单胚RT-PCR:基因表达动态研究及应用技术探讨

为进一步探讨单胚RT-PCR技术的适用性,我们测试了3个特定的基因STM、MP和ASKη在拟南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana(L.)Heynh.)早期胚胎发生过程中的动态表达情况.进一步证实以该技术研究某些特定基因的表达动态是可行的.着重探讨了扩增产量与模板量的对应关系、基因组DNA的干扰以及DNase Ⅰ处理过程中的mRNA降解等主要技术问题.结果表明:材料制备时显微操作技术的稳定是确保单胚RT-PCR结果稳定的关键.应尽量缩短DNaseⅠ处理时间,以避免mRNA降解.     

甲胎蛋白基因的DNase Ⅰ敏感性和超敏感区与基因表达的关系

我们用大鼠AFP基因cDNA pRAF 87和5'端基因克隆片段为探针,分别探测了AFP基因活跃表达的胚肝组织、具表达潜能的成年肝组织以及不表达的肾组织AFP基因转录区和调控区的DNase Ⅰ敏感性和超敏感区。结果表明;胚肝组织和成年肝组织AFP基因在转录区和5'端调控区都显示出较高的DNase Ⅰ敏感性,而肾组织则不敏感。胚肝组织AFP基因存在三个DNase Ⅰ超敏感区:基因转录起始区,离转录起始区上游约-3 kb左右区域,另一超敏感区位于基因内部4.1 kb EcoR Ⅰ片段内。成年肝组织在转录起始区也存在一超敏感区,在基因内部4.1 kb EcoR Ⅰ片段显示较高的DNase Ⅰ敏感性。推测AFP基因上游-3 kb区域(1.5 kb HindⅢ片段区)DNase Ⅰ超敏感区可能与增强基因转录活性相关,而转录起始区超敏感区可能是维持细胞组织专一性表达所必需,基因转录区域内部DNase Ⅰ超敏感区可能与AFP基因维持具活跃表达或潜能表达的染色质空间结构相关。     

凡纳滨对虾DNaseⅠ基因的克隆及原核表达

利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肝胰腺中克隆了DNaseⅠ基因的全长cDNA序列。该序列全长1614bp,包含1209bp的开放阅读框,编码一个含403个氨基酸的蛋白;5′非翻译区为116bp,3′非翻译区为289bp。实时定量PCR分析结果表明,DNaseⅠ基因在肝胰腺的表达量是其他器官表达量的16～162倍,表明凡纳滨对虾DNaseⅠ基因属于胰腺型表达。本研究还利用酶切重组构建原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中成功表达出了有活性的重组DNaseⅠ蛋白。     

以点杂交方法对人β型血珠蛋白基因的染色质结构与功能进行的研究

我采用点杂交的方法,对人β型血珠蛋白基因簇的染色质结构与基因转录活性之间的关系进行了研究。以对DNase Ⅰ消化的敏感性作为染色质的结构参数,我将β型血珠蛋白基因簇中11个区域之间以及其与不表达基因区(乳糖白蛋白和免疫球蛋白不变区λ轻链基因)的染色结构进行比较。实验的细胞系统为K 562红白血病细胞与人胚皮肤细胞株(HES)。所获得的结果提示,在细胞核内,表达基因的染色质结构疏松,对DNase Ⅰ消化的敏感性远较不表达基因区的为高。此外,本文还对有关点杂交的方法学问题进行了较为详尽的讨论。     

番茄SlmiR393基因超表达载体的构建及其靶基因鉴定

为研究番茄(Lycopersicum esculentum)的SlmiR393基因功能,采用生物信息学方法从番茄基因组数据库中获得SlmiR393的前体序列及其潜在的靶基因。以基因组DNA为模板,克隆了番茄SlmiR393前体基因并整合到pLP35S-100植物表达载体;采用5′ RACE RT-PCR技术验证SlmiR393对预测靶基因mRNA的剪切作用,采用定量PCR技术检测SlmiR393及其靶标基因在番茄不同组织的表达。结果表明,SlmiR393的前体序列含有完整的茎环结构;成熟miR393与3个生长素受体同源基因(SlTIR1、SlTIR1-like1和SlAFB)之间具有识别作用位点。SlmiR393可对番茄3个靶基因的转录本进行剪切降解;SlmiR393与3个不同靶基因(SlTIR1、SlTIR1-like1和SlAFB)的表达模式在叶和茎、花蕾、花中存在一定的互补关系。因此,推断番茄中的SlmiR393可能在特定的组织或发育时期介导特定的靶基因mRNA的剪切降解, 初步证实生长素受体同源基因为SlmiR393的靶基因。此外,成功构建以CaMV 35S为启动子的植物表达载体pLP35S-pre-SlmiR393, 为深入研究SlmiR393在番茄生长素信号转导中的功能奠定了基础。     

用半定量RT-PCR方法分析小麦TaMlo-A1c基因的表达

以小麦稳定表达的肌动蛋白基因(Actin)作为对照,利用半定量反转录聚合酶链式反应(Semi-QRT-PCR)技术,对与抗白粉病有关的小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)TaMlo-A1c基因的表达进行了研究。结果发现:TaMlo-A1c基因在小麦的叶、茎、根中均表达,穗中不表达,在白粉菌(Blumeriagraminis(DC.)E.O.Speerf.sp.triticiEm.Marchal,Bgt)诱导不同时间后小麦叶片中的表达稍微有所增强。研究表明,用半定量RT-PCR技术研究小麦基因表达,具有特异性高、操作简便和可靠性强的优点。     

FoxO1抑制猪骨骼肌MyHC Ⅰ的表达

为研究FoxO1与骨骼肌纤维类型之间的关系,本试验以大白猪为实验材料,利用RT-PCR和Western印迹技术,检测了FoxO1与肌纤维类型标志基因MyHCⅠ、MyHCⅡa、MyHCⅡb和MyHCⅡx在特定骨骼肌中的表达规律,以及调控肌纤维类型关键基因Mef2c和NFAT的表达,并用Wortmannin处理原代培养的猪骨骼肌成肌细胞,检测了FoxO1与肌纤维类型相关基因的表达.结果显示,FoxO1在不同骨骼肌类型中mRNA表达差异不显著(P0.05),其蛋白表达与MyHC各亚型显著相关.Wortmannin处理结果显示,在处理的第3和5d,FoxO1蛋白与MyHCⅡb,MyHCⅡx和NFAT表达显著正相关,而与MyHCⅠ,MyHCⅡa和Mef2c表达显著负相关.结果表明,FoxO1通过抑制MyHCⅠ的表达调控肌纤维类型.     

海岛棉WUSCHEL基因(GbWUS)的克隆与表达模式分析

[目的]分离海岛棉的WUSCHEL基因(Gb WUS),检测Gb WUS基因在海岛棉体细胞胚发生过程中的表达模式。[方法]利用同源序列法结合RACE技术的策略克隆Gb WUS基因,通过半定量RT-PCR分析Gb WUS基因的表达模式。[结果]获得了全长1 011 bp的Gb WUS基因c DNA序列,包括870bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码289个氨基酸。与来源于其他物种WUS同源基因的进化树分析表明,Gb WUS与雷蒙德氏棉WUS基因具有98%的同源性,而与其他物种来源的WUS同源基因有明显的种属特异性。Gb WUS基因在海岛棉的胚性愈伤组织中表达,而在非胚性愈伤、球型胚、子叶胚阶段的细胞中不表达。[结论]Gb WUS基因属于WUSCHEL/WOX家族,其mRNA在胚性愈伤组织中特异表达。     

斑马鱼ca15b的克隆及在原始生殖细胞中的特异表达简

高保真PCR克隆获得了ca15b基因的全长,利用胚胎整体原位杂交等技术研究了ca15b基因在斑马鱼早期发育过程中的动态表达。结果发现,ca15b在斑马鱼早期发育过程中存在显著的原始生殖细胞(Primordial germ cell,PGC)特异表达模式。ca15b是一个母源性表达的基因:在分裂期的胚胎中,其mRNA集中分布于位于分裂沟的生殖质(Germ plasm);从囊胚期开始,可以观察到其在PGC中的特异表达;在原肠胚中,其mRNA在体细胞中急剧降解,仅特异表达于PGC,这一表达特征一直持续到受精后1d的胚胎。将体外合成的包含5′UTR和3′UTR的ca15b全长mRNA注射到斑马鱼胚胎后,仅能增强原肠期之前胚胎中ca15b的整体杂交信号;在原肠胚期之后,注射的mRNA在体细胞中快速降解。这提示在ca15b mRNA上可能存在某种转录后调控其在早期胚胎体细胞中降解而在PGC中稳定存在的机制。     

兔植入前移核胚中发育相关基因的差异表达分析

与早期胚胎发育相关的一些重要基因异常表达致使克隆胚细胞核的再程序化过程受阻,是导致动物克隆失败的重要原因.为了分离鉴定再程序化相关基因,我们改进了mRNA差异显示技术,成功地建立了单胚差示技术体系.以不同发育时期的兔克隆胚（MⅡ卵、2细胞、4细胞、8～16细胞克隆胚胎）为材料进行单胚差示, 分离了80个差异片段.经反向RNA印迹验证、亚克隆、序列分析及NCBI GenBank数据库检索, 结果表明：A028片段与CstF3基因有93％的同源性, 在早期胚胎发育过程中的表达有阶段特异性, 该基因在兔克隆胚的早期发育过程中起重要作用.RNA印迹显示：该基因在所检测的组织中,只在卵巢中有表达.这项研究为再程序化相关基因全长的克隆及功能研究奠定了良好的基础.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.