转录因子GADDl53/CHOP的激活与糖尿病大鼠肾组织固有细胞凋亡的关系初探

目的检测内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)标志蛋白:葡萄糖调节蛋白(GRP78/Bip)、转录因子GADDl53/CHOP在糖尿病大鼠肾脏细胞中表达及其与肾脏固有细胞凋亡之间的关系,初步探讨ERS在糖尿病肾损害中的作用及机制。方法单侧肾切除大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱发糖尿病,于8周应用免疫组织化学检测GRP78、GADDl53/CHOP的表达与定位,TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡部位,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡程度,并对GRP78、GAD-Dl53/CHOP表达水平进行半定量分析,同时观察尿蛋白、BUN、尿肌酐等反应肾功能的相关指标。结果建模8周,糖尿病大鼠较正常组的肾细胞凋亡率明显升高,GRP78、GADDl53/CHOP表达明显增加。结论糖尿病肾损害过程中,ERS被诱导并可能通过激活转录因子GADDl53/CHOP引起肾脏细胞过多丢失,在糖尿病肾病的发病机制中起重要作用。     

内质网应激特有Caspase-12凋亡途径在高糖刺激的条件永生型小鼠足细胞中的作用

目的检测内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)标志蛋白GRP78在高糖刺激的条件永生型小鼠足细胞中的表达及其特有Caspase-12凋亡途径与该细胞凋亡之间的关系,探讨高糖是否通过ERS特有Caspase-12凋亡途径诱导了小鼠足细胞凋亡。方法体外培养的小鼠足细胞(mouse podocyte,PC),分为正常糖对照组(NG,1g/l D-glucose)、甘露醇对照组(M,1g/L D-glucose plus 24.4mmol/l mannitol)、高糖组(HG,4.5g/l D-glucose)。分别经细胞同步化、分组干预及刺激12、24、48、72h后收集细胞,应用TUNEL法及流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;免疫细胞化学、Western blot检测GRP78、Caspase-12蛋白的动态表达。结果与正常糖对照组及甘露醇对照组相比,高糖组小鼠足细胞于48h及72h凋亡率明显增高(all P0.01);ERS标志蛋白GRP78从12h表达开始增高,提示永生型小鼠足细胞在高糖刺激下激活了ERS,ERS特有凋亡途径caspase-12随时间的延长表达逐渐增高;相关性分析显示Caspase-12蛋白表达与足细胞凋亡率呈正相关(r=0.915,P0.01)。结论高糖刺激可以引起足细胞凋亡,ERS在高糖对足细胞的损害过程中被诱导,其特有Caspase-12凋亡途径参与了足细胞的凋亡,可能在糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)肾组织损害病理过程中发挥重要作用。     

内质网应激介导的细胞凋亡

内质网是细胞内重要的细胞器,内质网功能的损伤引起ER应激(ERS).内质网通过激活未折叠蛋白质反应(UPR)以保护由内质网应激所引起的细胞损伤,恢复细胞功能,包括暂停早期蛋白质合成、内质网分子伴侣和折叠酶的转录激活、内质网相关性降解(ERAD)的诱导.长期过强的内质网应激诱导内质网相关性细胞凋亡,清除受损细胞,包括内质网应激诱导CHOP/GADD153表达、JNK的激活以及caspase-12蛋白水解酶的活化等一系列生物学效应.     

内质网应激及其在糖尿病肾病中的作用机制

糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN）是糖尿病最常见的微血管并发症,是导致终末期肾脏疾病（end-stage renal disease,ESRD）的继发性肾脏疾病的主要病因之一。多种因素如缺氧、氧化应激、病毒感染、遗传突变等,可导致内质网内稳态失衡,大量未折叠蛋白和错误折叠引起蛋白堆积,即形成内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS),从而激活未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response, UPR)介导的三条经典的细胞适应性应答通路以恢复内质网稳态和细胞活性。但如果刺激过强或持续存在,便会启动细胞凋亡信号通路。大量研究表明ERS与DN的发生发展相关,并参与不同类型肾细胞损伤的过程,因此ERS作为治疗DN的有效靶点具有很重要的研究前景,调控ERS可为DN的治疗提供新的理论支持。从ERS相关信号通路及其在DN中的作用和新进展领域作一综述,以期为DN的治疗研究提供参考。     

内质网应激与糖尿病动脉粥样硬化

动脉粥样硬化是糖尿病常见的并发症,80%的糖尿病患者死于动脉粥样硬化。近年来内质网应激在糖尿病动脉粥样硬化发生、发展过程中的作用受到了广泛关注。本文就内质网应激及其在糖尿病促发动脉粥样硬化中的作用机制作一概述。     

缬沙坦对糖尿病大鼠肾脏中内质网应激及炎症反应的抑制作用

目的探讨内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)及相关炎症反应在糖尿病大鼠肾脏损害中的作用及血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂缬沙坦对其的影响。方法采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素方法建立糖尿病肾病大鼠模型。将大鼠随机分为对照组(Con组)、糖尿病组(DM组)、缬沙坦组(DM+V组)。缬沙坦组每日灌胃给予缬沙坦(10 mg/kg)共6周。应用免疫组化法及Western blot方法检测ERS相关蛋白P-IRE1α、P-JNK及中性粒细胞趋化因子MCP-1的表达及定位,实时荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)检测IRE1α、JNK及MCP-1mRNA的表达变化,同时观察各组大鼠尿蛋白、BUN、Scr等指标的变化。结果与Con组相比,DM组大鼠肾脏病理炎细胞浸润加重,PIRE1α、IRE1α、P-JNK、MCP-1蛋白表达上调,IRE1αmRNA、MCP-1mRNA表达水平上调;与DM组相比,DM+V组肾脏病理炎症细胞浸润减轻,P-IRE1α、IRE1α、P-JNK、MCP-1蛋白表达下调,IRE1αmRNA、MCP-1 mRNA表达水平下调。3组间JNK mRNA及蛋白表达无明显差异。结论糖尿病大鼠肾脏中存在内质网应激和炎症反应的激活,缬沙坦可能部分通过抑制内质网应激中的IRE1/JNK/MCP-1通路,减少炎症反应,从而发挥肾脏保护作用。     

内质网应激与自噬及其交互作用影响内皮细胞凋亡

内质网应激是普遍存在于真核细胞中的应激-防御机制。在内环境稳态遭到破坏的情况下,未折叠蛋白质反应的3条信号通路,分别通过增强蛋白质折叠能力、减少蛋白质生成和促进内质网相关蛋白质降解等途径缓解细胞内压力。同时,也通过多种分子信号机制调控细胞凋亡。自噬是一种生理性的降解机制。通过形成自噬泡并与溶酶体结合摄取并水解胞内受损细胞器和蛋白质等,清除代谢废物,维持细胞正常功能。自噬缺陷或过度激活均可导致细胞凋亡或非程序性死亡。自噬的程度和细胞内压力水平有关。内质网应激通过未折叠蛋白质反应和Ca²⁺浓度变化及其相关分子信号调控自噬。自噬又可反馈性调节内质网应激反应,二者相互作用,在内皮细胞凋亡过程中发挥重要作用。未来内质网应激和自噬可作为药物靶点为内皮相关性疾病提供诊疗策略。     

病毒性心肌炎所致小鼠心力衰竭心肌组织内质网应激相关的凋亡关系的研究

目的：探讨病毒性心肌炎心力衰竭小鼠心肌组织内质网应激介导的凋亡途径。方法：40只雄性Balb／c小鼠分为病毒性心肌炎组和正常对照组（n=20）,病毒性心肌炎组应用柯萨奇B3病毒制作BALB／c小鼠病毒性心肌炎模型,观察小鼠的一般情况,7d行血流动力学检查后处死取心脏标本,用TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡,RT-PCR检测心肌细胞内质网伴侣蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白（GAP）78和GRP04的mRNA表达水平。结果：①与正常对照组相比,病毒性心肌炎组小鼠血流动力学指标明显降低（P〈0．01）;②TUNEL染色显示病毒性心肌炎心力衰竭小鼠心肌组织凋亡明显增多（P〈0．01）;③病毒性心肌炎组小鼠内质网伴侣蛋白GRP78和GRP94的mRNA表达水平均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：病毒性心肌炎心力衰竭小鼠内质网应激可能介导了心肌细胞凋亡。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病细胞凋亡的内质网应激启动机制

内质网应激反应,是由于某些因素导致内质网的生理功能紊乱引起的一种细胞自我防御保护机制.内质网应激所诱导的细胞凋亡是近年来新被认识的一种凋亡途径,它不同于既往经典线粒体、死亡受体介导的细胞凋亡.当短暂性内质网应激时,通过激活未折叠蛋白反应来增强机体自我保护及生存能力;而持续性应激状态下,如非酒精性脂肪性肝病所诱导的内质网应激启动一系列凋亡途径如CHOP、JNK、Caspase等,上述凋亡途径可以加速诱导肝细胞凋亡,使NAFLD向肝纤维化方向甚至肝硬化发展.     

Klotho对CsA慢性肾毒性大鼠肾脏内质网应激相关凋亡的影响

24只雄性SD(Sprague dawley)大鼠在低盐饮食的基础上,随机分为3组:对照组、模型组、治疗组。模型组给予环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,Cs A)30 mg/kg/d腹腔注射共28 d建立慢性肾毒性大鼠模型;治疗组在给予等量Cs A的基础上腹腔注射给予重组可溶性Klotho蛋白(0.02 mg/kg/d腹腔注射,隔日一次)。28 d后处死大鼠,收集肾组织标本;行Masson染色观察肾脏病理损害;TUNEL(Td T-mediated d UTP nick end labeling)染色观察细胞凋亡情况;Western-blot检测肾组织内质网应激标志物兔抗葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulated protein78,GRP78)及CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(pro-apoptotic protein CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein,CHOP)的表达情况。分析发现,模型组大鼠肾脏病理损害明显加重,肾小管上皮细胞大量凋亡,GRP78及CHOP表达显著上调,而Klotho治疗组大鼠肾脏病理损害明显减轻,细胞凋亡减少,GRP78及CHOP的表达明显降低。表明Klotho蛋白可通过抑制内质网应激诱导的凋亡缓解Cs A慢性肾毒性的发生。     

Exercise protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by the inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in rats

To explore the protective effect of exercise training on the injury of myocardium tissues induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in diabetic rats and the relationship with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), the male sprague-dawley (SD) rats were fed with high-fat and high-sugar diet for 4 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal injection of STZ, 40 mg/kg, to establish a diabetes model, and then 10 rats were randomly selected as diabetes mellitus (DM) controls and 20 eligible diabetic rats were randomized into two groups: low-intensity exercise training (n = 10) and high-intensity exercise training (n = 10). After 12 weeks of exercise training, rats were killed and serum samples were used to determine cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I). Myocardial tissues were sampled for morphological analysis to detect myocardial cell apoptosis, and to analyze protein expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and caspase-12. Different intensities (low and high) significantly reduced serum cTn-I levels compared with the DCM group (p < 0.01), and significantly reduced the percentage of apoptotic myocardial cells and improved the parameters of cardiac function. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining indicated that exercise training could attenuate myocardial apoptosis. Additionally, exercise training significantly reduced GRP78, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-12 protein expression in an intensity-dependent manner. These findings suggest that exercise appeared to ameliorate diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in diabetic rats.     

Deregulation of long noncoding RNA (TUG1) contributes to excessive podocytes apoptosis by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress in the development of diabetic nephropathy

The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of how TUG1 interferes with the expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), which contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to explore the regulatory relationship among TUG1, CHOP, PGC-1α, and caspase-3. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling was performed to confirm TUG1 involved in diabetic nephropathy (DN) through influencing podocytes apoptosis. TUG1 was highly expressed in a cell following treatment with high glucose, and PGC-1α and cleaved caspase-3 levels were much lower, while CHOP level was much higher in high glucose group (HG), furthermore, CHOP inhibited PGC-1α expression. TUG1 negatively regulated CHOP expression, and positively regulated PGC-1α expression. Meanwhile, total caspase-3 level in cell treated with or without HG transfected with CHOP small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA), TUG1, and TUG1 siRNA showed no evident difference with their corresponding control, while CHOP siRNA and TUG1 evidently decreased, and TUG1 siRNA remarkably increased cleaved caspase-3 level in HG or normal glucose groups in comparison with corresponding control. TUG1 and PGC-1α levels were much lower, while CHOP level was much higher in participants diagnosed with DN. A higher level of CHOP protein and lower level of PGC-1α were observed in subjects diagnosed with DN. Finally, podocytes apoptosis in the DN group was significantly promoted compared with that in nondiabetic renal disease group. Our current study has suggested for the first time that the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) TUG1 influenced podocytes apoptosis via mediating endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)–CHOP–PGC-1α signaling pathway in HG-induced DN.     

内质网应激与心血管疾病研究概述

内质网应激是继死亡受体信号途径和线粒体途径之后新近发现的一条细胞凋亡通路,适度的应激可通过未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)产生细胞保护作用,但当应激过强或长时间不缓解时则会触发CHOP、ASK1/JNK及Caspases等通路诱导细胞凋亡。近年来研究发现内质网应激参与多种心血管疾病的发生发展,通过对相关通路的干预可以产生心肌细胞的保护作用,这有望成为防治心脏疾病的新靶点。     

氧化应激对原代培养乳鼠心房肌细胞中内质网应激及凋亡因子的影响

目的：研究氧化应激对原代培养乳鼠心房肌细胞凋亡、内质网应激及凋亡因子的影响。方法：实验分2组：对照组、氧化应激组。原代培养乳鼠心房肌细胞,氧化应激组在培养的原代心房肌细胞中加入终浓度为100μmol/L的H₂O₂培养2 h,检测氧化和抗氧化指标超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力、丙二醛（MDA）及还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量;检测细胞凋亡、细胞GRP78、GRP94及chop、bax、bcl-2 mRNA表达。结果：与对照组相比较,氧化应激组心房肌细胞SOD活力和GSH含量下降、MDA含量增加（P < 0.01）,细胞凋亡增加（P < 0.01）,细胞GRP78、GRP94、chop、bax mRNA表达增加、bcl-2 mRNA表达减少（P < 0.01）。结论：氧化应激反应可能介导内质网应激反应并激活促凋亡因子表达,抑制抗凋亡因子表达,引起心房肌细胞凋亡增加。这可能与心房纤颤的发生有一定关联性。     

内质网应激的细胞效应分子机制

内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERs）是内质网腔内错误折叠蛋白聚积的一种适应性反应,适度ERs通过激活未折叠蛋白反应起适应性的细胞保护作用,而过高和持久的ERs则通过诱导转录因子CHOP表达、激活caspase-12和c—Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）等导致细胞凋亡。近年来,越来越多的研究提示内质网应激是神经退行性病变、2型糖尿病以及肥胖等疾病发生过程中的重要环节。对内质网应激的细胞效应分子机制进行综述。随着对ERs机制理解的深入,有可能会发现新的分子标志物或新的诊疗策略。     

缺血性心肌病大鼠心肌细胞自噬在心肌重塑中的作用*

目的:研究缺血性心肌病大鼠心肌细胞自噬在心肌重塑中的作用。方法:36 只雄性SD大鼠分为正常对照组、假手术组、缺血性心肌病组( n=12),3组大鼠术前行心脏彩超检查,正常对照组大鼠不进行处理;假手术组大鼠开胸后不结扎冠状动脉,关闭胸腔;缺血性心肌病组大鼠开胸结扎冠状动脉20 min后,解开结扎线行再灌注后关闭胸腔,3组大鼠术后4周行心脏彩超检查后处死大鼠取心脏行HE染色、masson染色,观察心肌病理改变,用Western blot技术检测各组大鼠心肌细胞GRP78、LC3-I、LC3-II、Beclin-I表达及LC3-II/LC3-I比值的变化。结果:与正常组及假手术组比较,缺血性心肌病大鼠心室扩大,EF值降低;心肌排列紊乱,心肌纤维化增加;线粒体空泡化严重;内质网应激关键蛋白GRP78上调;自噬相关蛋白LC3-I、LC3-II、Beclin-I及LC3-II/LC3-I比值增加。结论:缺血性心肌病大鼠心肌细胞中内质网应激和自噬可能在心肌重塑中具有重要作用。     

Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress‐induced apoptosis in a streptozotocin‐induced diabetes rat model

Ginsenoside Rg1 has been demonstrated to have cardiovascular protective effects. However, whether the cardioprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 are mediated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐induced apoptosis remain unclear. In this study, among 80 male Wistar rats, 15 rats were randomly selected as controls; the remaining 65 rats received a diet rich in fat and sugar content for 4 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg) to establish a diabetes model. Seven days after STZ injection, 10 rats were randomly selected as diabetic model (DM) controls, 45 eligible diabetic rats were randomized to three treatment groups and administered ginsenoside Rg1 in a dosage of 10, 15 or 20 mg/kg/day, respectively. After 12 weeks of treatment, rats were killed and serum samples obtained to determine cardiac troponin (cTn)‐I. Myocardial tissues were harvested for morphological analysis to detect myocardial cell apoptosis, and to analyse protein expression of glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and Caspase‐12. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 (10–20 mg/kg) significantly reduced serum cTnI levels compared with DM control group (all P < 0.01). Ginsenoside Rg1 (15 and 20 mg/kg) significantly reduced the percentage of apoptotic myocardial cells and improved the parameters of cardiac function. Haematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining indicated that ginsenoside Rg1 could attenuate myocardial lesions and myocardial collagen volume fraction. Additionally, ginsenoside Rg1 significantly reduced GRP78, CHOP, and cleaved Caspase‐12 protein expression in a dose‐dependent manner. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 appeared to ameliorate diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting ER stress‐induced apoptosis in diabetic rats.     

Chelerythrine induces apoptosis via ROS‐mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and STAT3 pathways in human renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous histological disease and it is one of the most common kidney cancer. The treatment of RCC has been improved for the past few years, but its mortality still remains high. Chelerythrine (CHE) is a natural benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid and a widely used broad‐range protein kinase C inhibitor which has anti‐cancer effect on various types of human cancer cells. However, its effect on RCC has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the effect and mechanism of CHE on RCC cells. Our study showed that CHE induced colony formation inhibition and G2/M cell cycle arrest in a dose‐dependent manner in RCC cells. In addition, CHE increased cellular ROS level, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inactivating STAT3 activities and inducing apoptosis in RCC cells which were suppressed by NAC, a special ROS inhibitor. We further found that both knockdown of ATF4 protein and overexpression of STAT3 protein could reduce CHE‐induced apoptosis in Caki cells. These results demonstrated that the apoptosis induced by CHE was mediated by ROS‐caused ER stress and STAT3 inactivation. Collectively, our studies provided support for CHE as a potential new therapeutic agent for the management of RCC.     

BRD7 mediates hyperglycaemia‐induced myocardial apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling pathway

Bromodomain‐containing protein 7 (BRD7) is a tumour suppressor that is known to regulate many pathological processes including cell growth, apoptosis and cell cycle. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐induced apoptosis plays a key role in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the molecular mechanism of hyperglycaemia‐induced myocardial apoptosis is still unclear. We intended to determine the role of BRD7 in high glucose (HG)‐induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. In vivo, we established a type 1 diabetic rat model by injecting a high‐dose streptozotocin (STZ), and lentivirus‐mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to inhibit BRD7 expression. Rats with DCM exhibited severe myocardial remodelling, fibrosis, left ventricular dysfunction and myocardial apoptosis. The expression of BRD7 was up‐regulated in the heart of diabetic rats, and inhibition of BRD7 had beneficial effects against diabetes‐induced heart damage. In vitro, H9c2 cardiomyoblasts was used to investigate the mechanism of BRD7 in HG‐induced apoptosis. Treating H9c2 cardiomyoblasts with HG elevated the level of BRD7 via activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and increased ER stress‐induced apoptosis by detecting spliced/active X‐box binding protein 1 (XBP‐1s) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Furthermore, down‐regulation of BRD7 attenuated HG‐induced expression of CHOP via inhibiting nuclear translocation of XBP‐1s without affecting the total expression of XBP‐1s. In conclusion, inhibition of BRD7 appeared to protect against hyperglycaemia‐induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting ER stress signalling pathway.