Bovine UCP2 and UCP3 map to BTA15

Two recently described uncoupling proteins, UCP2 and UCP3, may have important roles in determining feed conversion and/or maintenance energy requirements in livestock. Sequence was determined for the entire coding region and four of the six introns for bovine UCP3. A partial cDNA sequence was obtained for bovine UCP2. Radiation hybrid mapping was used to place UCP3 on BTA15, a chromosome previously shown to harbor a locus influencing meat tenderness. In order to place UCP3 in the existing linkage map, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were developed. Linkage analysis using one of five SNPs was used to place UCP3 between 53.1 and 53.5 CM. No recombination was detected between UCP3 and IDVGA10, IDVGA32, and INRA145. The sequence of PCR products from a single BAC amplified with primers specific for either UCP2 or UCP3 indicate that UCP2 and UCP3 are separated by < 200 kb.     

Reconstitution of novel mitochondrial uncoupling proteins UCP2 and UCP3

Reconstitution of novel mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, human UCP2 and UCP3, expressed in yeast, was performed to characterize fatty acid (FA)-induced H⁺ efflux in the resulted proteoliposomes. We now demonstrate for the first time that representatives of physiologically abundant long chain FAs, saturated or unsaturated, activate H⁺ translocation in UCP2- and UCP3-proteoliposomes. Efficiency of lauric, palmitic or linoleic acid was roughly the same, but oleic acid induced faster H⁺ uniport. We have confirmed that ATP and GTP inhibit such FA-induced H⁺ uniport mediated by UCP2 and UCP3. Coenzyme Q₁₀ did not further significantly activate the observed H⁺ efflux. In conclusion, careful instant reconstitution yields intact functional recombinant proteins, UCP2 and UCP3, the activity of which is comparable with UCP1.     

Fibrinogen in Obesity Before and After Weight Reduction

Several studies have shown that obesity is associated with atherosclerosis. The reason may be that there is often a gathering together of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in obesity. Recently plasma fibrinogen level has been identified as an important cardiovascular risk factor. The aim of the study was to investigate fibrinogen levels in obesity before and after weight reduction. Obese but otherwise healthy patients with overweight problems were studied. 448 female patients (39.1 ± 13.2 years, body mass index 38.7 kg/m²) and 136 male patients (39.4 ± 12.8 years, body mass index 40.7 kg/m²) were examined after overnight fasting. Sixty patients (44 female, 16 male) were studied after 9.5 ± 6.2 month of dieting (1200 kcal/day: 20% protein, 30% fat and 50% carbohydrates). The weight loss was 16.7 ± 11.0 kg in the female and 16.2 ± 6.7 kg in the male patients, and blood pressure, triglycerides, blood glucose and uric acid had declined. The fibrinogen level correlated with the body mass index, the waist circumference, the hip circumference and the waist to hip ratio. The fibrinogen level also correlated with insulin. A partial correlation of fibrinogen and insulin continued to exist after removing the linear effects of the other variables measured. After weight reduction, the level of fibrinogen was lower. In patients with extreme overweight and high fibrinogen levels, who reduced their BMI by 7.4 ± 1.24 kg/m², the weight loss correlated with the decrease in fibrinogen. The results suggest that fibrinogen is associated with the degree of obesity and with the fasting insulin level. Fibrinogen concentration is lowered by weight reduction. However decrease of fibrinogen was observed only in patients with considerable weight loss.     

Overweight,Obesity, and Blood Pressure: The Effects of Modest Weight Reduction

Several large epidemiological studies have shown an association between body mass index and blood pressure in normal weight and overweight patients. Weight gain in adult life especially seems to be an important risk factor for the development of hypertension. Weight loss has been recommended for the obese hypertensive patient and has been shown to be the most effective nonpharmacological treatment approach. However, long‐term results of weight loss programs are disappointing with people often regaining most of the weight initially lost. In recent years, a modest weight loss, defined as a weight loss of 5% to 10% of baseline weight, has received increasing attention as a new treatment strategy for overweight and obese patients. A more gradual and moderate weight loss is more likely to be maintained over a longer period of time. Several studies have confirmed the blood pressure‐lowering effect of a modest weight loss in both hypertensive and nonhypertensive patients. A modest weight loss can normalize blood pressure levels even without reaching ideal weight. In patients taking antihypertensive medication, a modest weight loss has been shown to lower or even discontinue the need for antihypertensive medication. In patients with high normal blood pressure, a modest weight loss can prevent the onset of frank hypertension. The blood pressure‐lowering effect of weight loss is most likely a result of an improvement in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity and occurs independent of salt restriction. In conclusion, a modest weight loss that can be maintained over a longer period of time is a valuable treatment goal in hypertensive patients.     

解偶联蛋白-866G/A基因多态性与肥胖关联性的Meta分析

目的:近年来,关于UCP2-866G/A基因多态性与肥胖关系的研究较多,但各研究的结果不尽一致.本文拟采用Meta分析的方法,对已公开发表的有关UCP2-866G/A基因多态性与肥胖的研究进行系统综合定量分析,以期科学的评价UCP2-866G/A基因多态性与肥胖的关系.方法:本研究运用计算机检索万方全文数据库、中国知网、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed等数据库收集关于UCP2-866G/A基因多态性与肥胖相关的公开发表的文献,选择OR值及其95％CI作为Meta分析指标.利用Stata10.0软件对各研究结果进行异质性检验和效应值合并计算.结果:根据统一的纳入和剔除标准,纳入14篇文献,共有肥胖者5195例,对照组9735人.在总人群中,UCP2-866G/A位点A/G的OR=0.931 (95％CI:0.884-0.980),AA+GA/GG的OR=0.924 (95％CI:0.859-0.994),AA/GG的OR=0.886 (95％CI:0.797-0.985),GA/GG的OR=0.925 (95％CI:0.856-0.999),有统计学意义.在欧洲人群中,UCP2-866G/A位点A/G的OR=0.912 (95％CI:0.857-0.970),AA+GA/GG的OR=0.882 (95％CI:0.808-0.962),AA/GG的OR=0.846 (95％CI:0.743-0.963),GA/GG的OR=0.893(95％CI:0.814-0.980),有统计学意义.但在亚洲人群中均无统计学意义.结论:我们认为-866G/A基因多态性与欧洲人群的肥胖有关,与亚洲人群的肥胖无关.     

解偶联蛋白与肥胖及2型糖尿病发病的关系

解偶联蛋白（UCPs）是线粒体内膜上的一种转运蛋白,它能够降低线粒体内膜上的质子梯度,使底物氧化和ADP磷酸化解偶联,减少ATP的产生。基于其功能,解偶联蛋白基因被视为肥胖病及2型糖尿病的重要候选基因。UCP同系物过表达的遗传工程小鼠表现出对饮食导致的肥胖具有耐受性,同时UCP2基因3＇非翻译区的45bp插入／缺失以及UCP3基因C-55T多态与肥胖表型的相关性等研究结论支持这一假说。本文对UCP基因与多基因控制的肥胖病及2型糖尿病发病的相关研究进行综述和讨论。 Abstract:Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are mitochondria carrier proteins,which are able to dissipate the proton gradient of the inner mitochondria membrane.The uncoupling procedure reduces the amount of ATP generated through an oxidation of fuels.Therefore,UCPs are suggested as candidate genes for human obesity or type II diabetes mellitus.Experimental evidences,that genetically engineered mice over expressing different UCP homologues were resistant to diet-induced obesity and 45bp insertion polymorphism in the UCP2 3＇untranslated region and C-55T in UCP3 promoter region were associated with obesity related phenotype,supported the hypothesis.The roles of UCP genes in polygenic obesity and type II diabetes are evaluated and discussed in this paper.     

黄体酮对3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞成脂分化后细胞中UCP2基因表达的影响

目的:观察体外培养条件下3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞诱导分化成的成熟脂肪细胞中解偶联蛋白2(UCP2)mRNA表达水平及黄体酮对其表达的影响。方法:体外培养3T3-L1脂肪细胞,在诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化成熟后,经不同黄体酮浓度10μm/25μM/50μM/75μM/100μM刺激后,抽提总RNA,用RT-PCR检测UCP2 mRNA的表达。结果:黄体酮会促进成熟脂肪细胞中UCP2 mRNA的表达,(P<0.05)其中25μM浓度刺激下UCP2 mRNA表达量最高。结论:体外培养中,黄体酮对成熟脂肪细胞中UCP2 mRNA的表达与调控具有一定的影响。     

水稻种子储藏蛋白及其基因表达

作为人类氮素营养的一个重要来源,水稻种子储藏蛋白的组成、结构及其合成过程一直是为研究者所关注。随着研究的深入,对于谷蛋白基因的结构特点,表达方式以及与谷蛋白基因表达相关的转录因子也都为人们所逐渐了解。这些知识对于人们改善水稻籽粒的品质以及利用水稻籽粒来生产外源蛋白都具有十分重要的意义。本文对这些方面做一简要概述。 As an important nitrogen source of human being. The composition, structure and synthesis of rice storage protein were concerned by scientists. Now people know a lot about the structure ,expression patterns of rice glutelin genes. On the basis of these knowledge, we may improve the quality of rice grain and use it to produce foreign proteins. In this paper we summarize the knowledge about rice storage proteins that we have got in these years.     

猪UCP2基因5′调控区和外显子1的遗传变异研究

解偶联蛋白家族 (uncoupling proteins,UCPs) 是线粒体内膜的转运蛋白,具有解离氧化磷酸化偶联的功能,对机体能量平衡涉及的体重 (肥胖)、静止代谢率和食物转化效率等性状具有显著的影响. 首次对猪UCP2基因外显子1及开放阅读框上游部分序列 (－80～0) 进行了多态性分析,通过PCR-SSCP发现猪群内存在3种单倍型,经测序分析发现存在3个SNPs位点,分别位于G-42A、C-50T和T-51C位点,这3个SNPs位点均是首次发现的. 该研究表明,T-C-G紧密连锁,C-T-A突变也紧密连锁. 利用转录因子在线分析软件TFSEARCH (ver 1.3),对UCP2基因开放阅读框上游部分序列 (－80～0) 进行潜在转录因子结合位点预测,发现该片段中的碱基T→C(－51)、C→T(－50) 和G→A(－42)突变,导致此处比野生型单倍型A (T-C-G碱基连锁) 少了一个AML-1a转录因子结合位点. 内江猪存在A、B和AB三种单倍型,而其他猪种仅有单倍型A,说明内江猪具有独特的种质特性.     

鸡解偶联蛋白(UCP)基因内含子的克隆与系统发生树的构建

解偶联蛋白基因是新近发现的能够增加能量的消耗,与脂肪代谢和能量调控密切相关的一组基因。本研究根据小鼠UCP2基因的剪切方式,设计4对引物成功克隆测序了鸡UCP基因的全部5个内含子,发现都是GT-AG类型的内含子,鸡UCP基因的结构和小鼠的UCP2基因结构一致。以不同物种UCP基因的cds 区域序列和内含子2、内含子3序列进行系统发生树的构建,结果表明：以UCP基因cds区域序列构建的系统发生树与物种树是一致的,UCP基因可以作为研究动物群体系统演化研究的有效基因;但以内含子2与内含子3序列构建的系统发生树的结构则完全不是这样,与物种树的差别比较大。 Abstract:The UCP genes were the newly discovered genes that can increase the energy expenditure and involve in the metabolism of fat and regulation of energy.Four pairs of primers in chicken UCP exon region were designed to amplify the introns of chicken UCP gene according to the splice ways of the mouse UCP2 gene （Accession No.AF096288）.The sequence results showed that the chicken UCP gene also had five GT-AG type introns.The molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the sequence of cds,intron 2 and intron 3 region,respectively.The phylogenetic tree based on the UCP cds region was consistent with the species phylogenetic tree.This result implicated that UCP gene can be regarded as the useful gene for the study of animal phylogenesis.On the contrast,the phylogenetic tree based on the intron 2 and intron 3 region was different from the species phylogenetic tree,which showed that the evolution of intron and cds region is different.     

黄体酮对3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞成脂分化后细胞中UCP2基因表达的影响

目的：观察体外培养条件下3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞诱导分化成的成熟脂肪细胞中解偶联蛋白2（UCP2）mRNA表达水平及黄体酮对其表达的影响。方法：体外培养3T3-L1脂肪细胞,在诱导3T3．L1脂肪细胞分化成熟后,经不同黄体酮浓度10μm／25μM／50μM／75μM/100μM刺激后,抽提总RNA,用RT—PCR检测UCP2mRNA的表达。结果：黄体酮会促进成熟脂肪细胞中UCP2mRNA的表达,（P〈0．05）其中25μM浓度刺激下UCP2mRNA表达量最高。结论：体外培养中,黄体酮对成熟脂肪细胞中UCP2mRNA的表达与调控具有一定的影响。     

猪UCP2基因5′调控区和外显子1的遗传变异研究

解偶联蛋白家族(uncouplingproteins,UCPs)是线粒体内膜的转运蛋白,具有解离氧化磷酸化偶联的功能,对机体能量平衡涉及的体重(肥胖)、静止代谢率和食物转化效率等性状具有显著的影响.首次对猪UCP2基因外显子1及开放阅读框上游部分序列(-80～0)进行了多态性分析,通过PCR-SSCP发现猪群内存在3种单倍型,经测序分析发现存在3个SNPs位点,分别位于G-42A、C-50T和T-51C位点,这3个SNPs位点均是首次发现的.该研究表明,T-C-G紧密连锁,C-T-A突变也紧密连锁.利用转录因子在线分析软件TFSEARCH(ver1.3),对UCP2基因开放阅读框上游部分序列(-80～0)进行潜在转录因子结合位点预测,发现该片段中的碱基T→C(-51)、C→T(-50)和G→A(-42)突变,导致此处比野生型单倍型A(T-C-G碱基连锁)少了一个AML-1a转录因子结合位点.内江猪存在A、B和AB三种单倍型,而其他猪种仅有单倍型A,说明内江猪具有独特的种质特性.     

Uncoupling Protein 3: Its Possible Biological Role and Mode of Regulation in Rodents and Humans

The recently discovered uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is highly homologous to the mitochondrialinner membrane protein UCP1, which generates heat by uncoupling the respiratory chainfrom oxidative phosphorylation. The thermogenic function of UCP1 protects against cold andregulates the energy balance in rodents. We review in vitro studies investigating the uncouplingactivity of UCP3 and in vivo studies, which address UCP3 gene expression in brown adiposetissue and skeletal muscle under various metabolic conditions. The data presented are, for themost, consistent with an uncoupling role for UCP3 in regulatory thermogenesis. We alsodiscuss mediators of UCP3 regulation and propose a potential role for intracellular fatty acidsin the mechanism of UCP3 modulation. Finally, we hypothesize a role for UCP3 in themetabolic adaptation of the mitochondria to the degradation of fatty acids.     

Effect of Degree of Weight Loss on Health Benefits

Although most dieters strive to achieve “ideal” body weight, clinical and laboratory evidence clearly supports the value of a modest weight loss goalto attain health and emotional benefit. Weight loss as low as 5% has been shown to reduce or eliminate disorders associated with obesity, though several questions remain partially or completely unanswered regarding the roles of degree of weight loss, method of weight loss, distribution of fat reduction, and other variables. This paper reviews the effect of degree of weight loss on specific disease states and risk factors and discusses the impact of ethnic background at distribution, age, and mode of weight loss on outcome.     

Relationship of Co-Morbidities of Obesity to Weight Loss and Four-Year Weight Maintenance/Rebound

This study examined the effect of weight loss (separate from energy restriction) and weight maintenance/rebound over time on blood pressure, serum lipids, and body composition in 24 obese (mean 137% ideal body weight (IEW)) females with mild to moderate hypertension. Weight loss was induced under tightly controlled General Clinical Research Center conditions until each subject had lost at least 10 kg (mean 13 kg) and attained normal body weight (<120% IBW). After 4 years subjects returned for repeat evaluation. Weight changes were compared with 24 pair-matched normal weight controls who were also followed for 4 years. With weight loss, significant improvements were seen in standing mean arterial pressure (MAP), serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Subjects regained 11 kg (87% of the weight lost) over the 4 year follow-up period while control subjects gained only 2 kg. Subjects who chose self-selected exercise gained less weight than nonexercisers (6 kg vs. 13 kg, P<0.05). With weight regain there were significant increases in standing and supine MAP, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The amount of weight regained was significantly correlated with standing MAP (r=0.73), triglycerides (r=0.43), and HDL cholesterol (r=-0.47). The percentage fat of the weight regained was no greater than that of the weight previously lost. Weight loss, distinct from energy restriction, was associated with improvements in blood pressure and serum lipid levels. The ability to sustain these improvements in the co-morbidities of obesity was directly related to the persistence and magnitude of weight loss maintenance.     

Effects of Obesity and Weight Loss on Cardiac Function and Valvular Performance

KARASON, KRISTJAN, INGEMAR WALLENTIN, BO LARSSON, LARS SJOSTROM. Effects of obesity and weight loss on cardiac function and valvular performance. Obes Res. 1998;6:422–429. Objective : To study the consequences of long-standing obesity on myocardial function and valvular performance and to determine the effects of weight loss on these cardiovascular features. Research Methods and Procedures : We included 41 patients with obesity referred for weight-reducing gastroplasty, 31 patients with obesity who received dietary recommendations, and 43 lean subjects. Body weight and blood pressure were measured, and cardiac function and valvular performance were estimated echocardiographically. Left ventricular ejection fraction was used to assess systolic heart function, and the ratio of transmitral early to atrial (E/A) peak flow velocity was used as an estimate of diastolic filling. All three study groups were investigated at baseline, and the two groups with obesity were re-examined at 1-year follow-up. Results : Patients with obesity had higher blood pressure, greater cardiac output, lower ejection fraction, and reduced E/A ratio, compared with lean subjects (p<0.01). Surgical treatment of obesity led to significant decreases in body weight, whereas body weight remained unchanged in the group treated with dietary recommendations (p<0.001). In the weight loss group, blood pressure and cardiac output decreased and the E/A ratio increased (p<0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction tended to increase in the weight loss group and decrease in the obese control group p<0.01). No significant valvular disease was observed in any of the subjects with obesity at baseline or after weight loss. Discussion : We conclude that weight reduction in subjects with obesity is associated with improvements in left ventricular diastolic filling and has favorable effects on left ventricular ejection fraction. Neither obesity nor weight loss seem to promote valvular heart disease.     

Escherichia coli 核糖体蛋白质突变影响Lambda噬菌体N基因的表达

λ Nam 7除其cI基因是cI 857温度敏感突变外,其N基因携有amber无义突变,故在Eseherichia coli A19(met,thi,his-95,rna-19,rel-1)上不能增殖。λcI 857只有cI 857温度敏感突变,其N基因是野生型,所以能以E. coli A19为宿主进行增殖。λcI 857和λ Nam7只有1个N基因之差。λcI 857在A19及其衍生株上增殖的优劣,可以作为判断N基因表达程度高低的标准。本文以24种核糖体蛋白质突变体为宿主,测定λcI 857的成斑率。结果在S3+L22,S4+L16+L24,S21+L25,L24,缺L1,缺S3等突变体中,成斑率下降到10~(-6)—10~(-6);在S3+S18+L6+L24+L27和L27突变体中,成斑率分别提高6.02和3.56倍。以上结果说明核糖体蛋白质突变影响λ N基因的表达。     

转基因小鼠中外源基因遗传及表达稳定性的研究

挑选两个乳汁中人凝血因子IX（hFIX）表达量相差较大的转基因小鼠家系,分别用PCR、Southern blot、FISH和ELISA对两个家系中的小鼠进行检测。结果显示后代小鼠的转基因阳性率为50%左右;外源基因的整合是完整的,没有发现可见的丢失现象;家系中的各个小鼠表达量有差异,FIX-33家系中hFIX在乳汁中的表达量为（43.32±5.41）?g/mL;FIX-124家系中hFIX在乳汁中的表达量是（1.16±0.45）?g/mL。而两个家系之间的表达量则差异极为显著(P<0.01)。这表明原代转基因小鼠的遗传及表达特性可以得到稳定的传递。