丹参注射液对庆大霉素耳中毒豚鼠耳蜗血管纹NOS活性的影响

目的：研究丹参注射液（SM）对庆大霉素（GM）耳中毒豚鼠耳蜗血管纹一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性的影响及其与听阈的关系,探讨SM对GM耳毒性损伤的保护作用。方法：应用NADPH－黄递酶（NADPH-d）组织化学染色以及图象分析技术,并结合听性脑干反应（ABR）测试。结果：SM－GM组耳蜗血管纹NOS活性和ABR阈值均明显低于GM组（P＜0.01）;且各组NOS活性变化与ABR阈移高庆相关（rcontrol=-0.9464;rGM=-0.9117;rSM GM=-0.8958,P＜0.01）。结论：SM可通过降低耳蜗血管纹NOS活性以减轻GM的耳毒性损伤,从而改善听功能。     

丹参注射液对链霉素耳中毒豚鼠耳蜗iNOS表达的影响

目的: 探讨链霉素(SM)耳中毒过程中豚鼠耳蜗iNOS表达,以及丹参注射液(DS)的拮抗作用.方法: 应用光镜、电镜、免疫组化及图像分析技术,结合听性脑干反应(ABR)测试.结果: 用药10d后,SM组ABR阈值明显升高,DS SM组ABR阈值明显低于SM组,差异显著(P<0.01).光镜及电镜下可见SM组柯蒂氏器、内外毛细胞、螺旋神经节细胞、血管纹损伤严重,DS SM组损伤较轻.SM组iNOS在柯蒂氏器、内外毛细胞、螺旋神经节、血管纹的表达明显高于DS SM组.结论: SM耳中毒时ABR阈值升高,iNOS表达增强.DS能有效的降低SM所致的ABR阈值升高,并抑制iNOS的过量表达,从而减轻SM的耳毒性损伤,提示DS对SM耳毒性损伤有保护作用.     

豚鼠庆大霉素耳中毒后诱发的耳蜗热休克反应

目的：探讨热休克蛋白（HSP）70在庆大霉素（GM）耳中毒中的意义。方法：应用SABC免疫组化技术及图像分析技术并结合听脑干反应（ABR）测试。观察庆大霉素耳中毒后热休克蛋白70在豚鼠耳蜗中表达及其与听阈的关系。结果：实验组耳蜗Corti‘s器、血管纹、螺旋韧带、螺旋缘、螺旋神经节细胞HSP70表达呈强阳性。且ABP阈值变化与HSP70表达的变化高度相关（｜γ｜＞0．8,P＜0．01）。结论：庆大霉素耳中毒后能够诱发耳蜗热休克反应,增加HSP70在豚鼠耳蜗的表达,保护听力。     

丹参注射液对庆大霉素耳中毒豚鼠耳蜗氧自由基生成的影响

目的:研究丹参注射液(SM)对庆大霉素(GM)耳中毒豚鼠耳蜗氧自由基生成的影响,探讨SM对GM耳毒性损伤的保护作用及其机制.方法:检测豚鼠耳蜗组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量,结合听性脑干反应(ABR)测试及透射电镜技术.结果:经GM处理的耳蜗组织中SOD活力明显下降,MDA含量则明显增加(P＜0.01),且与ABR阈值升高高度相关(|r|＞0.8,P＜0.05).同时接受SM的动物,其耳蜗组织中SOD活力明显升高(P＜0.01),MDA含量则明显减少(P＜0.05),且听功能显著改善.电镜观察显示耳蜗形态学改变与听力变化相一致.结论:氧自由基及其引发的脂质过氧化参与了GM耳中毒过程,SM可通过提高耳蜗组织中SOD活力,防止脂质过氧化,减轻GM的耳蜗毒性,改善听功能.     

刺五加注射液对豚鼠庆大霉素耳毒性拮抗作用的实验研究

目的：探讨中药刺五加注射液（ASS）对庆大霉素（GM）耳毒性作用的影响及其机制。方法：豚鼠随机分成对照组、GM组、ASS4-GM组和ASS组。采用听性脑干反应（ABR）、透射电镜技术（TEM）、Western blot方法观察用药前后豚鼠的ABR阈值、形态学变化及caspase-3的表达情况。结果：用药后GM组ABR阈值明显升高;ASS组ABR阈值与对照组相比无显著性差异,与GM组和ASS4-GM组相比明显降低。透射电镜观察用药后GM组毛细胞损伤严重,出现了凋亡的形态学特征,而ASS4-GM组损伤较轻。Western blot结果表明用药后GM组豚鼠caspase-3表达明显增加;ASS4-GM组caspase-3的表达稍有升高。结论：刺五加注射液对庆大霉素耳毒性具有拮抗作用,其机制可能是通过抑制caspase-3的表达来实现的。     

川芎嗪抗链霉素耳毒性作用及其对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞钾通道的影响

本文旨在研究川芎嗪（tetramethylpyrazine,TMP）拮抗链霉素耳毒性作用及其对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞K^＋通道的影响,探讨TMP拈抗链霉素耳毒性的离子通道机制。60只豚鼠随机分为6组,应用听觉脑干反应（auditory brainstem response,ABR）技术检测豚鼠ABR听阈,观测TMP的抗链霉素耳毒作用;并采用全细胞膜片钳技术观察TMP对耳蜗外毛细胞Ca^2＋敏感艮电流的影响。结果显示,TMP明显降低链霉素导致的豚鼠ABR听阈升高,提示TMP具有抗链霉素耳毒性作用;TMP能明显增大豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞Ca^2＋敏感艮电流,并呈浓度依赖关系。结果提示,TMP通过增大艮通道电导而拮抗链霉素耳毒性作用。     

豚鼠庆大霉素耳中毒后HSP70 mRNA的表达

为探讨热休克蛋白(heatshockprotein,HSP)70mRNA在庆大霉素(gentamicin,GM)耳中毒中的意义,本实验选用耳廓反射灵敏的健康白色红目豚鼠(200~250g)20只,雌雄不拘,随机分成两组,每组10只。实验组动物每日腹腔注射GM100mg/kg;对照组动物每日腹腔注射与GM等量的生理盐水2.5ml/kg。两组动物混合饲养,均连续用药10d。在用药前1天和停药后第1天进行听脑干反应(auditorybrainstemresponse,ABR)测试。各组豚鼠在行第二次ABR检测后,应用原位杂交及图像分析技术观察GM耳中毒后HSP70mRNA在豚鼠耳蜗中表达。结果显示:实验组耳蜗ABR阈值明显高于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.01);实验组豚鼠耳蜗血管纹、螺旋韧带、螺旋神经节细胞HSP70mRNA表达呈强阳性,其平均灰度值较正常对照组明显减小(P<0.001),即GM能显著增强耳蜗HSP70mRNA的表达。结果提示,GM中毒后,动物可能通过增加HSP70mRNA在耳蜗的表达,起保护听力的作用。     

卡那霉素耳慢性中毒对豚鼠耳蜗毛细胞中Bcl-2表达的影响

目的:探讨卡那霉素耳慢性中毒对豚鼠耳蜗毛细胞中Bcl-2表达的影响。方法:取20只豚鼠随机分为2组,实验组连续14d肌肉注射硫酸卡那霉素,200mg/(kg.d),对照组连续14d等量肌肉注射生理盐水,停药14d处死动物后制作耳蜗标本,处死前检测其ABR的变化,免疫组化及原位杂交法测定Bcl-2的表达。结果:豚鼠卡那霉素耳慢性中毒后,ABR阈值较对照组明显上升,Bcl-2阳性表达减低,与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:卡那霉素耳慢性损害可能与抑制Bcl-2的表达有关。     

一氧化氮合酶（NOS）在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的检测膀胱移行细胞癌中一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）的表达,并分析其表达与肿瘤病理特性的关系.方法采用免疫组织化学技术检测35例膀胱移行细胞癌标本、12例癌旁粘膜标本及8例正常膀胱粘膜标本中一氧化氮合酶三种亚型的表达情况.结果 35例肿瘤标本中nNOS、iNOS、eNOS阳性表达率分别为74.3%、85.7%、42.9%,膀胱移行细胞癌中iNOS表达较正常膀胱粘膜增高.但移行细胞癌、癌旁粘膜、正常粘膜三组间nNOS及eNOS表达无差别.nNOS、iNOS、eNOS表达与膀胱移行细胞癌分期分级可能无相关性.结论 iNOS在膀胱移行细胞癌中表达增高,可能参与膀胱移行细胞癌的发生发展.     

脑细胞生长肽对GM耳毒性的预防作用

目的：观察脑细胞生长肽（cerebral cell growth peptide,CCGP)对庆大霉素（gentamicin,GM)引起的豚鼠耳中毒的预防作用）。方法：用脑干听觉诱发电位（brainstem auditory evoked potential,BAEP)和组织化学方法分别检测动物听阀的变化和耳蜗毛细胞线粒体内琥珀酸脱氢酶（succinate dehydrogenase,SDH)及溶酶体内的酸性磷酸酶（acid phosphatase,ACP)活性变化,并在三组动物进行耳蜗受损毛细胞计数。结果：CCGP能降低GM引起的BAEP反应阈的上升幅度,保护耳蜗毛细胞SDH和维持溶酶体的完整性,减轻毛细胞的损伤。结论：CCGP能降低GM的中毒性;保护耳蜗毛细胞SDH,维持毛细胞的能量代谢,减少溶酶体损伤,降低溶酶体内水解酶逸出引起的毛细胞自溶性损伤,可能是CCGP预防GM耳毒性的机制之一。     

Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase lowers the cochlear damage by lipopolysaccharide in guinea pigs

Endotoxin-treated cochleas of the guinea pig were examined electrophysiologically and immunohistochemically concerning the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS II). One mg of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/ml) or mixed solution of 1 mg of LPS plus 1 mg of N^G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 5 mg/ml) (L-NAME/LPS) was injected into the middle ear of guinea pigs transtympanically. The electrocochleograms were measured prior to, immediately and 48 h after the injection. Immunohistological studies for iNOS followed after fixation, embedding and sectioning of the temporal bones.

The threshold and amplitude of the compound action potential (CAP) became significantly worse in the LPS treated group. In contrast, the changes of the threshold and amplitude of CAP were decreased in the L-NAME/LPS group. iNOS was expressed in the stria vascularis, the spiral ligament, the organ of Corti and the spiral ganglion in the LPS group. These immunore-activities in the L-NAME/LPS group were less intense than that in the LPS group. These results indicate that LPS has an ototoxic effect on the cochlea and that this effect could be mediated by iNOS produced high nitric oxide under inflammatory conditions.     

Caspase-3在老年豚鼠耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞的表达

目的检测caspase-3在老年豚鼠耳蜗的表达。方法实验分两组:实验组和对照组,实验组豚鼠年龄为33至35个月之间,对照组豚鼠年龄为2至3个月。用免疫组织化学方法检测caspase-3在两组豚鼠耳蜗的表达。结果Caspase-3在实验组耳蜗的表达呈阳性,阳性区域主要存在于耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞。在对照组耳蜗的表达呈阴性。结论Caspase-3在老年豚鼠耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞中呈阳性表达,提示caspase-3在豚鼠耳蜗老化过程中起重要作用。     

Nitric oxide as a nonadrenergic inhibitory transmitter in smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig gastro-intestinal tract: Mechanisms of action

The role of nitric oxide (NO) as a possible transmitter for nonadrenergic inhibitory transmission was studied on isolated muscle strips of the guinea pig gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) using sucrose-gap technique. In addition, the voltage clamp and intracellular dialysis techniques were employed to study the effects of sodium nitroprusside (NP) on isolated smooth muscle (SM) cells of thetaenia coli. N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a blocker of NO synthesis from L-arginine (0.1 mM), was shown to selectively suppress the apamin-resistant component of nonadrenergic inhibitory junctional (synaptic) potentials (IJP) in the guinea pig GIT SM cells. At the same time, L-NAME did not affect the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and NP-evoked hyperpolarization in SM cells of the colon. The NP-induced hyperpolarization (0.1 mM) was accompained by a decrease in the SM cell membrane resistance. Application of NP to isolated SM cells activated a small outward current and increased the frequency of spontaneous transient calcium-dependent outward currents. NP increased the Ca-dependent potassium current evoked in SM cells by step depolarization, but did not affect the potassium currents of delayed rectification. Our results suggest that NO is involved in generation of nonadrenergic IJP in SM cells of the guinea pig GIT. The action of NP on SM cells is complex and results in hyperpolarization and relaxation (partially through the activation of Ca-dependent potassium channels in SM cell membrane).     

An interspecies comparison of gangliosides and neutral glycolipids in adrenal glands

Gangliosides and neutral glycolipids of adrenal glands of mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, pig, cow, monkey, and chicken were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The major gangliosides common to all species had lactosylceramide in their core structure. GM3 containing N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) was the major ganglioside in rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and cat, whereas GM3 containing N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) was the major one in mouse, cow, and monkey. GD3 was also detected in all species except mouse and GD3(NeuAc)2 was the major in pig adrenal gland. GM4(NeuAc) was detected in the adrenal glands of guinea pig and chicken but not in those of the other species. In the neutral glycolipid fractions, galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, globotriaosylceramide and globotetraosylceramide were detected and the proportions of these glycolipids varied among the species. Guinea pig and chicken adrenal glands contained large amounts of galactosylceramide, this being consistent with the presence of GM4 in these two species. Globopentaosylceramide was detected in mouse, guinea pig, cat, and chicken by the TLC-immunostaining procedure.     

Morphological changes associated with low-tone hearing loss in guinea pig models of early endolymphatic hydrops

The present study was to explore the functional and morphological changes in cochleas of guinea pig models of early endolymphatic hydrops. Thirty albino guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups: control, 4-week model and 8-week model groups. For each group, n = 10. Model groups were operated on the right ears to result in endolymphatic hydrops with the method of slight destruction of endolymphatic sac and duct from extradural posterior cranial fossa approach, and the animals in control group were sham operated. Electrocochleogram recorded by trans-tympanic approach and auditory brainstem response (ABR) were tested in preoperative model groups, control group, 4-week model group and 8-week model group to assess the hearing changes. Histologic morphometry was used to quantify hydrops by testing scala media area (SMA) ratio. Scanning electron microscope was used to assess the changes of cochlea hair cells. The results showed that the summating potential/compound action potential (SP/AP) ratio of electrocochleogram in 4-week model group (0.33 ± 0.14) and 8-week model group (0.43 ± 0.14) increased significantly, compared with that in control group (0.07 ± 0.06). The maximum SMA ratio in 4-week model group (2.64 ± 0.10) and 8-week model group (3.54 ± 0.13) increased significantly, compared with that in control group (1.06 ± 0.08). The results of maximum SMA ratio correlated with SP/AP ratio of electrocochleogram (r = 0.86). The results of hearing threshold of ABR revealed that the operated ears of model groups were higher than the preoperative results at frequencies of 2 kHz and 4 kHz. And the damage of cochlea hair cells in operated ears occurred in apical and subapical turns. These results suggest the increased SP/AP ratio of electrocochleogram can indicate early endolymphatic hydrops. There is low-tone hearing loss in guinea pig models of early endolymphatic hydrops, and it may be associated with the abnormalities of the stereocilia among the outer hair cells in operated ears which occurs in apical and subapical turns.     

In vivo MRI evaluation of anabolic steroid precursor growth effects in a guinea pig model

Anabolic steroids are widely used to increase skeletal muscle (SM) mass and improve physical performance. Some dietary supplements also include potent steroid precursors or active steroid analogs such as nandrolone. Our previous study reported the anabolic steroid effects on SM in a castrated guinea pig model with SM measured using a highly quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol. The aim of the current study was to apply this animal model and in vivo MRI protocol to evaluate the growth effects of four widely used over-the-counter testosterone and nandrolone precursors: 4-androstene-3 17-dione (androstenedione), 4-androstene-3β 17β-diol (4-androsdiol), 19-nor-4-androstene-3β-17β-diol (bolandiol) and 19-nor-4-androstene-3 17-dione (19-norandrostenedione). The results showed that providing precursor to castrated male guinea pigs led to plasma steroid levels sufficient to maintain normal SM growth. The anabolic growth effects of these specific precursors on individual and total muscle volumes, sexual organs, and total adipose tissue over a 10-week treatment period, in comparison with those in the respective positive control testosterone and nandrolone groups, were documented quantitatively by MRI.