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1.
NICHOLAS D. LEVSEN MARK E. MORT 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2008,95(4):815-823
Chrysosplenium iowense Rydb. (Saxifragaceae) is a southern Canadian boreal forest species with a small number of disjunct populations occurring in the Driftless Area of northeastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota. This disjunction is attributed to the actions of glacial movement and climate change during the Pleistocene. Populations within each of these distributions may have been isolated for 115 000 years or more and, although levels of genetic divergence between these regions may be significant, there is no morphological or cytological variation associated with this geographic break. We employed inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to determine patterns of genetic diversity within 12 populations (six Canadian; six Iowan) of C. iowense and elucidate the routes of post‐glacial recolonization for the species. Despite finding relatively high levels of genetic divergence (θII = 0.383, θII = 0.299) between Driftless Area and Canadian populations, there is no conclusive evidence of a speciation event within C. iowense. Analyses show moderate levels of genetic diversity within the species (HT = 0.188), the majority of which is partitioned among individuals within populations (68.18%), which were similar across the northern (HT = 0.234, HT = 0.28) and southern (HT = 0.189) ranges. Finally, the patterns of genetic diversity within C. iowense suggest that the Canadian range was established by migrants originating in now extinct refugial populations that existed outside the Driftless Area. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 95 , 815–823. 相似文献
2.
The genetic diversity and population structure of 25 natural populations of Thymus capitatus, from five ecological areas, were analysed using eight isozymes. For all populations, 11 polymorphic loci were detected, and several of them showed rare alleles. A high genetic diversity within populations (Ap = 1.82; P = 62.88%; Ho = 0.116) and an excess of heterozygosity were observed. A high level of inbreeding within populations was observed (FIS = 0.471). High differentiation and low gene flow (Nm = 0.821) were detected among populations (FST = 0.219). The genetic variation within and among ecological groups varied according to the bioclimate. Population structuration depends on geographic distance between sites rather than on bioclimate (Mantel’s test; r = 0.251; P = 0.004). Nei’s genetic distances (D) values calculated between pairs of populations were globally low with a mean of 0.047. The unweighted pairwise groups method using arithmetic average dendrogram showed fourth sub‐clusters. Population groupings occur with evident relationship to geographic location. The substantial differentiation and the high genetic similarities between populations indicate that populations have been recently isolated as a result of anthropic pressure. In situ conservation must first focus on populations with a high level of genetic diversity and rare alleles. Ex situ preservation should be elaborated by collecting seeds within populations that showed a high level of genetic diversity in each ecological group. 相似文献
3.
Abstract
- 1 The macadamia nut borer Thaumatotibia (Cryptophlebia) batrachopa and the litchi moth Cryptophlebia peltastica are Afrotropical species causing extensive damage to cultivated macadamias and litchis in the northernmost provinces in South Africa. Cryptophlebia peltastica also occurs as natural populations throughout the country.
- 2 To analyse the population genetic structure of the two species, amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis was conducted. Patterns of genetic diversity in C. peltastica populations in the Mpumalanga province, where the species is controlled, were compared with those in the Western Cape, where populations occur under natural conditions.
- 3 Gene diversity was high within T. batrachopa populations (H = 0.2219) with significant genetic differentiation among populations (Gst = 0.358). Cluster analysis showed that geographical populations were closely related and extensive divergence was found over local scales.
- 4 Similar to that of T. batrachopa, genetic diversity and population differentiation was high within both C. peltastica Mpumalanga and Western Cape populations (H = 0.1906 and 0.1687 and Gst = 0.4124 and 0.3799, respectively).
- 5 It is suggested that the population genetic structure of both species is influenced by their limited ability to disperse. In addition, chemical control of C. peltastica in the Mpumalanga province has not succeeded in reducing the population size, but the C. peltastica population subdivision in the Western Cape may be influenced by the limited distribution of host plants in this region.
4.
One‐hundred and forty‐four random amplified polymorphic DNA markers, of which 59 were polymorphic and 85 monomorphic, were used to assess the genetic diversity and to study the structure of Monilinia laxa populations in Spain. Twenty‐one isolates collected from several orchards (subpopulations), in various years and in various hosts, were used. The analysis of population structure revealed that genetic diversity within orchards (HS) accounted for 97% of the total genetic diversity (HT), while genetic diversity among the orchards represented only 3%. The relative magnitude of gene differentiation between subpopulations (GST) and the estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm) averaged 0.032 and 15.1 respectively. The results obtained in dendrograms were in accordance with the gene diversity analysis. Grouping of isolates in the dendrogram was independent of whether they came from the same or different orchards. There was no relationship between clustering among isolates from distinct years and hosts. The relative importance of several evolutionary forces in populations of M. laxa is discussed, together with implications for the management of brown rot. 相似文献
5.
Allozyme variation at 17 loci encoding ten enzyme systems was examined in 21, 22, and 15 populations across the ranges of Magnolia fraseri, M. macrophylla, and M. tripetala, respectively, in the southeastern United States. All three species have regional distributions, and are insect-pollinated outcrossing deciduous trees with seeds dispersed by birds, yet strikingly different levels of genetic variability were observed among them. In comparison with other woody angiosperm species, M. fraseri possesses a moderate amount of variation at the population level (A = 1.4, P = 39.2, Ho = 0.111, and He = 0.111), whereas M. macrophylla and M. tripetala are genetically depauperate in their populations (A = 1.2, P = 18.7, Ho = 0.47, and He = 0.055; A = 1.1, P = 11.0, Ho = 0.032, and He = 0.033). Examination of population structure revealed a small amount of inbreeding within populations and extensive intra- and interregional differentiation among populations of the latter two species. These two factors are perhaps partly responsible for the low genetic variability in populations of the two Magnolia species. Furthermore, the bottleneck effect caused by extinctions during cold periods of the Quaternary glaciations and human deforestation in the last two centuries as well as the founder effect in postglacial establishment of the populations might have also played significant roles in loss of genetic diversity in M. macrophylla and M. tripetala. We suggest that historical factors are important determinants of genetic variation profile of a species, in addition to life history and ecological characteristics as generally recognized. 相似文献
6.
Cycas taitungensis Shen, Hill, Tsou & Chen is an endemic species remaining in two remnant populations in southeastern Taiwan. Ecological studies
showed that the sex ratio between female and male of the main population is approximately 1.7:1. Leaf production was found
to be correlated with tree height before reaching 1 m in length (r = 0.95). The annual reproduction rate of female plants is highly variable, with seed numbering between 80 and 400 in each
tree. The site study revealed a significant difference in vegetative growth and age structure between the subpopulations collected
in two opposite microhabitats. Genetic studies using isozyme analysis showed low genetic variability (HE = 0.039) and little genetic differentiation between the populations (FST = 0.051). The genetic data are well correlated with the ecological observation that the differences reflect various microhabitat
effects within a very local environment and that the impact influenced the extent of the degree of genetic differentiation
within local populations. This work presents extensive genetic information forC. taitungensis that give rise to more ecological and genetic insights into the plant for better establishment of in situ and ex situ conservation
programs. 相似文献
7.
Jorge C. Pereira Raquel Chaves Alexandra Leitão Domitilia Matias Henrique Guedes-Pinto 《Helgoland Marine Research》2011,65(3):361-367
The clam Ruditapes decussatus is commercially important in the south of Portugal. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was applied to
assess the genetic diversity and population structure of two Portuguese populations occurring in the Ria Formosa (Faro) and
the Ria de Alvor, respectively. Twenty-five individuals of each population were investigated by RAPD profiles. Genetic diversity
within populations, measured by the percentage of polymorphic loci (%P), varied between 68.57% (Alvor) and 73.88% (Faro). Shannon’s information index (H) and Nei’s gene diversity (h) were 0.281 and 0.176, respectively, for the Alvor population and 0.356 and 0.234 for the Faro population. Overall, genetic
variation within R. decussatus populations was high. The total genetic diversity (H
T) was explained by a low variation between populations (G
ST = 0.145), which is consistent with high gene flow (N
m = 2.9). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 65% of variability is within populations and 35% between populations
(ΦPT = 0.345; P ≥ 0.001). The value of Nei’s genetic distance was 0.0881, showing a low degree of population genetic distance, despite the
different geographic origin. This is the first study on the population genetics of R. decussatus by RAPD technique. The results may be useful for restocking programs and aquaculture. 相似文献
8.
Primulina tabacum Hance, is a critically endangered perennial endemic to limestone area in South China. Genetic variability within and among
four extant populations of this species was assessed using AFLP markers. We expected a low genetic diversity level of this
narrowly distributed species, but our results revealed that a high level of genetic diversity remains, both at population
level (55.5% of markers polymorphic, H
E = 0.220, I
S = 0.321), and at species level (P = 85.6% of markers polymorphic, H
E = 0.339, I
S = 0.495), probably resulting from its refugial history and/or breeding system. High levels of genetic differentiation among
populations was apparent based on Nei’s genetic diversity analysis (G
st=0.350). The restricted gene flow between populations is a potential reason for the high genetic differentiation. The population
genetic diversity of P. tabacum revealed here has clear implications for conservation and management. To maintain present levels of genetic diversity, in situ conservation of all populations is necessary. 相似文献
9.
C. G. Williams J. L. Hamrick P. O. Lewis 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1995,90(3-4):584-594
Advanced-generation domestication programs for forest-tree species has raised some concerns about the maintenance of genetic diversity in forest-tree breeding programs. Genetic diversity in natural stands was compared with two genetic conservation options for a third-generation elite Pinus taeda breeding population. The breeding population was subdivided either on the basis of geographic origin and selection goals (multiple-population or MPBS option) or stratified according to genetic value (hierarchical or HOPE option). Most allelic diversity in the natural stands of loblolly pine is present in the domesticated breeding populations. This was true at the aggregate level for both multiple-population (MPBS) and the hierarchical (HOPE) populations. Individual subpopulations within each option had less genetic diversity but it did not decline as generations of improvement increased. Genetic differentiation within the subdivided breeding populations ranged from 1 to 5%, genetic variability is within each subpopulation rather than among subpopulations for both MPBS (>95%) and the HOPE approaches (>98%). Nei's Gst estimates for amongpopulation differentiation were biased upwards relative to estimates of from Weir and Cockerham (1984). 相似文献
10.
Toadflaxes (Linaria Miller) represent the largest genus of the tribe Antirrhineae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae) of the Plantaginaceae
family. These taxa vary according to their ranges (narrow-regional–widespread), biological traits (duration, flower morphology,
breeding system) and ecological preferences. No comparative genetic studies have been performed up to the moment and the levels
and distribution of genetic diversity within this genus remain undocumented. We have conducted an allozyme study in 8 taxa
of Section Supinae. Five of them are narrow endemic, self-incompatible, insect-pollinated outcrossers that inhabit relatively unaltered habitats.
The other three taxa are widespread, small-flowered selfers that inhabit crops subjected to high levels of recurrent disturbance.
Linaria taxa showed moderate to high levels of genetic diversity. Parameters of genetic diversity were directly addressed to differences
in breeding systems. Mean number of alleles per locus, total genetic diversity and genetic diversity within populations were
higher among the outcrossers than among the selfers, (A
e = 2.28 vs. 1.23; H
T = 0.24 vs. 0.13; H
S = 93.99% vs. 54.2%) while genetic diversity among populations and population differentiation were lower for the outcrossers
than for the selfers (D
ST = 0.02% vs. 45.98%; G
ST = 0.03 vs. 0.52). Gene flow within and among populations produced a higher number of different genotypes (mean N
G = 16 for outcrossers vs. 5.4 for selfers) and migrants (mean N
m = 4.58 for outcrossers vs. 0.84 for selfers) that were attributed to an effective pollinator service in outcrossing populations.
Differences in the levels and distribution of the genetic diversity are discussed in relation to biological and autoecological
constraints of each group of taxa. 相似文献
11.
Castilleja levisecta (Scrophulariaceae), the golden paintbrush, is an insect-pollinated herbaceaous perennial found in the Pacific Northwest. Currently restricted to two island populations off British Columbia and nine populations (eight on islands) in Washington, C. levisecta is a rare species threatened with extinction. Allozymes were used to describe genetic diversity and structure in these eleven populations. Despite its threatened status and small geographic range, exceptionally high levels of genetic diversity are maintained within C. levisecta. All sixteen of the loci resolved were polymorphic within the species (Ps=100%), while the mean percentage of loci polymorphic within populations (Pp) was 65.7%. The mean number of alleles per polymorphic locus (APs) was 2.94 within the species and averaged 2.38 within populations (APp). Genetic diversity (Hes) was 0.285 for the species, whereas mean population genetic diversity (Hep) was 0.213. Smaller populations had, on average, fewer observed alleles and less genetic diversity. A significant negative correlation (r = –0.72) was found between genetic identity and geographic distance, indicating reduced gene flow between distant populations. The most geographically isolated population was one of the larger populations, one of the most genetically diverse and the most genetically divergent. A wide range of pairwise population genetic identities (I = 0.771 – 0.992) was found, indicating considerable genetic divergence between some populations. Overall, 19% of the total genetic diversity was distributed among populations. Results of this survey indicate that genetic augmentation of existing populations is unnecessary. The high allelic diversity found for the species and within its populations holds promise for conservation and restoration efforts to save this rare and threatened plant species. 相似文献
12.
R. C. Hamelin J. Beaulieu A. Plourde 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1995,91(8):1214-1221
Genetic diversity was studied in 22 populations of the white pine blister rust fungus Cronartium ribicola from natural stands and plantations of eastern white pine, Pinus strobus. Pseudo-allelic frequencies were estimated at each of 7 putative RAPD loci by scoring for presence or absence of amplified fragments in dikaryotic aecidiospores. Analysis of genetic distance between all pairs of populations did not reveal any trend with regard to geographic origin or type of white pine stand. In addition, when hierarchical population structure was analysed, total genetic diversity (H
s
=0.214) was mostly attributable to diversity within populations (H
s
=0.199; AMOVA
st
=0.121, P<0.01). Genetic diversity of populations relative to region of origin (east, centre, and west) or type of stand (natural stands vs plantations) was not significantly different from zero (P>0.10) Nevertheless, a significant proportion of genetic differentiation was found between populations within region or stand type (F
st
=0.114;
sc
=0.132, P<0.001). This result indicates that some population structure exists but that it appears to be independent of region of origin or type of stand. At least for 2 populations from white pine plantations, it appears possible that a recent introduction of a limited number of propagules was responsible for low levels of genetic diversity. We interpret these results as meaning that either long-distance dispersal is taking place between populations more than 1000 km apart or that these populations share a common recent ancestor. In addition, we suggest that C. ribicola may still be expanding its distribution by colonizing new plantations. 相似文献
13.
O. M. Fedorenko M. V. Gritskikh I. E. Malysheva T. S. Nikolaevskaya 《Russian Journal of Genetics》2009,45(9):1134-1138
In natural populations of Festuca pratensis Huds. from the islands of Onega Lake, the level of genetic diversity was evaluated. In three populations variability of 64
RAPD loci was tested. The level of genetic diversity (P
95% = 30.2; H
exp = 0.093) was low for a cross-pollinating plant species. Furthermore, genetic similarity between the plants from insular populations
was found to be high (I
N = 0.887). It was demonstrated that genetic variation among the population accounted for at most 5.3% of total genetic diversity,
which, however, was higher than the F
ST values for continental populations (F
ST = 0.022). It was suggested that specific features of the genetic structure of insular population, i.e., low gene diversity
within the populations along with high differentiation among the populations, were caused by the gene flow attenuation, as
a result of isolation, and intensification of inbreeding. These features had negative effect on total population adaptation. 相似文献
14.
Genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Shorea leprosula was investigated using seven natural populations distributed throughout Peninsular Malaysia and one natural population from Borneo. The mean population and species level genetic diversity were exceptionally high (He= 0.369 ± 0.025 and 0.406 ± 0.070, respectively). Heterozygosity varied among populations, ranging from 0.326 to 0.400, with the highest values found in the populations from central Peninsular Malaysia. Correlations among ecological factors (longitude, latitude, and annual rainfall) were not significant (P > 0.05), indicating that these ecological variables were not responsible for the observed genetic differences among populations. The Bangi adult population exhibited a higher level of observed heterozygosity but lower fixation indices in comparison to its seedling population. All other seedling populations also showed positive fixation indices (f), indicating a general excess of homozygotes. This also may suggest selection against homozygotes between the seedling and adult stages. A low level of population differentiation was detected (GST= 0.117 with the Lambir population and GST= 0.085 without the Lambir population). Furthermore, gene flow (Nm) between populations was not significantly correlated with geographical distances for the populations within Peninsular Malaysia. Cluster analysis also did not reflect geographical proximity and gave little insight into the genetic relatedness of the populations. This may indicate that the populations sampled are part of a continuous population with fragmentation having occurred in the recent past. 相似文献
15.
Man Kyu Huh Hak Young Lee Shambhu Nath Mishra Hong Wook Huh 《Journal of Plant Biology》2000,43(3):136-142
We determined the genetic diversity and population structures ofCarex breviculmis (Cyperaceae) populations in Korea, using genetic variations at 23 allozyme loci.C. breviculmis is a long-lived herbaceous species that is widely distributed in eastern Asia. A high level of genetic variation was found
in 15 populations. Twelve enzymes revealed 23 loci, of which 11 were polymorphic (47.8%). Genetic diversity at the speciesand
population levels were 0.174 and 0.146, respectively. Total genetic diversity (HT = 0.363) and within-population genetic diversity (Hs = 0.346) were high, whereas the extent of the population divergence was relatively low (GST = 0.063). Deviation from random mating (Fis) within the 15 populations was 0.206. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants
per generation(Nm = 3.69) indicated that gene flow was extensive among Korean populations of this species. Analysis of fixation indices revealed
a substantial heterozygote deficiency in some populations and at some loci. Genetic identity between popu-lations was high,
exceeding 0.956. 相似文献
16.
Allozyme Diversity and Population Genetic Structure of Pinus densata Master in Northwestern Yunnan, China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
We investigated the levels and patterns of genetic diversity of Pinus densata Master in Yunnan. Horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis was performed on macrogametophytes collected from nine populations in northwestern Yunnan, China. Compared with other gymnosperm species, P. densata has higher mean values for all measures of genetic diversity. Allozyme polymorphism (0.99 criterion) was 97.0% and 71.4% at the species and population levels, respectively. The average number of alleles per locus was 3.1 and 2.0 at the species and population levels. Mean expected heterozygosity was substantially higher in P. densata than average values investigated for other gymnosperms both at the population (H
ep = 0.174±0.031) and at the species (H
es = 0.190) levels. Of the total genetic variation, less than 12% was partitioned among populations (G
ST = 0.112). Our allozyme survey supports the suggestion that the observed higher diversity in P. densata may be attributed partly to its hybrid origin between two genetically distinct species, P. yunnanensis and P. tabulaeformis. In addition, we suggest that introgression would give rise to the increase in genetic diversity occurring in P. densata. 相似文献
17.
Five new microsatellite loci were isolated from the perennial plant, Silene tatarica. We characterized S. tatarica individuals originating from two riverbank populations in northern Finland and observed between four and nine alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity was consistently lower than gene diversity (HO: 0.0450–0.2385, HE: 0.1919–0.6187). This deficiency of heterozygous genotypes was observed in most locus/population combinations, and is presumably caused by spatial genetic structuring due to restricted seed flow within subpopulations. The markers presented here are the first microsatellites reported for S. tatarica. 相似文献
18.
Distribution of mating‐type alleles and genetic variability in field populations of Leptosphaeria maculans in western Canada
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Zhongwei Zou Xuehua Zhang Wannakuwattewaduge Gerard Dilantha Fernando 《Journal of Phytopathology》2018,166(6):438-447
Leptosphaeria maculans is the most important fungal pathogen of canola (Brassica napus, oilseed rape) that causes the devastating stem canker in canola fields of western Canada. The population genetic structure of L. maculans, represented by nine subpopulations from a 6‐year period and three different provinces in western Canada, was determined using ten minisatellite markers. Isolates collected at different locations in six consecutive years had an even distribution of MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2 across the nine subpopulations. All subpopulations of L. maculans exhibited a moderate gene diversity (H = 0.356–0.585). The majority of the genetic variation occurred within subpopulations. Approximately 8% and 4% of the variations were distributed between sampling year and location, respectively. Genetic distance (FST) results, using analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA), indicated that subpopulation pairing within isolates by year ranged from FST = 0.010 to 0.109, and the location subpopulation ranged from FST = 0.038 to 0.085. Bayesian clustering analyses of multiloci inferred two distinct clusters in all the subpopulations examined. This study indicates a relatively high degree of gene exchange between the different L. maculans isolates. Our results suggest that this can occur in the wide growing areas of canola fields in western Canada. This gene exchange produced different gene allele frequencies and divergence between populations. 相似文献
19.
JAE MIN CHUNG KWANG WOO PARK CHONG‐SEO PARK SUNG‐HO LEE MYONG GI CHUNG MI YOON CHUNG 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2009,160(2):119-129
Many terrestrial orchids are historically rare and occur in small, spatially isolated populations. Theory predicts that such species will harbour low levels of genetic variation within populations and will exhibit a high degree of population genetic divergence, primarily as a result of genetic drift. If the origin of the present‐day populations is relatively recent from the same genetically depauperate source population, a complete lack of genetic differentiation between conspecific populations is expected. If a terrestrial orchid was historically common with moderate or high levels of genetic diversity, but has experienced more recent anthropogenic disturbance as a result of over‐collection, it would still exhibit initial levels of genetic variation within populations and a low degree of genetic divergence between populations. To test these predictions, we examined the genetic diversity in six populations (N = 131) of the historically and currently rare Cypripedium japonicum and in four populations (N = 94) of the historically common but now rare C. macranthos from South Korea. Fourteen putative allozyme loci resolved from eight enzyme systems revealed no variation either within or among populations of C. japonicum, which supports the first prediction. In contrast, populations of C. macranthos harboured high levels of genetic variation (mean percentage of polymorphic loci %P = 46.7; mean expected heterozygosity He = 0.185) and exhibited a low degree of population genetic divergence (GST = 0.059), supporting the second prediction. The lack of genetic variation both within and among conspecific populations of C. japonicum may suggest that populations originated from the same genetically depauperate ancestral population. The high levels of genetic diversity maintained in populations of C. macranthos suggest that the collection‐mediated decrease in the number of individuals is still too recent for long‐term effects on genetic variation. Based on current demographic and genetic data, in situ and ex situ conservation strategies should be provided to preserve genetic variation and to ensure the long‐term survival of the two species in the Korean Peninsula. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 160 , 119–129. 相似文献
20.
We investigated the extent of genetic differentiation among populations of fujihatazao,Arabis serrata along an altitudinal gradient at Mt. Fuji in Shizuoka Prefecture. This species is a perennial plant, widely distributed in
Japan forming small isolated populations. However, at Mt. Fuji, this species constitutes a large population distributed from
1440 to 2400 m altitude. A total of 411 individuals were sampled from ten subpopulations. Eighteen loci were detected on eleven
enzyme systems. Eleven loci were monomorphic and seven loci were polymorphic with a mean of 2.11 alleles per loci. Nei's genetic
distance (mean 0.01) and genetic identity (mean 0.968) were very similar among populations indicating a low genetic differentiation.
The total genetic diversity (H
T
) estimated for the polymorphic loci was, in average, 0.396. The mean gene differentiation (GST=0.091) was very low. Gene frequency of seven polymorphic loci was analyzed by spatial autocorrelation methods based on Moran's
indexes. Only Pgi-3 exhibited a significant negative autocorrelation (−0.160;P<0.05); other loci values ranged from −0.134 to 0.027. Gene flow estimated by indirect methods varied between genes but most
of the values were high (meanNm=20.8) suggesting that subpopulations at different altitudes are probably connected. Despite plants at different altitudes
present different ecological traits (e.g., differences in phenology, growth and reproductive traits), subpopulations ofA. serrata are still low differentiated, at least for the loci studied. This may be explained by the recent origin of some habitats
(e.g., second crater and surrounded areas) in this locality. 相似文献