中国部分杨属植物的染色体数目

对中国杨属Populus L. 5组14种(银白杨P. alba L.、河北杨P. hopeiensis Hu & Chow、毛白杨P. tomentosa Carr.、欧洲山杨P. tremula L.、小叶杨P. simonii Carr.、辽杨P. maximowiczii Henry、大青杨 P. ussuriensis Kom. 、青杨P. cathayana Rehd.、小青杨P. pseudo-simonii Kitag.、香杨P. koreana Rehd.、毛果杨P. trichocarpa Torr. & Grog.、大叶杨P. lasiocarpa Oliv.、欧洲黑杨P. nigra L.、胡杨P. euphratica Oliv.),3变种(新疆杨P. alba L. var. pyramidalis Bge.、箭秆杨P. nigra L. var. thevestina Bean.、钻天杨P. nigra L. var. italica (moench.) Koehne),3杂交种(小钻杨P.×xiaozhuanica W. Y. Hsu & Liang、北京杨P.×beijingensis W. Y. Hsu、加杨P.×canadensis Moench、晚花杨P.×canadensis Moench cv. “serotina” 、沙兰杨P.×canadensis Moench cv. “Sacrau 79”和意大利214杨P.×canadensis Moench cv. “I-214”)进行了染色体计数。发现白杨组的毛白杨P. tomentosa Carr. 、 黑杨组的沙兰杨P. ×canadensis Moench cv. “Sacrau 79”和意大利214杨P. × canadensis Moench cv. “I-214”为三倍体(2n=3x=57),其余均为二倍体(2n=2x=38)。     

白杨天社蛾Melalopha anachoreta Fabricius的生活史和防治研究简报

白杨天社蛾在1958—1959年盛发于西安郊区,受害的植物有美国白杨Populus pyra-mitalis Borkh.,加拿大白杨 P.canadensis Moench.,笔杆杨 P.nigra L.var.italicaMuenchh.,小叶杨 P.cathayana Rehd.,毛白杨 P.tomentosa Carr.,青杨(河杨)P.     

额尔齐斯河流域主要支流平原河谷林群落结构及特征

新疆阿勒泰地区额尔齐斯河流域河谷林是中国杨柳科树种的种质资源库,具有重要的遗传多样性价值。在当前气候变化背景下,以及水电工程和放牧等人类活动干扰下,研究其植物种类及植被类型的分布现状对于珍贵资源保护利用具有重要意义。该研究在额尔齐斯河流域布尔津河、哈巴河和别列则克河平原河谷林区,每隔4–8 km设置典型样地,调查了20个样地80个样方,分析了群落建群种组成、数量特征和径级结构,并对群落类型进行统计和划分。结果表明:(1)额尔齐斯河流域主要支流平原河谷林区共调查植物34科92属121种,多年生草本植物数量较多。(2)垂枝桦(Betulapendula)与苦杨(Populus laurifolia)在布尔津河、哈巴河为群落建群种,银白杨(P. alba)则是别列则克河群落建群种,黑杨(P. nigra)、额河杨(Populus×berolinensisvar.jrtyschensis)、银灰杨(P.canescens)为伴生种,而白柳(Salixalba)主要见于河岸边缘,较少与其他杨属树种混生。(3)垂枝桦个体数量均在3条支流中等海拔达到最大值,而苦杨个体数量在中等海拔较小。(4)乔木层...     

木本植物花药培养的进展

近十年来,已从木本植物的8个科、9个属、约23 个种中获得了单倍体植株,它们是：茄科的滨黎叶拘祀 (Lycium halimifolzum Mill.)^[33],宁夏拘祀(L. barbarum L.)t'3拘祀(L. chinense Mill.)^[2]。杨柳科的 黑杨（Populus nigra L. )[33,小叶杨X黑杨（P. simonit Carr. X P. nigra L.),大青杨（P. ussuriensis Komar. )^[32],加拿大白杨X香杨（P. canadensis Moench X P. koreana Rehd.),哈青杨X钻天杨(P. harbinensis Wang et Skv. X P. pyramidalis Roz.)^[4],银白杨X小 叶杨（P. albs L. X P. simonii Carr.)^[5],中东杨（P. berolinensis Dipp. ),中东杨X钻夭杨(P. berolinensis Dipp. X P. pyramidalis Roz. ),小青杨（P. pseudo-simonii Kitagawa.)^[6],小青杨X钻天杨（P. pseudo-stmonzi Kitagawa. X P. pyramidalis Roz.)^[5],小叶杨（P. simonii Carr.) M,胡杨（P. euphratica Oliv. )^[7][8]。芸香科的权 壳（Poncirus trifolata (L.) Raf.)^[25], 柑桔（Citrus microcarpa Bge.)^[9] 葡萄科的葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)^[10]蔷薇科苹果属的揪子（Malus pruni f olia (Wi- 11d.) Borkh.)^[11]以及苹果（Malus pumilea Mill.)^[12]。七叶树科的欧洲七叶树（Aesculus hippocastanum L.)^[30] 无患子科的荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn.)^[13]。此外,在 我国已从杉木花药培养获得小植株^[14],油茶也已从花 药愈伤组织分化出绿芽点^[15]。     

珠母贝属的系统发育: 核rDNA ITS序列证据

珠母贝属（pinctada）的一些种类是生产海水珍珠的重要母贝,个别种类已濒临灭绝。本文利用核糖体DNA内部转录间隔区1（ITS1）和2（ITS2）序列对珠母贝属常见种类的系统发育和分类地位进行了分析。结果表明：ITS1长410-482bp,其中Pinctada maxima最长,P.fucata,P.fucata martensii,P.imbricata和P.nigra最短。ITS2长210-249bp,其中P.albina和P.nigra最长,P.maxima和P.margaritifera最短。碱基替换的同质性检测发现,P.maxima、P.margaritifera和P.chemnitzi的碱基替换格局存在显著性差异,前二者的GC含量显著高于其他种,在进化上可能比较原始;而P．chemnitzi可能发生过染色体重排事件,可能是新近形成的种。系统发育分析表明,所研究的种类可分成3个类群：类群Ⅰ包含P.fucata、P.fucatamartensii和P．imbricata;类群Ⅱ包含P.albina、P.nigra、P.chemnitzi和P.radiata;类群Ⅲ包含P.maxima和P.margaritifera。在类群Ⅰ中,我国的P．fucata、日本的P．fucatamartensii和澳大利亚的P．imbricata的种间遗传分化不明显,可能为同种,根据命名优先原则应以P.imbricata命名该种为宜。类群Ⅱ中P.albina和P．nigra可能是两个亚种,而GenBank中的P.radiata（AY144603）可能是P.chemnitzi的误定。类群Ⅲ（P.maxima和P.margaritifera）分化较早,与碱基替换格局的检测结果相符。     

Two new species of Polyalthiopsis(Annonaceae) based on morphological characters and phylogenetic evidence,with a supplementary description of P.chinensis from ChinaOA

Two new species of Polyalthiopsis(Annonaceae),P.nigra Y.H.Tan & Bin Yang from Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces and P.xui Y.H.Tan & Bin Yang from Yunnan Province,are described and illustrated.P.nigra is morphologically similar to P.chinensis in having narrowly elliptic-oblong,lemon to yellowish green petals,but differs by having obovoid monocarps,a higher number of leaf secondary veins,leaf blades usually widest above the middle,and a lower ratio of leaf blade length to width.P.xui is morphol...     

黑芥在我国的新分布

本文研究了伊犁野油菜的植物学形态,其茎、叶、花、角果和种子,与前人对黑芥的描述一致,n=82n=16,异花传粉,自交不结实,确认伊犁野油菜为黑芥[Brassica nigra(L.)koch]。 根据B.nigra与B.campestris在我国的存在,进一步表明了B.juncea(L.)Czern＆Coss可能直接起源于我国。     

杨树的新害虫——杨梢叶虫

杨梢叶虫(Parnops glasunowi Jacobs.)在我国最早的记载是在1935年(陈世骧,前中央研究院动植物研究所丛刊第6卷第3期),对此虫的成虫形态做了概要的描述。据知,到目前国内外对此虫的寄主植物、生活习性等尚无报导。 作者在杨树害虫区系调查过程中,于1958年初次发现成虫为害小青杨(Populus pseudo-simonii)的新梢和叶柄;常将新梢或叶柄咬断,所以取名为杨梢叶虫。此后相继发现成虫还为害小叶杨(P.simonii)、美杨(P.nigra var.italica)以及旱柳(Salix Matsudana)等。 据初步调查,分布于吉林(长春、大赉、通榆)、辽宁(昌图、彰武、锦州)、河南(郑州、睢县)、内蒙(通辽)等省(区)。内蒙通辽铁路林场发生较重,近两年来每到6、7月,在小叶杨防风林带常造成严重地落叶。     

杨树单倍体花粉植株的诱导

中东杨(Populus berolinensis)和三个杂种——小叶杨×黑杨(P.simonii×P.nigra)、哈青杨×钻天杨(P.harbinensis×P.pyramidalis)和加拿大杨×香杨(P.canadensis×P.koreana)的花药在合成培养基上进行离体培养已成功地诱导出单倍体花粉植株,其结果概述如下: (1)MS培养基补加2ppm的2,4-D和2ppm的激动素是诱导杨树花药产生愈伤组织的较好培养基,诱导频率为3.8％。 (2)在本试验中发现MS培养基补加1—2ppm的苄基腺嘌呤(BAP)和0.2—0.5 ppm的萘乙酸(NAA),并且把蔗糖浓度降至1.5—2.0％能有效地诱导杨树愈伤组织分化成为绿色小苗,分化频率为69％。 (3)把MS培养基中的大量无机元素减少一半,同时补加0.8 ppm的萘乙酸和0.2ppm的吲(口朶)乙酸最适合无根苗形成根系。在这种培养基中不仅能够诱导发根而且根系发育也特别好。 (4)已将诱导成的杨树单倍体花粉植株移入温室盆栽,生长良好。     

杨树根系浸提液对3种牧草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用不同浓度(3、10和30mg/mL)的南林95杨〔PopulusdeltoidsBartr.cv.Lux×P.euramericana(Dode)Guineircv.I 45/51〕和NL 80351杨(P.deltoidsBartr.cv.Lux×P.deltoidsBartr.cv.Harvard)根系浸提液,处理杨树 牧草复合经营系统中3种主要牧草种子,探讨杨树根系浸提液对牧草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:南林95杨和NL 80351杨根系浸提液对3种牧草种子的萌发及幼苗的生长有一定影响。这2个无性系根系浸提液对紫花苜蓿(MedicagosativaL.)、白三叶(TrifoliumrepensL.)和杂交狼尾草(PennisetumalopecuroidesL.×P.americanumL.)的种子发芽率、幼苗高生长、根长生长及种子活力主要表现为抑制作用,在浓度较高时影响尤为明显;但2个无性系根系浸提液对白三叶的高生长(南林95杨30mg/mL除外)表现出一定的促进作用;在3mg/mL浓度时,2个无性系根系浸提液对白三叶的种子活力也有一定的促进作用。     

柳天蛾的生活习性观察

柳天蛾(Smerinthus planus Walker)在西安地区发现的寄主植物有:美国白杨(Populuspyramitalis Borth)、加拿大白杨(P.canadensis Moench)、毛白杨(P.tomentosa(Carr.))、钻天杨(P.nigra L.)、旱柳(Salix matsudana Koidz.)、河柳(S.glandulosa Seem.)、龙爪柳(S.matsudana Koidz.var.tortuosa Rehd.)。此外,还为害苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)、桃(Prunus persica Batsch.)等果树。柳天蛾在国内分布于东北、内蒙、河北、河南、江苏、陕西、甘肃、华中、华南等地。     

杂种白杨离体再生体系的建立

以杂种白杨'717杨'(Populus tremula×Populus alba)和'353杨'(Populus tremula×Populus tremuloides)的叶片为材料,研究不同基因型、激素组合对叶片分化和不定芽生根的影响.结果表明:'717杨'叶片最适分化培养基是MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA,'353杨'叶片最适分化培养基是MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA+0.01 mg/L TDZ;最佳生根培养基为1/2 MS+0.2 mg/L IBA+0.2 mg/L NAA,生根率达100%;叶片培养的最佳位置是自茎尖展叶的1～3片叶;20 mg/L卡那霉素可以抑制'717杨'和'353杨'叶片的诱导分化,40 mg/L卡那霉素可以抑制'717杨'和'353杨'不定芽的生根.     

The EAG response and behavior of the Saperda populnea L. to volatiles from poplar branches

In order to investigate the effect of organic volatiles from poplar species on the host plants orientation of Saperda populnea, the essential oil in the 2–3 years old branches from the sapling or mature trees of Populus simonii Carr. and P. simonii Carr. × P. nigra L. were extracted using the steam distillation method. The chemical composition and relative content in essential oil from those branches was analyzed by GC–MS. The main components contained in those volatiles from the four kinds of branches are mainly aromatic compounds such as 1,2-cyclohexanedione, 2-cyclohexene-1-one, p-xylene and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene and so on. The relative content of aromatic compounds contained in branches from saplings was higher than that contained in branches from old tress. EAG response and behavioral reaction of S. populnea L. to those four kinds of distillated essential oil were tested. The results shown that male and female adults of S. populnea L. shown significant choice behavior and strong olfactory response to those essential oil distillated from branches of P. simonii Carr. and P. simonii Carr. × P. nigra L.. The EAG bioassay of S. populnea L. to 10 kinds of monomers compounds which had relative higher contents was tested. The results shown that the EAG response of female adults of S. populnea L. to 1 mol L^?1 p-xylene was intensest and reached 1.027 mV, the strength of their EAG response to 0.1 mol L^?1 phenol took the second place. The EAG response of male adult of S. populnea L. to 1 mol L^?1 p-xylene was strongest and reached to 0.824 mV, the strength of their EAG response to 1 mol L^?1 salicylaldehyde took the second place. In the choice behavior test of S. populnea L. adult to monomeric compound carried out in ‘Y’ type olfactometer have found that female and male adult of S. populnea L. all appeared obvious positive taxis to 0.1 mol L^?1 p-xylene. The selection rate of female and male adults ware (76.7 ± 4.1)% and (71.7 ± 2.6)%, respectively. The selective reaction to 0.1 mol L^?1 1,2-cyclohexanedione and 2-cyclohexene-1-one were not obviously than that to 0.1 mol L^?1 p-xylene. The male and female adult of S. populnea L. appeared repelling behavior to 0.1 mol L^?1 salicylaldehyde.     

The EAG response and behavior of the Saperda populnea L. to volatiles from poplar branches

In order to investigate the effect of organic volatiles from poplar species on the host plants orientation of Saperda populnea, the essential oil in the 2–3 years old branches from the sapling or mature trees of Populus simonii Carr. and P. simonii Carr. × P. nigra L. were extracted using the steam distillation method. The chemical composition and relative content in essential oil from those branches was analyzed by GC–MS. The main components contained in those volatiles from the four kinds of branches are mainly aromatic compounds such as 1,2-cyclohexanedione, 2-cyclohexene-1-one, p-xylene and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene and so on. The relative content of aromatic compounds contained in branches from saplings was higher than that contained in branches from old tress. EAG response and behavioral reaction of S. populnea L. to those four kinds of distillated essential oil were tested. The results shown that male and female adults of S. populnea L. shown significant choice behavior and strong olfactory response to those essential oil distillated from branches of P. simonii Carr. and P. simonii Carr. × P. nigra L.. The EAG bioassay of S. populnea L. to 10 kinds of monomers compounds which had relative higher contents was tested. The results shown that the EAG response of female adults of S. populnea L. to 1 mol L^?1 p-xylene was intensest and reached 1.027 mV, the strength of their EAG response to 0.1 mol L^?1 phenol took the second place. The EAG response of male adult of S. populnea L. to 1 mol L^?1 p-xylene was strongest and reached to 0.824 mV, the strength of their EAG response to 1 mol L^?1 salicylaldehyde took the second place. In the choice behavior test of S. populnea L. adult to monomeric compound carried out in ‘Y’ type olfactometer have found that female and male adult of S. populnea L. all appeared obvious positive taxis to 0.1 mol L^?1 p-xylene. The selection rate of female and male adults ware (76.7 ± 4.1)% and (71.7 ± 2.6)%, respectively. The selective reaction to 0.1 mol L^?1 1,2-cyclohexanedione and 2-cyclohexene-1-one were not obviously than that to 0.1 mol L^?1 p-xylene. The male and female adult of S. populnea L. appeared repelling behavior to 0.1 mol L^?1 salicylaldehyde.     

杨树染色中心数目及其与倍性水平关系研究

以'哲引3号杨'(Populuspseudo-simonii×P.nigra var.1ica)×'北京杨'(P.Xbeijingensis)杂种二倍体,以及该杂交组合经秋水仙碱诱导胚囊染色体加倍获得的三倍体为材料,对其细胞间期核染色中心数目及其与倍性水平的关系进行了研究.结果表明,试验群体植株幼叶细胞间期核属于复杂染色中心型,杨属植物的进化等级属于分化较旺盛阶段;同倍性植株间期核内染色中心数目存在动态变化,其中大部分细胞核处于代谢的中间状态,只有少量细胞处于极端的活跃状态,染色中心数目变化呈近似正态分布;染色中心数目与植株的倍性水平间存在正相关.通过对间期核内染色中心数目计数可以初步判断植株倍性水平,从而为杨树多倍体鉴定提供了一个新的方法.     

广东省种子植物分布新资料(三)

报道广东省种子植物分布新记录5种,即土佐景天(SedumtosaenseMakino.)、浙江木蓝(Indigoferaparkesii Craib)、墙草(Parietaria micrantha Ledeb.)、寻乌阴山荠[Yinshania sinuata subsp. qianwuensis (Y. H. Zhang) Al-Shehbaz et al.]和浙江乳突果[Biondia microcentra (Tsiang) P. T. Li],其中墙草属(Parietaria L.)为新分布属,均发现于广东丹霞山国家级自然保护区。新记录的发现丰富了广东省种子植物种质资源,同时为丹霞山的植物多样性与区系发生研究提供依据。     

甘肃被子植物2个分布新记录种

报道了永靖县分布的甘肃省被子植物2个新记录种,毛白棘豆Oxytropis ochrantha Turcz.var.allipilosa P.C.Li和锡林沙参Adenophora stenanthina(Ledeb.)Kitag.var.angusti-lanceifolia Y.Z.Zhao.这两个新记录种的发现,丰...     

东北蒿属新分类群

本文发表了中国东北菊科蒿属1个新亚种,3个新变种,即;北牡蒿Artemisia eriopoda Bge.subsp.jiagedaqiensis.G.Y.Chang et X.J.Liu,subsp.nov.,兴凯光沙蒿A.oxycephala kitag.var.xinkaiensis G.Y.Chang.et L.S.Wang,var.nov.,塔河柔毛蒿A.pubescens Ledeb.var.taheensis G.Y.Chang et L.S.Wang,var.nov.和线叶沙蒿A.desertorum Spreng.var.lineata G.Y.Chang,var.nov。     

西十加杨无性分离研究初报

西 加杨(Populus canadenssuaveolens)是苏联波格丹诺夫于1936年将加拿大杨(P.×euramericana cv.“regenerata”)合接在西伯利亚杨(P.suaveolens)上得到的。波氏称其为加拿大杨-西伯利亚杨无性杂种No.10。我省于1961年引入,先后曾在白城、长春、吉林等     

中国东北蒿属龙蒿组植物核型研究

报道了东北蒿属龙蒿组10个分类群植物的核型。核型公式分别为:龙蒿(Artemisia dracunculus L.)(2n)=4x=36=28m+8sm;猪毛蒿(A. scoparia Waldst.et Kit.(2n)=2x=16=12m+4sm;盐蒿(A. halodendron Turcz.ex Bess.)(2n)=4x=36=30m+4sm+2st;光沙蒿(A. oxycephala Kitag. var. oxycephala)(2n)=4x=36=28m+6sm+2st;兴凯光沙蒿(A. oxycephala Kitag. var. xingkaiensis G.Y.Zhang)(2n)=4x=36=28m+6sm+2st;山海光沙蒿(A. oxycephala Kitag. var. shanhaiensis G.Y.Zhang)(2n)=4x=36=2M+28m+4sm+2st;太阳光沙蒿(A. oxycephala Kitag. var. taiyangensis G.Y.Zhang)(2n)=4x=36=28m+6sm+2st;柔毛蒿(A. pubescens Ledeb. var. pubescens)(2n)=4x=36=28m+6sm+2st;大头柔毛蒿(A. pubescens Ledeb. var. gebleriana(Bess.)Y.R.Lin)(2n)=4x=36=28m+6sm+2st;塔河柔毛蒿(A. pubescens Ledeb. var. taheensis G.Y.Zhang)(2n)=4x=36=28m+6sm+2st;核型类型均为2A型。