细菌感受态细胞摄取和分泌DNA的相关性研究① I. 含有质粒的枯草芽孢杆菌自然感受态缺陷突变株的诱变和分离

以携带pUB110质粒的枯草芽孢杆菌BR151菌株为出发菌株,利用亚硝基胍作诱变剂,直接在LB平板上进行诱变。从2949个菌落中筛选出一个转化频率低于出发菌株2～3个数量级的突变株,并对其营养缺陷型、UV的敏感性及Km抗性和质粒进行了检测,确证其转化能力降低为自然感受态缺陷而非营养缺陷型的改变或重组缺陷所致。 Abstract　Natural competence-deficient mutant of Bacillus subtilis　BR151, which carries plasmid pUB110, was obtained by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis on solid medium. From 2949 clones, a mutant, the transformation frequency of which is 102～103　times lower than that of the control, was obtained and tested for the changes of trophic type, resistance to Km, plasmid and sensitivity to UV. The results indicate the reduction of transformation frequency is due to competence-deficient mutation.     

枯草芽孢杆菌感受态细胞的制备及质粒转化方法研究

为便于枯草芽孢杆菌工业化生产应用,对Spizizen创立的枯草芽孢杆菌DNA转化方法进行改进.用GMI和GMII溶液处理枯草芽孢杆菌野生型菌株BS501a、营养缺陷型突变株DBl342和非营养缺陷型突变株WB800,用改进的方法制备感受态细胞,用7.5kb质粒pSBPTQ进行转化,并研究RNA、酵母粉、水解酪蛋白、培养方法对枯草芽孢杆菌质粒转化的影响.结果表明,该方法适用于不同基因型枯草芽孢杆菌的质粒转化,营养缺陷型突变株DBl342的转化率为750 CFU/μg/DNA,非营养缺陷型突变株WB800转化率为1 070 CFU/xg DNA,野生型菌株BS501a转化率为270 CFU/μg/DNA.根据影响转化效率的因素,推测在该方法中,枯草芽孢杆菌质粒转化原理:一定生物量的枯草芽孢杆菌在外界营养条件和钙、镁离子作用下,细胞壁和细胞膜形成缺陷,使外源DNA转入枯草芽孢杆菌细胞内.     

灵芝尿嘧啶营养缺陷型菌株的筛选和分子鉴定

【背景】营养缺陷型是一种应用广泛的分子标记,但是目前在灵芝中还未有研究和应用报道。【目的】为灵芝遗传转化研究、杂交育种和菌种鉴别提供亲本材料和技术支持。【方法】采用紫外光诱变、单单杂交、孢子单核化的方法从灵芝单核体菌株出发得到尿嘧啶营养缺陷型双核体菌株。【结果】获得8株稳定的尿嘧啶营养缺陷型单核体突变菌株和7株尿嘧啶营养缺陷型双核体菌株。【结论】灵芝尿嘧啶营养缺陷型菌株在添加外源营养物的基础上可恢复正常生长,可以为灵芝遗传转化体系的构建和灵芝育种提供材料。     

米曲霉尿嘧啶营养缺陷型突变体筛选及转化体系建立

米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)是一种十分重要的工业微生物，但由于其菌丝体和孢子均含有多个细胞核，并且对多种抗性药物具有抗性，导致其遗传转化和分子生物学研究较其他模式丝状真菌困难。目前米曲霉遗传转化主要采用营养缺陷型作为筛选标记。尿嘧啶营养缺陷型是米曲霉转化中最常用的一种营养缺陷型标记，其筛选标记基因pyrG编码乳清酸核苷-5′-磷酸脱羧酶为尿嘧啶的前体尿苷合成所必需。本研究以米曲霉3.042为背景，利用紫外线诱变和5-氟乳清酸(5-FOA)胁迫筛选获得5株尿嘧啶营养缺陷型菌株，经DNA测序5株菌株均为pyrG基因不同位点突变，确定为尿嘧啶营养缺陷型。以筛选到的尿嘧啶营养缺陷型菌株为背景，利用农杆菌介导的米曲霉转化系统，成功构建了米曲霉尿嘧啶营养缺陷型为筛选标记的农杆菌转化体系。     

生防菌Bs-916突变菌株M49芽胞形成和感受态形成能力

摘要：生防枯草芽胞杆菌Bs-916（Bacillus subtilis）在水稻纹枯病的防治上效果显著。应用离子注入突变对Bs-916进行了突变,获得了一系列的突变菌株。其中突变菌株M49,其表面活性素Surfactin分泌量比出发菌株Bs-916大大降低并导致其防效降低。【目的】为了确认影响该菌株防效降低的影响因子,对其表型和相关基因表达水平进行了研究。【方法】应用生孢培养基,通过芽胞形成能力评测方法比较该菌株和野生菌株Bs-916的芽胞形成能力;通过转化质粒的实验评测突变菌株M49和野生型Bs-916的     

枯草芽孢杆菌SCK6超级感受态的制备和转化条件优化

枯草芽孢杆菌是一种革兰氏阳性好氧细菌,因其安全性和高分泌特性,已被广泛用作异源蛋白的表达宿主。然而,相比大肠杆菌,枯草芽孢杆菌的转化效率低,限制了其作为宿主的异源蛋白的定向进化。本文通过改变培养基、诱导剂浓度、质粒类型等参数优化感受态制备的条件,利用常规质粒进行转化,结果表明,用营养丰富的YN培养基替代常规LB培养基制备感受态,可以使转化效率提高4倍左右;加入1.5%的木糖诱导2 h,感受态的转化效率又提高2倍左右;用大肠杆菌Escherichia coli GM272来源的质粒又可进一步提高转化效率3倍左右。综合最优条件制备SCK6的感受态,转化整合型质粒pDG1730,效率可以达到10~6 CFU/μg,相对未优化的条件提高了2个数量级,为基于枯草芽孢杆菌的酶的定向进化和代谢工程奠定了基础。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌无晶体突变株的逐级升温筛选及其转化性能

逐级从４２ ℃到４４ ℃和４６ ℃升温培养、并用０－０５ ％ ＳＤＳ 处理苏云金芽孢杆菌ＹＢＴ１４６３ ,获得了一系列内生质粒被部分或完全消除的无晶体（Ｃｒｙ －） 突变株,对４ 种Ｃｒｙ － 突变株的转化性能及导入的外源质粒的稳定性进行了研究。用限量培养基和４２ ℃培养筛选到Ｃｒｙ － 突变株后,升温至４４ ℃,从Ｃｒｙ － 突变株得到内生质粒被进一步消除的突变株;然后升温至４６ ℃来培养其中突变株ＢＭＢ１７０ ,并用０－０５ ％ 的ＳＤＳ进行处理,最终筛选到１ 株无质粒突变株ＢＭＢ１７１ 。用ｐＨＴ３１０１ 、ｐＢＭＢ１７３６ 、ｐＢＴＬ１ 和ｐＨＶ１２４９ 等４ 种外源质粒进行的转化及稳定性研究表明,转化频率的大小及导入质粒的稳定性与用作受体菌的Ｃｒｙ － 突变株携有的内生质粒数之间呈现一定的相关性,Ｃｒｙ－ 突变株的转化频率显著高于出发菌株,其中ＢＭＢ１７１ 的转化频率最高达１０７ 转化子／μｇ ＤＮＡ,且所导入的外源质粒的稳定性也高于其它Ｃｒｙ － 突变株及出发菌株ＹＢＴ１４６３ 。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株YBT1535转cry1C基因菌的构建

利用电脉冲将ｃｒｙ１Ｃ基因转子苏云金孢杆菌野生菌株ＹＢＴ１５３５,筛选得到３个转化子。质粒电泳、ＰＣＲ扩增及Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交结果均证明,基因ｃｒｙ１Ｃ已转入菌株ＹＢＴ１５３５。生物测定结果表明,３个转化子对甜菜夜蛾的毒力比出发菌ＹＢＴ１５３５均有显著的提高,转化子ＹＢＴ１５３５－１和ＹＢＴ１５３５－３对小菜蛾和棉铃虫的生物活性与出发菌ＹＢＴ１５３５相近,而转子化子ＹＢＴ１５３５－２则有一定幅度     

苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株YBT833含不同杀虫晶体蛋白基因转化子的特性

用电脉冲方法将含有苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因ｃｒｙ１Ｃ的重组质粒ｐＢＭＢＬＣ转入野生菌株ＹＢＴ８３３,获得含不同杀虫晶体蛋白基因的４个转化子。质粒检测和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证明它们均为菌株ＹＢＴ８３３含重组质粒ｐＢＭＢＬＣ的转化子。ＰＣＲ扩增表明,转化子ＹＢＴ８３３－１保留了原有的杀虫晶体蛋白基因;转化子ＹＢＴ８３３－２丢失了基因ｃｒｙ１Ａｂ;转化子ＹＢＴ８３３－３则丢失了所有的杀虫晶体蛋白基     

里氏木霉RutC30常温常压等离子体（ARTP）诱变筛选pyr4基因缺陷型菌株及转化系统的建立

以里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei重要工业生产菌RutC30为出发菌株,通过等离子体（ARTP）诱变筛选,以5-氟乳清酸（5-FOA）和尿苷（Uridine）进行筛选,获得一株pyr4基因缺陷株RutC30ΔU3。用含有野生型里氏木霉pyr4基因的互补质粒转化突变株,可回复野生性状。经测序发现其pyr4基因在核酸序列多个位点发生突变,其中包括两个错义突变和一个移码突变,从而导致乳清酸核苷-5′-磷酸脱羧酶失活。经遗传稳定性研究分析,传代5次后仍保持良好的尿苷依赖性、去葡萄糖阻遏以及高产纤维素酶特性。经实验筛选获得了pyr4基因缺陷菌株可作为基因表达系统的受体菌株,建立了以尿苷营养缺陷为筛选标记的木霉转化系统。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.