锌硼营养对苦瓜产量品质与叶片多胺、激素及衰老的影响

采用田间试验、植株生理生化测定方法,研究了锌硼营养对苦瓜(株洲长白)产量品质与叶片多胺、激素及衰老的影响。结果表明,在锌硼缺乏的土壤中施用硫酸锌和硼砂均可提高苦瓜产量,并可提高苦瓜蛋白质、Vc和17种氨基酸含量,尤其是人体必需氨基酸含量,降低NO3^-含量,改善苦瓜品质。这与锌硼提高了叶片多胺(PAs)、腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)、精胺(Spm)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)酶的活性,减少脱落酸(ABA)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,从而抑制膜脂过氧化有关试验结果同时表明苦瓜产量与叶片PAs、Put、Spd、Spm、GA3、SOD、POD、CAT呈极显著正相关,与叶片MDA与ABA含量呈极显著负相关。叶片MDA含量与ABA呈极显著正相关,而与PAs、Put、Spd、Spm、ASA、IAA、CA3、SOD、POD、CAT呈极显著负相关。     

黄瓜叶片衰老过程中抗坏血酸含量与生理指标关系的研究

研究了黄瓜叶片衰老过程中抗坏血酸(ASA)含量及相关生理指标的变化,进一步分析了ASA与各相关生理指标之间的关系。结果显示,随着叶片逐渐衰老,丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率(REC)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著升高;光合色素、可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及ASA含量显著降低;ASA与MDA含量、REC、POD活性之间呈显著负相关关系,ASA与CAT及SOD活性之间呈显著正相关关系。研究表明,ASA对减缓叶片衰老有重要作用。     

DCPTA和DTA-6对大豆和玉米苗期叶片内源激素与氧自由基代谢的影响

在温室条件下,研究叔胺类活性物质DCPTA和DTA-6喷施处理后对大豆和玉米苗期叶片内源激素与氧自由基代谢的影响.实验结果表明:(1)DCPTA和DTA-6处理使玉米和大豆叶片IAA、GA和ZR含量增加,ABA含量降低,提高了叶片中IAA/ABA、GA/ABA、ZR/ABA之比.(2)DCPTA和DTA-6处理提高了玉米和大豆叶片SOD和POD活性,降低了MDA含量.(3)同一浓度DCPTA和DTA-6处理玉米和大豆后,叶片中IAA、GA、ZR的含量以及SOD、POD活性呈现先增后降的趋势,ABA的含量呈现一直上升的趋势,叶片中IAA、GA含量以及SOD、POD活性在第12天达到最大,叶片中ZR的含量在第9天达到最大.同一浓度DCPTA和DTA-6处理玉米和大豆后,MDA含量呈现先降后增的趋势,叶片中MDA含量在第12天最小.     

UV-B辐射增强和O3浓度升高对大豆叶片内源激素和抗氧化能力的影响

揭示大豆叶片内源激素对UV-B和臭氧胁迫的代谢机制和响应方式,为从分子水平研究植物内源激素对UV-B(Ultraviolet-B)和O3(Ozone)胁迫的适应机制奠定基础。以大豆(Glycine max.)为试验材料,利用开顶式气室研究UV-B(0.32W/m2)和O3((110±10)nmol/mol)复合胁迫对大豆叶片内源激素含量及活性氧代谢系统的影响。结果表明:在大豆整个生育期内,与对照相比,UV-B胁迫使大豆叶片ABA(Abscisic acid)含量、ZR(Zeatin riboside)含量和IAA(Indoleacetic acid)含量显著降低,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA比值升高,O·-2(Superoxide anion free radical,O·-2)产生速率和MDA(Malonaldehyde)含量升高,SOD(Superoxide dismutase)、CAT(Catalase)和POD(Peroxidase)活性显著降低;高浓度O3胁迫下,大豆叶片ABA和IAA含量显著下降、ZR含量显著增加,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA值显著升高,O·-2产生速率和MDA含量增加,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低;UV-B和O3复合胁迫下,大豆叶片ABA含量、ZR含量和IAA含量降低,ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA值下降,而IAA/ABA值升高,O·-2产生速率和MDA含量显著增加,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低。UV-B辐射增强和O3浓度升高单一及复合作用使大豆叶片内源激素间平衡改变,进而影响大豆叶片的代谢水平。持续胁迫下,植株抗氧化能力下降,对大豆表现为伤害效应。UV-B和O3复合胁迫比单独胁迫时的影响有所加深,但是小于两者单独作用时影响的简单累加。     

不同种类柑橘的抗旱性及其与内源激素变化的关系

以红橘、朱橘、土橘、枳、枳橙、实生酸柚、实生甜橙、黄柑为材料,进行不同降水量的长期干旱胁迫后,测定生物量、抗旱系数及叶片中赤霉素(GA1+3)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)含量,分析GA1+3、ZR、IAA、ABA的相对含量变化及ABA/GA1+3、ABA/ZR、ABA/IAA与8个种类柑橘抗旱性的关系.结果表明:在降水量低于1200 mm(对照)条件下,随降水量的减少不同种类柑橘的生物量明显降低,其抗旱系数及抗旱力大小顺序为朱橘红橘枳土橘枳橙实生酸柚实生甜橙黄柑.不同种类柑橘叶片中ABA含量随降水量的减少而增加,GA1+3、ZR和IAA含量随降水量的减少而降低.在抗旱性强的柑橘种类中,ABA/GA1+3和ABA/ZR的增加幅度大,ABA/IAA变化与种间抗旱力的关联度不大.ABA和GA1+3的相对含量与柑橘抗旱系数分别呈极显著正相关和极显著负相关,ZR的相对含量与抗旱性系数呈极显著或显著负相关,IAA的相对含量与抗旱性系数相关性不明显.对柑橘抗旱性的促进效果,以ABA最大,其次为GA1+3和ZR,IAA最小.     

6-BA、IAA、GA_3与ABA对木枣果实成熟衰老的调控作用

在木枣白熟期,用不同的植物激素处理果实,通过检测其生理生化变化,研究6-BA、IAA、GA3与ABA对枣果实成熟衰老的调控作用。结果显示,6-BA、IAA、GA3和ABA处理后枣果中DNA含量差异较为明显,其中,ABA和6-BA处理效果显著;GA3和IAA处理后枣组织中的丙二醛(MDA)含量明显低于对照组,6-BA和ABA处理则相反;除ABA处理外,枣组织中脯氨酸(Pro)含量明显低于对照组,维生素C(Vc)含量变化则相反;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性表现差异很大,ABA和6-BA处理CAT活性显著高于对照组,IAA和GA3处理则相反。6-BA、IAA、GA3与ABA的生理作用在多方面表现为相互促进与互为拮抗的关系,有调控木枣果实成熟衰老的作用。     

砷胁迫下不同砷富集能力植物内源生长素与抗氧化酶的关系

采用室内土培法,研究了砷胁迫(0,50,100和200 mg/kg)对凤尾蕨属中砷超富集植物大叶井口边草(Pteris cretica var.nervosa)和非砷超富集植物剑叶凤尾蕨(Pteris ensiformis)生物量、株高、叶片内源3-吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量、IAA氧化酶(IAAO)活性、砷含量、抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT)活性以及细胞膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,并用逐步回归法分析了IAA含量与砷含量、抗氧化酶活性、MDA含量之间的关系。此外,研究了100 mg/kg砷处理下IAA、IAAO、3种抗氧化酶和MDA的时间动态。结果表明,与对照(不加砷)相比,加砷处理下大叶井口边草的株高和生物量未出现显著变化,但剑叶凤尾蕨在中、高浓度砷胁迫下则显著降低;中、高浓度砷胁迫均使2种植物叶片含砷量、IAA含量显著增加和IAAO活性显著下降,但这种改变在大叶井口边草中更为显著;加砷处理使大叶井口边草叶片3种抗氧化酶活性维持或增加,剑叶凤尾蕨中SOD和CAT活性虽能维持,但POD活性则显著下降,说明砷胁迫下大叶井口边草具有更强的抗氧化能力。逐步回归分析结果显示,2种植物叶片IAA含量均与砷含量成显著正相关,但在大叶井口边草中,IAA含量还与CAT活性成显著负相关。时间动态研究表明,第13天,大叶井口边草具有最高的IAA含量、最低的IAAO活性以及最低的CAT活性,而剑叶凤尾蕨中的变化规律则不明显。因此,叶片保持较高的IAA含量、较低的IAAO和CAT活性有助于大叶井口边草超量富集砷。     

碳酸钙胁迫下枳壳愈伤组织的某些生理生化指标变化

测定碳酸钙(CaCO3)胁迫下枳壳愈伤组织的某些生理生化指标的结果表明:除全Fe含量外,CaCO3浓度与过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、活性Fe含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、愈伤组织增重均呈显著或极显著负相关,与培养液pH值呈显著正相关;随着培养的进程,POD活性、活性Fe和可溶性蛋白质含量、愈伤组织增重呈降低趋势,SOD和CAT活性先升后降,含高浓度CaCO3的培养液pH值仅在20日左右略有降低.     

扦插时间对蝟实插穗生根率和相关指标的影响及生根效应综合评价

在3月5日至9月5日期间,以蝟实( Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn.)顶端枝条作为插穗,每隔10 d扦插1次,对扦插10 d后插穗的生根率,内源吲哚乙酸( IAA)、脱落酸( ABA)和赤霉素( GA3)含量,超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化物酶( POD)和过氧化氢酶( CAT)活性以及可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量进行比较,对生根率与上述8项指标进行相关性分析和回归分析,并对这8项指标进行主成分分析;在此基础上,对不同扦插时间插穗的生根效应进行隶属函数值分析和综合评价。结果显示：随扦插时间推移,蝟实插穗的生根率总体上呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,5月下旬至7月中旬期间扦插的插穗生根率相对较高,并以6月中旬至7月中旬期间扦插的插穗为最高,总体在70%以上。随扦插时间推移,插穗中IAA和可溶性糖含量均呈波动变化趋势;而插穗中的ABA含量、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量总体呈先逐渐升高后逐渐降低的趋势,GA3含量和CAT活性变化不明显,SOD活性总体上呈缓慢升高的趋势。相关性分析结果表明：蝟实插穗的生根率与IAA含量、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与CAT活性呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果显示：前2个主成分的累计贡献率为84.383%,说明前2个主成分能够基本反映蝟实扦插生根的主要影响因子,其中第1主成分中可溶性蛋白质和IAA含量为主要因子,第2主成分中CAT活性为主要因子。综合评价结果显示：5月下旬至7月中旬期间扦插的蝟实插穗的综合评价指数(D)较高,为0.747~0.983,与插穗生根率的实测值基本吻合。研究结果表明：在中国西北地区,蝟实插穗的适宜扦插时间为5月下旬至7月中旬,并以6月中旬至7月中旬为最佳;扦插过程中喷施适当浓度IAA溶液可以提高插穗的生根率。     

继代培养次数对杜梨生根能力和叶形态及其激素水平的影响

为了探索杜梨组培复幼变化规律,对10年生杜梨进行连续继代培养,统计不同继代次数杜梨丛生芽繁殖系数和生根率,观察记录叶片形态变化并测定内源激素含量。结果表明:(1)通过连续继代培养,杜梨丛生芽生根率由0提升到66.70%,繁殖系数由第1代的2.13提升到第10代的4.20。(2)叶片在继代第3次时出现裂刻且随后裂刻程度逐代加深;在继代过程中,丛生芽叶面积和叶脉数显著降低,叶周长和叶形指数呈先下降后上升的变化趋势。(3)丛生芽叶片内源IAA含量在继代第6次时达到46.39 ng·g-1,且显著高于初代丛生芽;随着继代次数的增加,叶片内源ZR呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,内源GA3含量没有发生显著性变化,而内源ABA含量逐渐降低;叶片IAA/ABA和IAA/ZR的值随着继代次数的增加而增加。(4)丛生芽叶片ABA含量和IAA/ZR与其生根率分别呈显著负相关和显著正相关关系,叶片裂刻数和IAA/ABA与生根率均呈现极显著正相关关系,而叶脉数与生根率则呈现极显著负相关关系。研究认为,连续继代培养可显著提高杜梨丛生芽的生根能力,并且与丛生芽叶形和激素含量及其比值有密切的关系,该研究结果为难生根植物无性繁殖以及树木复幼提供了重要技术借鉴。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Cultural, Biochemical, and Immunological Properties of Mima, Herellea, and Flavobacterium Species

From study of cultural and biochemical characteristics of 40 strains of Herellea, Mima, or Flavobacterium species, a proposed schema for identification was developed. The reactions observed by agglutination, gel diffusion, and immunofluorescence suggest antigenic heterogeneity of this group of organisms.     

Pet Loss and Representations of Death,Attachment, Depression,and Euthanasia

Studies that have examined pet loss hypothesize that attachment, representations of death, and the belief in an afterlife for animals may influence owners’ bereavement and depressive outcomes. The following instruments were administered to 159 Italian participants recruited through snowball sampling: the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS), the Pet Bereavement Questionnaire (PBQ), the Testoni Death Representation Scale (TDRS), and Beck’s Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Questions concerning pet euthanasia-related issues and the relationship between owners and veterinarians were also submitted to the participants. A path model was conducted, showing that the representation of death and the attachment to a pet had a direct effect on pet grief, which in turn had a direct effect on depression. The results show a positive correlation between the LAPS and PBQ factors, particularly with the PBQ factor Grief. The LAPS factors positively correlated with the TDRS representation of Death as a Passage and negatively correlated with the TDRS representation of Death as Annihilation. The LAPS People Substituting factor positively correlated with the total score and the Cognitive-Affective factor of the BDI-II. The PBQ factors positively correlated with the BDI-II, whereas only the TDRS Death as Annihilation factor positively correlated with the BDI-II. Belief in a transcendent dimension was associated with higher scores on the PBQ Guilt factor and the TDRS factors of Death as a Passage and Death as Change, whereas these beliefs were associated with lower scores on the TDRS factor Death as Annihilation.

The results indicated that the sensitivity of the veterinarian and a veterinarian who helps owners make conscious and informed decisions for their pet and choose the right time to perform euthanasia are important variables in the management of pet loss. However, these factors are not sufficient and psychological support should be improved to help owners better cope with grief.     

Count data, detection probabilities, and the demography, dynamics, distribution, and decline of amphibians

The evidence for amphibian population declines is based on count data that were not adjusted for detection probabilities. Such data are not reliable even when collected using standard methods. The formula C = Np (where C is a count, N the true parameter value, and p is a detection probability) relates count data to demography, population size, or distributions. With unadjusted count data, one assumes a linear relationship between C and N and that p is constant. These assumptions are unlikely to be met in studies of amphibian populations. Amphibian population data should be based on methods that account for detection probabilities.