烟青虫人工饲料的研究

本文报道烟青虫Heliothis assulta的一种人工饲料,其主要成分是麦胚、酵母粉、番茄酱和辣椒粉.与自然食料相比,用这种人工饲料饲养的烟青虫生长快、发育整齐、存活率高,得到的蛹大,成虫繁殖力强.饲料中含0.1—0.2%的NaCI对幼虫的生长发育有促进作用.6龄幼虫对该饲料中干物质、能量和氮的同化效率分别是38.5%、43.9%和48.5%.在连续12代饲养期间,幼虫期存活率在57—92%之间,平均76%.     

二种改进人工饲料对红脉穗螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

在温度(29±1)℃和相对湿度75%±5%条件下,研究了2种改进人工饲料和天然饲料椰子幼果对红脉穗螟Tirathaba rufivena Walker生长发育、繁殖力和营养的影响。结果表明:与天然饲料相比,用改进人工饲料饲养的红脉穗螟幼虫生长发育速度、幼虫存活率、蛹重及产卵量均提高;幼虫相对生长率(RGR)、食物利用率(ECI)及食物转化率(ECD)均显著提高,而相对取食量(RCR)则显著降低。表明红脉穗螟幼虫对2种人工饲料有很好的适应性,可用于大量饲养。     

烟青虫人工饲料的改进研究

在原有饲料配方的基础上,通过添加适宜浓度的辣椒粉作为取食刺激剂及去除原饲料配方中的番茄酱组分,作者对烟青虫Helicoverpa assulta(Guenée)幼虫的人工饲料进行了改进研究。测定了6种人工饲料对烟青虫生物学参数、营养指标和生命表参数的影响。结果表明,与取食对照饲料相比,取食添加3%番茄酱的饲料后,烟青虫的幼虫历期、蛹重和生殖力无显著差异。在试验浓度内,取食添加辣椒粉的饲料后烟青虫幼虫存活率、幼虫相对取食量和蛹重均显著高于取食对照饲料的相应指标。但饲料中辣椒粉浓度达到或超过2%时烟青虫幼虫的消化能力降低,达到4%时成虫交配力显著降低。在6种供试饲料中,配方Ⅱ即添加1%辣椒粉的饲料为最佳配方饲料,与取食其他饲料相比,取食配方Ⅱ饲料后烟青虫生殖力和内禀增长率均显著提高。改进的人工饲料可大量饲养烟青虫以满足室内试验及工厂化生产核多角体病毒的需要。     

烟青虫对三种食料植物的选择性及适应性

采用笼罩植株接虫产卵试验和皿内食料吸引选择试验,测定烟青虫HelicoverpaassultaGuen?e对3种食料植物产卵选择性和嗜食性;通过单头饲养试验,测定6龄幼虫对3种食料植物的转化和利用率。结果表明:烟青虫成虫最喜好在番茄上产卵,其次为烟草,在辣椒上产卵最少。初孵幼虫喜食嫩烟叶,选食辣椒和番茄嫩叶的幼虫数较少,其取食量大小顺序为烟草>辣椒>番茄。6龄幼虫能有效利用和转化烟草、辣椒,而对番茄果实的利用和转化效率最低。烟青虫对食料植物的产卵选择和嗜食性差异,是其综合防治中合理进行作物布局,减轻危害的重要依据。     

3种人工饲料对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖力的影响

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E. Smith)是2019年入侵我国的重要农业害虫,筛选出合适的人工饲料可为规模化繁育提供基础。本文通过组建实验种群生命表的方法,研究了3种人工饲料对草地贪夜蛾生长发育、繁殖力以及种群增长潜能的影响,以玉米叶饲养的作为对照。结果表明,3种人工饲料对草地贪夜的饲养效果具有明显差异。其中,以饲料Ⅱ饲养的结果最理想,除幼虫-蛹发育历期(如雌性个体,23.63 d)比对照(20.98 d)略有延长外,幼期存活率(88.00%)、雌性蛹重(243.90 mg)、雄性蛹重(251.60 mg)、产卵量(845.90粒)等指标均优于对照,生命表参数中的净生殖力R_0(346.29)、内禀增长率r_m(0.1859)、周限增长率λ(1.2043)也高于对照。用饲料Ⅰ饲养时,草地贪夜蛾能够完成世代发育,但存在幼虫-蛹的发育历期(41.56 d)明显延长、幼期存活率(36.00%)、产卵雌成虫比例低(25.00%)等问题,难以达到室内大量繁育的要求。而以饲料Ⅲ饲养的草地贪夜蛾仅能生长发育至5龄幼虫,不能完成世代发育。综合相关生物学指标来看,饲料Ⅱ是饲养草地贪夜的适宜人工饲料。     

人工饲养条件下马来熊(Helarctos malayanus)生长发育和行为特点的初步研究

1987年9月至1989年8月,笔者对来自云南瑞丽的2只雄性马来熊成体和7只幼体(3♂,4♀♀)在人工饲养条件下进行了观察研究,本文报道在不同生长时期的不同饲料配方、幼熊感觉器官的发育、齿式的形成、外部形态的变化、体重的生长方法及行为。     

草地贪夜蛾室内人工饲料群体饲养技术

制备和评价草地贪夜蛾的人工饲料配方,为草地贪夜蛾室内批量养殖和生物学研究奠定基础。以自制夜蛾饲料为基础配方(配方Ⅰ),设定3种不同配方(配方Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ)的人工饲料喂食草地贪夜蛾,在饲养条件为温度26℃±0.5℃、相对湿度65%±5%、光周期L∶D=16 h∶8 h的养虫室中进行批量饲养,以成活率、历期和各龄期虫体重量作为评价指标,确定草地贪夜蛾饲养的最佳饲料配方。配置的4种饲料中,配方Ⅲ(黄豆粉125 g,玉米粉225 g,酵母粉40 g,琼脂30 g,干酪素20 g,胆固醇0.6 g,肌醇0.1 g,山梨酸6 g,氯化胆碱3 g,复合维生素7 g,对羟基本甲酸甲酯7.5 g和蒸馏水1500 mL)饲养草地贪夜蛾成活率最高83.3%,历期最短27.8 d,单雌产卵量最多452粒。常用的夜蛾饲料经改进后配制的饲料均可作为室内草地贪夜蛾的饲养,其中以配方Ⅲ饲料最适宜。     

同翅目昆虫人工饲料饲养技术

本文从人工饲料的组成与类型、饲养方法及饲养结果等方面总结了同翅目昆虫人工饲料饲养技术的研究现状 ,并简要讨论了其存在的问题和改进方法。     

用性信息素诱剂防治烟青虫的效果

本文研究了两个烟青虫性信息素诱剂配方对烟青虫Helicoverpaassulta (Guen e)成虫的诱杀效果及诱杀成虫后田间烟青虫幼虫的虫口减退率和有虫株减退率。 1型诱芯配比为Z9 1 6 :Ald与Z1 1 1 6 :Ald 1 0 0∶9 5 ;Ⅱ型诱芯配比为 1 6 :Ald和Z9 1 6 :Ald与Z1 1 1 6 :Ald( 1 9 3∶1 0 0∶70 )。结果表明 :烟青虫性信息素诱剂Ⅰ ,Ⅱ型诱芯对烟青虫成虫都有很强的诱杀效果 ,在长达 85d的时间内 ,5个Ⅰ型诱芯共诱杀了4 0 4头雄性成虫 ,5个Ⅱ型诱芯共诱杀 4 1 9头 ,二者没有明显的差异。诱蛾地烟青虫幼虫的虫口密度和有虫株率都有明显的降低 ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型诱芯使虫口密度和有虫株率的降低幅度均在 6 6 6 7%～ 90 91 %之间。性信息素诱剂使用方便、无毒、不污染环境 ,对烟叶不产生药害 ,防治效果良好 ,具有良好的应用前景。     

Biology and life table studies of the oriental tobacco budworm,Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), influenced by different larval diets

Development, survivorship, pupal weight, oviposition, and life table parameters of the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta Guenée, were evaluated in the laboratory on an artificial diet, pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.). We found that the average developmental time of immature stages was longest on tobacco (36.2 d), intermediate on pepper (34.4 d), and shortest on artificial diet (33.5 d). Immature survival from egg to pupa varied from 31% on tobacco, 43% on pepper, and 74% on artificial diet. Pupal weight ranged from 197.4 mg/pupa on tobacco, 233.1 mg/pupa on pepper and 253.4 mg/pupa on artificial diet. The average numbers of eggs laid by adults reared as larvae on the artificial diet, pepper, or tobacco were 614, 421 and 334 eggs/female, respectively. Numbers of remaining eggs in ovaries of the adult females reared as larvae on the artificial diet, pepper, or tobacco were 16, 26, and 42 eggs/female, respectively. The longevity of adult females developed from larvae reared on the three diets was not significantly different, whereas the longevity of male adults from the larvae reared on artificial diet was longer (16.8 d) than that for males reared on tobacco (13.8 d) and pepper (13.3 d). The intrinsic, finite, gross, and net rates of increase were highest for females reared as larvae on artificial diet, lowest for females emerging from larvae reared on tobacco, and intermediate for females emerging from larvae reared on pepper. Generation times and doubling time of H. assulta were shortest for larvae fed artificial diet, intermediate from larvae reared on pepper, and longest from larvae reared on tobacco. We concluded that the artificial diet was the most suitable larval diet of H. assulta followed by pepper, and tobacco.     

Effects of gamma radiation on different developmental stages of the oriental tobacco budworm,Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Ionizing radiation is increasingly used as an alternative to post‐harvest crop fumigation by methyl bromide. We studied the effects of gamma irradiation on Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different stages of development to determine the minimal dose for the prevention of normal emergence of adults. We selected five doses of gamma rays (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 Gy) based on preliminary experiments and irradiated eggs, larvae, pupae and adults. A dose of 100 Gy to eggs allowed 21.83% of larvae to pupate, but these all died during the pupal stage. A dose of 100 Gy to last‐instar larvae caused larval or pupal death, or the emergence of abnormal adults; no normal adults developed. Irradiation of pupae with doses of 300 Gy and above resulted either in their death or emergence of abnormal adults; however, after 100 or 200 Gy, normal adults emerged and F₁ eggs were produced, but no eggs hatched. Following irradiation of adults, eggs were produced at all doses, although the numbers were significantly decreased compared to untreated controls (P < 0.05; 69.45–125.50 vs. 475.05 eggs per female); however, none of the eggs hatched. As prevention of normal emergence is a key outcome for measuring the effectiveness of radiation, then the 100 Gy dose was effective for irradiation of eggs and larvae, and 300 Gy for pupae.     

Effects of X‐ray irradiation on development and reproduction of the oriental tobacco budworm,Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

All stages of the life cycle of Helicoverpa assulta were irradiated with X‐rays to determine the inhibitory dose for development and reproduction to serve as a quarantine treatment. The 100‐Gy dose was effective for irradiation of eggs and larvae, and the 200‐Gy dose was effective for pupae and mixed‐sex adults. When either adult males or females were irradiated, however, 500 Gy was required to prevent the F1 eggs from hatching, and thus single‐sex adults required much higher doses of X‐ray irradiation. To gather confirmatory data applicable to phytosanitary quarantine regulations, pupae—the immature stage most resistant to X‐ray irradiation—were placed inside paprika in boxes for exportation and were irradiated with 300 Gy as a small‐scale confirmatory test. The dose given to 1,007 individual pupae resulted in 12.62 % survival, and 1.79 % of pupae emerged as normal adults; however, these adults produced only a few eggs that did not hatch, suggesting that a minimum dose of 300 Gy of X‐ray irradiation will provide quarantine security for immature H. assulta in paprika exports.     

Effect of a non‐host plant Phaseolus vulgaris on larval performance and oviposition of the oriental tobacco budworm Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, is a specialist herbivore feeding on a few plants of the Solanaceae family including tobacco. Larval performance and adult oviposition of H. assulta were investigated in a non‐host plant, Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) in comparison with two solanaceous host plants, Nicotiana tabacum and Datura stramonium. Larvae provided with the P. vulgaris leaf died off at day 15, whereas 50% and 40% of larval populations fed on the leaves of N. tabacum and D. stramonium, respectively, survived at day 15. Larval growth upon feeding showed significant difference between the non‐host plant (P. vulgaris) and the host plants (N. tabacum and D. stramonium), but it was not significantly different between the two host plants. In the no‐choice experiment of oviposition, gravid females laid more eggs in N. tabacum and D. stramonium than in P. vulgaris. When the most likely acceptable host plant, N. tabacum, and the non‐host plant, P. vulgaris, were subjected to the choice experiment of oviposition, H. assulta females preferred to lay eggs in N. tabacum, where eggs were continuously laid during the whole experiment period. However, eggs in P. vulgaris were hardly detected throughout the period. This study showed that the non‐host plant, P. vulgaris, had a negative influence on the larval performance and adult oviposition of H. assulta, implying neonate stage is critical for larval survivorship, and ovipositional preference by the female is highly specialized to host plants. Further investigation is required to identify non‐host factors, which could be applied to the development of alternative pest management strategy against H. assulta.     

(Z)-9-tetradecenal: a potent inhibitor of pheromone-mediated communication in the oriental tobacco budworm moth,Helicoverpa assulta

The behavioural significance of (Z)-9-tetradecenal to male H. assulta was tested by comparing the number of moths attracted to lures containing a standard synthetic female sex pheromone with lures in which (Z)-9-tetradecenal was also added. The standard pheromone mixture used contained 1000 g (Z)-9-hexadecenal, 50 g (Z)-11-hexadecenal, 300 g (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate and 15 g (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate impregnated on rubber septa. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenal to the standard pheromone was shown to significantly reduce the caught of male H. assulta when added in amounts greater than 10 g or 1% of the major pheromone component in both field and net-house experiments. The reduction in catch was found to be dependent on the quantity of (Z)-9-tetradecenal added to the standard pheromone. The implications of these results on conspecific and inter-specific pheromone-mediated communication in H. assulta and related sympatric heliothine species is discussed.Abbreviations Z9-16:AL (Z)-9-hexadecenal - Z11-16:AL (Z)-11-hexadecenal - Z9-16:AC (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate - Z11-16:AC (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate - Z9-14:AL (Z)-9-tetradecenal - Z9-16:OH (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol - Z11-16:OH (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol - RH relative humidity     

豆野螟在人工饲料上的发育和繁殖情况

以天然寄主豇豆的花和荚作为对照,考查一种改进后的人工饲料对豆野螟Maruca testulalis Geyer生长发育的影响。结果表明:人工饲料饲养的豆野螟幼虫总历期与对照组之间不存在显著差异,说明人工饲料可以满足豆野螟幼虫正常生长发育的需要。取食工人饲料的豆野螟1龄和2龄幼虫存活率低于对照组,3龄后的存活率则高于对照组。人工饲料饲养豆野螟1代和3代羽化率分别为96.72%和96.47%,对照组的羽化率为94.41%,二者之间存在显著差异。不同产卵条件对产卵量没有显著影响,但豇豆叶上卵的历期比滤纸和绒布短,且孵化率也较后两者高。     

食物对棉铃虫生长发育及繁殖的影响

用棉花、花生、玉米及人工饲料作为食料,模拟幼虫田间取食习性,同时为雌蛾设立补充和无补充营养两个处理,研究了食物对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) 生长发育及繁殖的影响。4种食料组幼虫历期之间有显著差异;雌、雄蛹重花生组显著小于其余三组。雌蛾腹部干重及其脂肪百分含量与雌蛹体重的排列顺序一样,雌蛾腹部干重人工饲料组显著大于棉花组和花生组。雌蛾寿命和繁殖受幼虫食料和成虫食物的双重影响。喂10%蜂蜜时,雌蛾寿命、交配率和产卵量在四个幼虫食料组之间没有显著差异。但喂以清水时,花生组雌蛾均未交配,寿命和产卵量显著小于其余三组。从同种幼虫食料来看,除人工饲料组外,其余3组雌蛾喂清水时的产卵量和寿命均比喂10%蜂蜜溶液时的显著下降。基于这些结果,作者认为棉花、玉米比花生更适合于棉铃虫的生长发育和繁殖。在田间自然栽培状态下,不同食料植物的糖分含量对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖影响较大,含氮量的变化影响小。