态类型。此区域内野生百合丰富的形态多样性,为进一步开发利用这些种质资源奠定了基础。     

Genetic diversity and structure analyses on the natural populations of diploids and triploids of tiger lily, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lilium lancifolium</Emphasis> Thunb., from Korea,China, and Japan

Tiger lily, Lilium lancifolium Thumb. is an endemic species in Korea. Genetic structure and diversity of diploid and triploid tiger lily accessions were analyzed using SSRP and IRAP molecular markers. All genetic indices analyzed showed that the diploids hold higher genetic variations compared to the triploids which were collected from Korea, China, and Japan. All variations found in triploids were also found in diploids to support the autotriploidy of L. lancifolium. It was also revealed that the triploid populations have experienced population regrowth from small population after population bottleneck. The population and phylogenetic analyses showed that analyzed tiger lilies were partitioned into three populations, Pop 1 from West Sea of Korean Peninsula, Pop 2 from South Sea of Korean Peninsula and Pop 3 of triploids in which many accessions of West Sea and South Sea were admixed in each partitioned group. Although the level of population differentiation is not extensive, F_ST analysis revealed some level of differentiation among the three populations. The analyses of genetic structure and phylogenetic dendrogram revealed admixture in some accessions among populations. All the results obtained in our analyses imply that autotriploid tiger lilies were originated from a small number of accessions of diploid L. lancifolium.     

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of Easter lily in the northwestern United States

The vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi of commercially grown Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) were studied. Soil and root samples were collected monthly from March through September 1975 from five fields in the coastal area of southern Oregon and northern California. Soil seivings were inoculated onto clover, onion, and lily to cause infections resulting in the production of many new mycorrhizal spores facilitating identification. Four VA mycorrhizal species were found: Acaulospora trappei, A. elegans, Glomus monosporus, and G. fasciculatus. All four VA species infected Easter lily, clover, and onion. Acaulospora trappei and G. fasciculatus were the most commonly isolated species from all five fields. Mycorrhizal infections in roots of field-grown lilies were sparse and presumably young in March and gradually increased in size and number until September when bulbs were harvested. Over 75% of each root system became infected with mycorrhizae in fields with all four fungal species, and those levels were reached by July. In fields with only two mycorrhizal species, usually 50% or less of each root system was infected, even by the end of the growing season.     

The effects of crop development upon slug distribution and control by Abax parallelepipedus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

The polyphagous carabid beetle Abax parallelepipedus has been shown to be capable of controlling slugs within a lettuce crop in previous studies. This report describes experiments undertaken in plots within a polythene tunnel. Field slugs, Deroceras reticulatum, were introduced to plots containing either large or small lettuce plants, at 30 slugs per plot. The plots were further subdivided into those with or without six beetle predators. Slug numbers were assessed after two weeks, and were found to be affected by plant size, both with and without the presence of predators. These two factors had an additive effect, with both small plant size and the presence of beetles causing significant reductions in slug numbers. Plots with beetles contained either males or females, and females were shown to be significantly better at reducing slug numbers than males, particularly within plots of small plants. The four principal treatments (combinations of two plant sizes and the presence/absence of beetles) generated four distinct patterns of slug distribution within the plots. The potential of the residual slug populations to inflict further damage was measured in a subsequent crop of seedling lettuces. It appeared that the beetles were generally incapable of capturing slugs within large lettuce plants, but were effective predators at soil level. Possible reasons for the survival of fewer slugs in plots with small plants, both with and without the presence of predators, are discussed.     

Carotenoids of the lily beetle (Lilioceris lilii) and of its food plant (Lilium hansonii)

Six carotenoids were identified in the leaves of Lilium hansonii, and of these, only two, namely β-carotene and 5,6-monoepoxy-β-carotene were found in the lily beetle. Further, 4-OH, 4,4¹-di-OH, and keto-carotenoids were found either in the larvae or in the adults of the beetle. As these were not found in its food plant, the insect must have been able to convert ingested carotenoids into these compounds. The presence of isozeaxanthin and absence of cantaxanthin in the larvae while both compounds were found in the adults suggest a precursor-product relationship. This is in agreement with possible pathways leading to the formation of keto-carotenoids.     

Adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf explants and stem nodes of Lilium

A method for the regeneration of lily plantlets (Lilium spp.) through different morphogenic pathways is described. Plant regeneration was obtained from in vitro cultured leaves of four lily hybrids, cultured on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium supplemented with cytokinins (TDZ and BA) and auxins (NAA and IBA) at different concentrations. Direct shoot regeneration occurred with all tested media for the Asiatic lilies `Elite' and `Pollyanna' and also for the Oriental hybrid `Star Gazer'. Callus developed on TDZ-enriched medium from leaf segments of L. longiflorum cv. `Snow Queen' regenerated by direct organogenesis. This occurred on a medium with auxin/ cytokinin balance which was lower than other genotypes. There were fewer problems of sterilization with leaves from sprouted bulbs than in vitro scale culture. This suggests that the leaf-segments obtained in this way could be an alternative to the scales as a source of material for propagation. A protocol for micropropagation based on bulblets from in vitro shoot-tip-derived stem nodes was also used. The development of pseudo-bulbets is particularly advantageous since it allows for structures characterised by absent or low dormancy. Regenerated shoots have been rooted and successfully acclimatized to greenhouse conditions where they flowered after the second year giving plants with true-to-type shape and colour.     

基于水分控制的切花百合生长预测模型

光合作用与干物质生产是观赏植物外观品质形成的基础。水分是影响植物光合作用与干物质生产的重要因子。为定量研究水分对切花百合光合作用与干物质生产的影响,以切花百合品种‘索邦’(Lilium‘Sorbonne’)为试验材料,于2009年3月至2010年1月在南京的连栋温室内开展了不同定植期和不同水分处理的栽培试验,以基于光温的温室花卉生长动态预测模型为基础,定量分析了不同定植期和不同水分处理条件下切花百合叶面积指数、光合速率和干物质生产的动态影响,并确定了切花百合正常生长的临界基质水势,建立了基质水势对切花百合光合速率和干物质生产影响的动态预测模型。结果表明,本文所建模型对切花百合叶片最大总光合速率和植株总干质量的预测效果较好,模型对叶面积指数、叶片最大总光合速率和植株干物质量的预测值与实测值之间的决定系数(r2)分别为0.97,0.96,0.94,相对根均方差(rRMSE)分别为7.12%、4.37%、11.14%。该模型能较好地预测水分对切花百合叶片最大总光合速率和植株总干质量的动态影响,可为进一步优化切花百合生产的水分管理提供决策支持。