多地同质园实验揭示普通野生稻的表型可塑性与本地适应性

边缘种群的表型可塑性和本地适应性的解析是预测植物如何响应气候变化的基础。本研究以普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)的北缘种群为核心对象,以中心种群(中部、南部种群)为对照,进行3地同质园实验,以“空间换时间”的策略模拟未来气温变化情形下普通野生稻种群的表型表现。结果显示,普通野生稻各种群具有丰富的表型可塑性,种群间表型可塑性存在差异。北缘种群在株高、种子量和越冬存活率等指标上表现出明显的本地适应性,反映了对相对低温环境的适应。北缘种群无论北移还是南移都能够正常结实、完成生活史,说明在未来气温变化情形下也能生存;中部和南部种群在上海同质园都不能越冬存活,提示极端低温对于低纬度种群影响较大。这些结果表明,尽管普通野生稻存在明显的适应性分化,但有较强的表型可塑性能力,北缘种群和中心种群都能适应当前的气候变暖。     

黄河下游湿地芦苇形态变异研究

 以水盐为主导生态因子,分析了黄河下游湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)种群形态变异的水平与格局。对基径、株高、叶长、叶宽、节间长、节间数和穗长7个形态特征在15个种群中的变异分析表明：种群内个体间形态差异极显著,7个形态特征在种群内的变异系数从大到小依次为节间长（0.284 6）、叶宽（0.253 6）、穗长（0.244 9）、叶长（0.208 5）、基径（0.187 5）、节间数（0.176 3）、株高（0.165 7）; 7个形态特征在种群间的变异度从大到小依次为株高、叶长、节间长、叶宽、基径、节间数、穗长,但种群间形态的显著差异主要存在于滨州种群（BZH）、淡水种群（ZHG、DPH、NYH,土壤总盐度<0.1%）、盐生种群（HS01、HS02、HS03、HS04、HS05、DWL、KD、GD、LZH、LJ、DLH,土壤总盐度>0.3%）之间,在来自相似生境的种群间形态差异普遍不显著;7个形态特征均与水盐联合影响因子显著相关;以形态特征为基础的聚类分析将研究的15个种群分为显著不同的３类。因此,根据黄河下游湿地芦苇形态变异规律和分化特点,建议将该地区芦苇分为盐生芦苇、淡水芦苇、巨型芦苇3个形态类型。     

芦苇生态型研究进展

芦苇生态幅极广,适生于多种生境类型。不同的环境选择压力如水深、盐度、养分、气候等交互影响致使芦苇个体及种群间发生不同程度的分化和变异,形成了形态、生理或遗传上互有差异、异地性的不同生态型。尽管基于芦苇表型变异以及遗传变异进行生态型划分的研究已开展很多,但针对芦苇生态型变异规律及其可能的形成机制的认知仍存在较多分歧。在总结近年来有关芦苇生态型研究文献的基础上,通过对影响芦苇生态型变异的主要因素——环境因素和遗传因素的分析,以期为芦苇生态型的划分及其可能的形成机制提供新的研究思路。(1)空间尺度的选择应成为研究者分析、划分芦苇生态型的首要定位。在较大的地理空间尺度上,高度异质性的生境导致某些性状的变异式样具有相对的不连续性,可作为不同芦苇生态型鉴别与描述的主要依据;(2)在合理的尺度定位、取样设计和统计分析的基础上开展的表型变异研究,及进一步基于种群水平的分子标记研究(分子指纹特征或特有等位基因),可为芦苇生态型的鉴定、划分提供更为可靠的参考数据,并且可以甄别生境差异(环境响应)和遗传变异对芦苇不同生态型分化的贡献;(3)应同时进行不同生态型的特定性状与功能(株高、茎粗、生物量、生理抗逆性、水体污染物净化能力等)的定位,推动优良基因型的选育与扩繁。     

Effects of latitudinal variation on field and common garden comparisons between native and introduced groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) populations

纬度变异对欧洲千里光原产地与引入地种群野外和同质生物园比较的影响 野外和同质生物园比较经常用于研究入侵植物快速进化。当原产地或引入地的种群地理分布范围较广时，表型性状的纬度渐变可能会影响这种比较分析。我们检验了纬度渐变是否会影响欧洲千里光(Senecio vulgaris)引入地和原产地种群间的比较。欧洲千里光原产于欧洲，现已引入到中国东北和西南地区。我们对欧洲原产地和中国引入地的野外种群进行了调查，同时在瑞士开展了同质生物园实验，比较了中国引入地种群与欧洲原产地种群的株高、分枝数和花序数，以此衡量两地欧洲千里光种群在生长和繁殖方面的差异。野外调查表明，中国引入地种群的株高和花序数量显著大于欧洲原产地种群，这一结果与增强竞争力进化假说的预测一致。在同质生物园比较中，当考虑纬度渐变的作用时，中国种群的花序数量显著大于欧洲种群。分别将中国东北部、中国西南部两个地区的种群与欧洲种群进行比较，无论在野外还是同质生物园，与欧洲种群处于相似纬度的中国东北部种群表现出更高的株高和更多的花序。但位于更低纬度的中国西南部种群的繁殖表现并不强于原产地种群。因此我们的结果表明，当引入地种群地理分布较广时，无论野外还是同质生物园的比较都应该考虑表型性状纬度渐变的影响。     

北美驼绒藜主要性状遗传变异特性的初步研究

对北美驼绒藜的4个世代12个主要性状遗传变异特性初步分析结果表明:在世代内12个主要性状变异都不显著,在世代间除枝条节数和着生雄花节数外,其它10个性状变异程度都达到了显著或极显著水平,表明北美驼绒藜各性状主要变异来自世代间;10个性状表型变异系数和遗传变异系数总体趋势基本一致,但程度上存在差异,说明这些性状遗传变异潜力较大;株高、叶腋雌花数、叶宽、再生小枝数性状遗传力较高(72-62),其变异主要是遗传因素决定,而叶长、株幅性状遗传力较低(16-14),其变异主要是环境因素决定。     

河北木蓝的叶表型可塑性研究

以中国分布最广、形态变异复杂且分类上存在争议的木蓝属植物河北木蓝(Indigofera bungeana Walp.)为研究对象,运用GIS技术从较大尺度上(17省28县29个居群)进行叶表型可塑性分析,利用表型可塑性指数和变异系数对叶表型可塑性进行评价,并对叶表型性状与环境因子的相关性进行分析。结果显示:河北木蓝叶表型性状在居群间的变异大于居群内;叶长、叶柄长、最少小叶数、最多小叶数、小叶长、小叶宽6个叶表型性状均具有可塑性,其中叶长的可塑性最大,小叶数目的可塑性最小;年均降水量是对叶表型可塑性影响最大的环境因子;6个叶表型性状与海拔均呈负相关,与年均气温呈正相关。研究结果可为河北木蓝的分类、适应性进化和开发利用奠定基础。     

滇池流域富磷山地优势植物种群生态分化

为了解植物在富磷山地条件下的生态分化情况,本试验以滇池流域柴河子流域山地富磷区4种常见优势植物(紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum、戟叶酸模Rumex hastatus、蔗茅Saccharum rufipilum、马桑Coriaria sinica)为研究对象,分别对采自不同土壤全磷条件下4种植物各6个种群进行了同质园栽培试验,通过测量其表型性状,并采用单因素方差分析、变异系数分析和相关性分析等统计方法,分析了4种植物各种群的表型变异情况。结果表明:4种植物不同种群间在株高、叶面积、比叶面积和叶干物质量上存在显著差异,同种植物不同种群同一表型性状上变异系数差别较大,不同表型性状变异幅度也不相同。蔗茅、戟叶酸模、紫茎泽兰和马桑各种群表型性状的变异平均有24.01%、4.58%、16.80%和9.42%来源于种群间,59.86%、66.17%、63.15%和68.51%的变异存在于各种群内部。这说明,富磷区山地优势植物对土壤异质环境的适应不仅仅只是表型上的响应,已出现一定的遗传分化。     

陕西子午岭林区人工油松幼树的表型多样性

为研究陕西子午岭马栏林区人工油松(Pinus tabuliformis)幼树的表型变异特征,选取种植于草地、灌木丛、白桦(Betula platyphylla)林、辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林的4种人工油松幼树种群,对其针叶及枝条的表型性状进行分析。结果表明:人工油松幼树种群的7个表型性状(针叶长度、宽度、厚度、长宽比及当年生枝条的长度、基径、着生针叶数)在种群内及种群间都存在极显著差异;种群间平均表型分化系数为72.88%,大于种群内的27.12%,表明种群间变异是油松幼树表型变异的主要部分,不同种群所处的环境差异是油松幼树表型变异的主要原因;表型性状的平均变异系数为19.74%,性状离散程度居中;相关性分析表明,叶长与叶宽不相关,其他性状间均存在显著的相关关系;表型性状的聚类分析将4种人工油松幼树种群划分为3类。     

极小种群野生植物梓叶槭的种实表型变异特征

表型变异是植物遗传变异与环境异质性相互作用的结果, 是植物适应和进化的具体表现。为揭示极小种群植物梓叶槭(Acer catalpifolium)的种实表型在其适应环境过程中的变异特征, 明确梓叶槭优质种源地, 为该物种的保护提供基础数据, 本研究以天然分布的5个小种群的11个种实性状为研究对象, 采用巢式方差、变异系数、表型分化系数等多种指标, 探讨了其种群间和种群内的表型变异。结果表明: 梓叶槭种实表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在着显著的差异, 种群内的变异(63.11%)大于种群间的变异(23.61%), 种群间平均分化系数为27.23%, 分化程度在槭树科植物中相对较大。种子厚度的平均变异系数最高(40.64%), 其次是果柄长。翅果千粒重的平均变异系数最小(1.57%), 是最稳定的种实性状。都江堰种群的表型多样性最丰富, 平武种群的则最低; 气象因子对梓叶槭种实表型性状的影响不显著。就种实表型性状而言, 虽然雷波种群的翅果最大, 平武种群的种子最大, 同时两者均具有最大的种子厚度和质量均一度。故平武和雷波种群均可作为梓叶槭优质种质资源的候选地。     

表型可塑性变异的生态-发育机制及其进化意义

表型可塑性赋予生物个体在不同环境条件下通过产生不同表型来维持其适合度的能力.研究结果显示多数可塑性变异的产生是基于对环境变异信号的响应、改变基因表达式样并调整发育轨迹的结果,表观遗传调控体系在基因选择性表达和可塑性变异的跨世代传递过程中发挥了重要作用.不同物种和种群对环境变化的敏感性、发生可塑性变异的能力以及可塑性反应模式不尽相同,预示着控制可塑性能力并独立于控制性状的可塑性基凶的存在,这些基因是直接响应环境信号并控制表型表达的调控基因.表型可塑性不仅是物种适应性进化的一个重要方面,也是选择进化的产物,物种的表型可塑性变异对其生态适应和进化模式有深远的影响.     

Trait‐based adaptability of Phragmites australis to the effects of soil water and salinity in the Yellow River Delta

Phragmites australis is the dominant species in the Yellow River Delta and plays an important role in wetland ecosystems. In order to evaluate the relationship between phenotypic variation and environmental factors, explore how functional traits respond to changes in electrical conductivity and soil water content, and reveal the ecological strategies of P. australis, we investigated the ecological responses of P. australis to soil properties based on 96 plots along the coastal–inland regions in the Yellow River Delta of China. Within the range of soil water content (SWC, 9.39%–36.92%) and electrical conductivity (EC, 0.14–13.29 ms/cm), the results showed that (a) the effects of salinity were more important than the soil water content for the characterization of the morphological traits and that plant functional traits including leaf traits and stem traits responded more strongly to soil salinity than soil water content; (b) compared with morphological traits such as average height and internode number, physiological traits such as SPAD value, as well as morphological traits closely related to physiological traits such as specific leaf area and leaf thickness, showed stronger stability in response to soil water and salinity; and (c) under the condition of high electrical conductivity, P. australis improved its water acquisition ability by increasing indicators such as leaf water content and leaf thickness. In addition, with the increase in plant tolerance to stress, more resources were used to resist external stress, and the survival strategy was inclined toward the stress tolerator (S) strategy. Under low EC conditions, P. australis increased specific leaf area and leaf area for its growth in order to obtain resources rapidly, while its survival strategy gradually moved toward the competitor (C) strategy.     

Short distances between extreme microhabitats do not result in ecotypes in Syntrichia caninervis

Abstract

Phenotypic variation occurs in many populations of plants. When this variation occurs along an environmental gradient, the immediate question is whether the variation is attributed to phenotypic plasticity, ecotypes, or some combination of the two. The moss Syntrichia caninervis appears morphologically variable along an environmental gradient changing rapidly from low light, low temperature, and high moisture levels in the understory microhabitat to high light, high temperature, and low moisture levels in the intershrub microhabitat. We tested for the presence of physiological variation using recovery from a heat-shock event in a mimicked microhabitat light environment, and for morphological variation using a common garden with the ultimate goal of attributing observed variation to plasticity, genetic variation, or a combination. The results suggest that plasticity plays a large role in trait variation. Photosynthetic recovery depended on the current light levels of an environment and not the original microhabitat. The supposed morphological variation in the field was not reflected in the test traits (awn length, leaf area, and shoot volume) and further growth in a common garden continued to show no variation between microhabitats.     

Low genetic diversity contrasts with high phenotypic variability in heptaploid Spartina densiflora populations invading the Pacific coast of North America

Species can respond to environmental pressures through genetic and epigenetic changes and through phenotypic plasticity, but few studies have evaluated the relationships between genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity of plant species along changing environmental conditions throughout wide latitudinal ranges. We studied inter‐ and intrapopulation genetic diversity (using simple sequence repeats and chloroplast DNA sequencing) and inter‐ and intrapopulation phenotypic variability of 33 plant traits (using field and common‐garden measurements) for five populations of the invasive cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brongn. along the Pacific coast of North America from San Francisco Bay to Vancouver Island. Studied populations showed very low genetic diversity, high levels of phenotypic variability when growing in contrasted environments and high intrapopulation phenotypic variability for many plant traits. This intrapopulation phenotypic variability was especially high, irrespective of environmental conditions, for those traits showing also high phenotypic plasticity. Within‐population variation represented 84% of the total genetic variation coinciding with certain individual plants keeping consistent responses for three plant traits (chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents, and dead shoot biomass) in the field and in common‐garden conditions. These populations have most likely undergone genetic bottleneck since their introduction from South America; multiple introductions are unknown but possible as the population from Vancouver Island was the most recent and one of the most genetically diverse. S. densiflora appears as a species that would not be very affected itself by climate change and sea‐level rise as it can disperse, establish, and acclimate to contrasted environments along wide latitudinal ranges.     

Seed source environment predicts response to water availability in Plantago patagonica

The intensity, duration, and severity of drought increasing across the American Southwest. Plant restoration efforts are often thwarted by drought-induced effects (i.e. drought-induced mortality or failure to reproduce). Careful selection of plant materials to match future environmental conditions could improve restoration success under climate change. Here, we focus on Plantago patagonica, a priority arid land restoration species in the southwestern US. Using experimental drought in a greenhouse and supplemental watering in a common garden experiment, we quantified how the seed-collection site environment influenced plant growth, performance, phenotypic plasticity, and evidence of local adaptation in 12 populations of P. patagonica. In the greenhouse, we found plants from hotter and drier environments had higher root:shoot ratios, while those from more variable precipitation regimes had greater total biomass in response to drought. Populations sourced from warmer environments exhibited sevenfold greater plasticity in root:shoot ratio compared to those from cooler environments, and there was strong evidence for local adaptation in phenology, as populations sourced from geographic locations nearer the common garden exhibited five times more flowering individuals than those sourced furthest from that garden. In the common garden, we found that plants sourced from wetter locations and those with more consistent precipitation regimes had lower mortality and higher specific leaf area, a proxy for growth, under unwatered ambient conditions. These results suggest plant performance of P. patagonica under reduced water availability is strongly shaped by the seed-collection site environment and may be a useful tool for improving restoration outcomes in a changing world.     

The sediment burial depth and salinity control the early developments of Suaeda salsa in the Yellow River Delta

Sediment deposition is a common phenomenon in the estuary area. Pot control experiments were conducted to evaluate the interaction effects of sediment burial depth and salt stress on the seed germination and early seedling growth of Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall., an pioneer species of tidal wetland near the Yellow River Delta. The results showed that the percentage of seedling emergence, seedling emergence rate, seedling height, branch number, shoot biomass and root biomass were all significantly affected by salt stress and sediment burial depth. While the interaction of salt and burial depth significantly influenced the branch number, leaf biomass, shoot biomass and total plant biomass. Only 5 cm burial depth without salt stress should 6.25 ± 3.61% seedlings emergence. With the increasing of sediment burial depth and salt stress, percentage of seedling emergence, seedling emergence rate and plant height decreased significantly. However, under the salt treatment of 0 and 1%, the branch number increased dramatically with the increasing of sediment burial depth from 0 to 3 cm. The ratio of leaf to total biomass increased with increasing of burial depth, on the contrary, the ratio of root to total biomass decreased. 0–1 cm sediment burial depth was proved the suitable depths for seed germination of S. salsa in the coastal wetland of the Yellow River Delta. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of how to improve the seedling establishment of S. salsa under the dynamic changes of sediment deposition and salinity in the coastal wetland of the Yellow River Delta.     

Phenotypic and phenological plasticity of an aquatic macrophyteMenyanthes trifoliata L.

Phenotypic and phenological properties ofMenyanthes trifoliata L. were investigated within and outside of aPhragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex. Steud. canopy in a floating peat mat in Mizorogaike Pond, Central Japan. Under theP. australis canopy,M. trifoliata adjusted its phenotypic properties to the conditions of decreased light by increasing leaf blade area, decreasing leaf blade thickness and elongating petioles. The earlier expansion of leaves ofM. trifoliata within theP. australis community than outside the community was advantageous in terms of allowing the plant in the mixed community to produce as much dry matter as possible before the foliage ofP. australis could overgrow it. Despite the harmful effect ofP. australis onM. trifoliata's vegetative growth and reproduction, the latter species can persist in aP. australis community by changing its phenotypic and phenological properties.     

苦豆子表型性状多样性分析及综合评价

该研究以自然分布的内蒙、宁夏、甘肃、新疆、陕西等23个不同地理来源(种源)的野生苦豆子种子及其播种于内蒙古鄂托克前旗同质园内的当年生植株为材料,采用方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法对种子长、宽、千粒重以及植株的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶形指数、苗高、地径及生物量等10个表型性状的多样性进行了研究。结果表明:各个表型性状种源间均呈极显著差异,其中种子表型性状的变异系数为5.24%,植株表型性状的变异系数为18.34%,表明种子性状的稳定性高于植株性状。同时,10个性状的表型分化系数均高于70%,说明苦豆子表型多样性主要来源于种源间的表型变异;各种源苦豆子种子性状的表型分化系数均值高达97.55%,且种长、千粒重分别与采集地经度、纬度和海拔等环境因子呈极显著相关性,说明种子表型性状受环境因素的影响较大;相关性分析显示,苦豆子植株性状叶长(LL)、叶面积(LA)分别与种子性状千粒重(TW)、种长(SL)和种宽(SW)有显著相关性,暗示表型性状中的可遗传变异影响;利用主成分和聚类分析对23个种源苦豆子进行综合评价,筛选出生物量较大、苗高较高、千粒重较重、叶面积较大等综合表现较好的6个种源,共分为两类,分别是DK、JY、WY、WH、ETK和YN,这为苦豆子种质资源定向开发以及选育和栽培提供了一定的理论支撑和基础材料。     

氮添加对黄河三角洲滨海湿地芦苇养分再吸收效率的影响

大气氮沉降增加能改变土壤养分可利用性,影响滨海湿地植物的养分再吸收。目前研究多关注氮沉降量对养分再吸收过程的影响,且研究集中于叶片,鲜有研究区分不同形态氮素对植物不同器官养分再吸收过程的影响。通过两年的野外控制实验,研究硝态氮、铵态氮添加对黄河三角洲滨海湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)叶、茎养分再吸收效率的影响。结果表明：两类氮添加均显著增加叶、茎的氮、磷含量(P<0.001),增幅达32.74%—43.22%(氮)、30.91%—36.51%(磷)。叶片氮的再吸收效率为54.14%—67.66%,茎氮的再吸收效率为50.60%—62.85%。叶片磷的再吸收效率为56.80%—70.38%,茎磷的再吸收效率为77.43%—84.95%。两类氮添加均显著降低氮、磷的再吸收效率(P<0.001),但两类氮添加处理下的养分再吸收效率无差异。叶、茎氮的再吸收效率无差异,但茎磷的再吸收效率明显高于叶(P<0.01)。总之,氮添加降低芦苇对氮、磷的再吸收效率,且茎对养分的再吸收也具有不可忽略的贡献。     

Phenotypic plasticity and character differentiation in a subdivided population ofIris pumila (Iridaceae)

Variation patterns in phenotypic plasticity and broad sense heritability of 26 characters were examined within and among closely adjacent habitats of the bearded iris,Iris pumila. It was found thatI. pumila has considerable differentiation for phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation over short distances. An analysis of relationships between character differentiation and phenotypic plasticity suggests that they could have evolved independently. Possible mechanisms for maintaining local differentiation of the observed plastic and genetic variation are also discussed.     

基于改进的双作物系数法估算辽河三角洲芦苇湿地蒸散量

以辽河三角洲湿地芦苇群落为研究对象,利用涡动相关通量、小气候梯度要素、群落内水面蒸发量以及芦苇群落生长参数等数据,基于FAO-56模型的双作物系数法,分别计算作物系数K_c、基础作物系数K_(cb)和水面蒸发系数K_w,分析其日变化动态及主导影响因子,建立基于生物因子和环境因子的小时尺度双作物系数模型。结果如下:(1)芦苇生长初期,K_c和K_(cb)的日变化呈现早晚高、中午略低的多峰波动曲线;在快速生长期和稳定生长期,K_c和K_(cb)白天波动幅度较小,早晚波动幅度较大;生长末期,K_c和K_(cb)夜晚波动幅度较大,白天呈现多峰波动曲线;K_w白天较小、夜晚较高,生长初期白天的数值显著高于其他时期。(2)相关分析表明,气温、相对湿度、风速、株高和叶面积指数是K_c、K_(cb)和K_w的影响因子;基于生物因子和环境因子重新构建双作物系数模型,基于改进的双作物系数法模拟芦苇群落蒸散,决定系数R~2达0.894。(3)利用改进的双作物系数模型和FAO-56模型,对辽河三角洲芦苇群落的蒸发与蒸腾过程进行模拟,实现芦苇群落蒸发过程与蒸腾过程的分离,解决了实际观测无法直接获取芦苇群落蒸腾量的问题,同时提高了芦苇群落蒸散的模拟精度。(4)调整了FAO推荐的芦苇单作物系数常数值,调整后的作物系数更适用于辽河三角洲芦苇湿地。