欧洲刺槐种源群体遗传结构和多样性

对来自欧洲和美国的 18个刺槐种源子代进行了等位酶分析。可进行遗传分析的 7个酶系统 (Amy,Fe,L ap,Idh,Mdh,6 Pgd,Skd)中有 14个基因位点 ,其中 12个位点具有多态性。每个多态位点平均等位基因数 (A/L )变化在 1.5 6～ 3.6 7之间 ,平均基因型数 (G/L)变化在 1.6 1～ 7.11之间 ,平均等位基因有效数目 (Ae)变化在 1.0 2～ 2 .5 0之间 ,预期杂合度 (H e)变化在0 .0 2～ 0 .5 6之间。不同种源群体之间也存在较大的遗传差异 ,在 8个德国种源中 ,各群体的 A、Ae、和 H e等相对较小 ,但不同群体间差异较大。各位点等位基因频率在不同种源群体间变化也较大 ,表明德国各种源群体内遗传变异相对较小 ,但群体间差异较大。来自匈牙利和斯洛伐克的 8个种源群则相反 ,各群体的 A、Ae、和 H e等相对较大 ,而不同种源群体间差异则较小 ,各位点等位基因频率在种源群体间变化相对一致 ,表明这两个国家的种源群体内变异较大 ,但不同种源群体间差异较小。欧洲的刺槐种源并未形成明显的地理变异模式 ,而且欧洲的种源和来自原产地的美国种源相比 ,没有发现明显的差异。经过 Hardy-Weinberg平衡检测证明 ,88.4 1%位点符合 H- W遗传平衡 ,表明各群体基因频率和基因型频率保持较高的稳定性 ,且种源内的变异大于种源间变异 ,94 .     

Enzymatic polymorphisms in the Argentinian hake, Merluccius hubbsi Marini, of the Argentinian continental shelf

A survey described genetically encoded enzyme variation in 197 adult Argentinian hake, Merhccius hubhsi , collected from 10 sample sites on the Argentinian continental shelf. Four of 11 muscle enzyme loci were polymorphic ( PCM *, G3PDH *, EST-1 * and EST-2 *). Genotypes showed no significant difference between males and females. Only one of 37 tests of departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium showed a significant difference. The allele frequency data were tested for genetic heterogeneity among locations. The overall significance of the total samples and among those from Patagonia Central was primarily due to heterogeneity at the EST-1 * locus. The implications of these findings in a population structure context are discussed.     

中国沿海中部珊瑚菜居群等位酶变异及其遗传多样性

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,分析了我国沿海中部（江苏、山东和浙江）海滨沙滩珊瑚菜（Glehnia littoralis Fr.Schmidt ex Miq.)7个居群8种酶系统19个位点的等位基因遗传变异特征,结果表明居群内多态位点比率平均为82．4％,每一位点平均等位基因数为2．77,有效等位基因数为2．24,固定指数F的平均值为－0．091。珊瑚菜居群基因多样性80．9％产生于居群内,19．1％产生于居群间。居群间的遗传距离平均为0．317,遗传一致性为0．728,居群内维持着较高水平的遗传多样性。据此,对珊瑚菜的渐危机理进行了讨论。     

Genetic monitoring reveals temporal stability over 30 years in a small, lake-resident brown trout population

Knowledge of the degree of temporal stability of population genetic structure and composition is important for understanding microevolutionary processes and addressing issues of human impact of natural populations. We know little about how representative single samples in time are to reflect population genetic constitution, and we explore the temporal genetic variability patterns over a 30-year period of annual sampling of a lake-resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) population, covering 37 consecutive cohorts and five generations. Levels of variation remain largely stable over this period, with no indication of substructuring within the lake. We detect genetic drift, however, and the genetically effective population size (N(e)) was assessed from allele-frequency shifts between consecutive cohorts using an unbiased estimator that accounts for the effect of overlapping generation. The overall mean N(e) is estimated as 74. We find indications that N(e) varies over time, but there is no obvious temporal trend. We also estimated N(e) using a one-sample approach based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) that does not account for the effect of overlapping generations. Combining one-sample estimates for all years gives an N(e) estimate of 76. This similarity between estimates may be coincidental or reflecting a general robustness of the LD approach to violations of the discrete generations assumption. In contrast to the observed genetic stability, body size and catch per effort have increased over the study period. Estimates of annual effective number of breeders (N(b)) correlated with catch per effort, suggesting that genetic monitoring can be used for detecting fluctuations in abundance.     

昆虫葡萄糖氧化酶及其功能

葡萄糖氧化酶(glucose oxidase,GOX)广泛分布于动物、植物及微生物体内,特别是真菌中。与真菌的GOX相比,有关昆虫GOX特性和功能的研究很有限,但近期发现其在昆虫与植物相互关系中起着非常重要的作用。通过与真菌GOX比较,文章主要综述GOX的性质、分布以及昆虫中GOX生理功能、作用和演化,并进一步讨论其研究进展。     

扎龙芦苇遗传多样性ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对扎龙湿地的5个野生芦苇居群进行了遗传多样性研究.从75条ISSR引物中筛选出10个特异性强、稳定性好的引物进行ISSR分析.共获得96个位点,其中多态位点94个,多态位点百分率为97.92％.PopGene分析结果表明:居群的平均多态位点百分率为56.46％,Shannon's多样性指数(J)...     

马拉硫磷对中华稻蝗种群遗传结构的作用

将中华稻蝗(Oxya chinensis)注射1.5g/L的马拉硫磷,24h后死亡率为56%。用等位酶电泳确定死亡与存活个体在多态性基因座Pgm和Me上的基因型,并比较各基因型的死亡率差异。结果表明：在Pgm基因座上,马拉硫磷对具有不同基因型的中华稻蝗个体存在选择性致死作用,但是在Me基因座上未观察到类似选择性致死作用。在基因座Pgm上,Pgm-ab 基因型个体死亡率最高（80%）,Pgm-bb和Pgm-bc基因型个体死亡率最低（49%）,低于平均死亡率。卡方检验表明,基因型Pgm-bb和Pgm-cc的死亡率之间存在显著差异。在存活个体中,等位基因Pgm-b的频率显著增加。基于Roger’s遗传距离的聚类分析表明,马拉硫磷的急性致死作用会导致中华稻蝗种群遗传组成的变化。马拉硫磷是蝗虫防治中常用的杀虫剂,研究显示,不同基因型在死亡率上的差异也可能存在于田间。Abstract: Allozyme electrophoresis was employed to compare the difference in mortality among the genotypes at two polymorphic loci of Pgm and Me of grasshopper Oxya chinensis individuals acutely exposed to 1.5g/L malathion which resulted in 56% mortality in 24 hours. The selective lethal effects were observed among the genotypes at Pgm locus but not at Me locus. It is noted that the genotype Pgm-ab experienced the highest mortality (80%), whereas Pgm-bb and Pgm-bc were 49%, lower than theaverage. The χ2 tests showed significant difference in morality between Pgm-bb and Pgm-cc. After exposure the allele frequency of Pgm-b showed a notable increase among surviving individuals. The cluster analysis based on Roger’s genetic distance indicated that the acute exposure to malathion can cause differentiation in genetic composition at population level in Oxya chinensis. Because malathion is commonly used as the insecticide for grasshopper control, the data obtained in this study suggest that the similar genotype-mortality effects may occur in crop fields.     

THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF HOST PLANT ADAPTATION IN A SPATIAL PATCHWORK: DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABILITY AMONG RECIPROCALLY TRANSPLANTED PEA APHID CLONES

Populations of insect herbivores that feed on several host plant species may experience different selective forces on each host. When the hosts cooccur in a local area, herbivore populations can provide useful models for the study of evolutionary mechanisms in patchy environments. A first step in such a study involves determination of the genetic structure of host adaptation in the region: how is genetic variation for host use structured within and between subpopulations of herbivores on each host? The structure of genetic variation for host use reveals patterns of local adaptation, probable selective consequences of migration between hosts, and the potential for further evolution. To estimate the population structure of host adaptation in a patchwork, 7–11 pea aphid clones were collected at the beginning of the summer from each of two alfalfa and two red clover fields within a very localized area (about 15–20 km²). Using a reciprocal transplant in the field, replicates of these 35 clones were allowed to develop individually on each of the two crops. A complete life table was made for each replicate. Individual fitness was calculated from the life tables as the expected rate of population increase; longevity, age at first reproduction, and total fecundity were also measured for each clonal replicate. Currently, experimental estimates of genetic variation in complete life tables are virtually nonexistent for natural populations, even for single environments (Charlesworth, 1987); field studies are even less common. Because clones from each of two source crops were tested reciprocally on both hosts, variation in relative genotypic fitness on alfalfa and clover could be partitioned among clones within source crops, between fields of the same crop, and between source crops (alfalfa or red clover), providing a view of population structure. Significant clonal variation in relative performance on alfalfa and red clover was found: clones tended to have higher fitness on the crop from which they had been collected (the “home” crop) than they did on the “away” crop, suggesting local adaptation in response to patchy patterns of selection. Clonal variability within collections from the two crops suggests the potential for changes in the genetic constitution of these aphid populations within established fields as a result of clonal selection during the summer season. Significantly negative genetic correlations across crops were found for fitness and its major components. The possibility that these negative cross-environment correlations could act as evolutionary constraints on adaptation to the patchwork is considered.     

Mitochondrial DNA variation in space and time in the northeastern Pacific gastropod, Littorina keenae

The present population structure of a species reflects the influence of population history as well as contemporary processes. To examine the relative importance of these factors in shaping the current population structure of Littorina keenae, we sequenced 762 base pairs of the mitochondrial ND6 and cytochrome b genes in 584 snails from 13 sites along the northeastern Pacific coast. Haplotype network analysis revealed a 'star-like' genealogy indicative of a recent population expansion. Nested clade and mismatch analyses also supported the hypothesis of sudden population expansion following a population bottleneck during the Last Glacial Maximum. Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise Phi(ST) showed no significant spatial population differentiation from Mexico to Oregon - not even across the recognized biogeographic boundary at Point Conception. This is probably due to high contemporary gene flow during the free-swimming larval stage of this snail. Surprisingly, we found a highly significant temporal population differentiation between a San Pedro sample from 1996 and one from 2005, which gave an estimate of effective population size (N(e)) of only 135. Nearly statistically significant changes in the frequency of a particular haplotype in three other populations over 2-3 years further support Hedgecock's 'sweepstakes' hypothesis. When by chance nearly all of the progeny from an aggregation of highly fecund sisters that possess a rare haplotype successfully recruit to become the next generation, the rare haplotype can become temporarily common across the entire species' range. This modification of the sweepstakes hypothesis can explain why the temporal variation that we observed was much greater than the spatial variation.     

Genetic variation in a phylogenetic context: Responses of two specialized leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to host plants of their congeners

This work explores the possibility that constraints on genetic variation guide host shifts and are responsible for the evolutionary conservatism of host affiliation in phytophagous insects. To this end, we used full- and half-sib breeding designs to screen two species of the North American bettle genus Ophraella for genetic variation in larval and adult feeding responses to several host plants of other species of Ophraella. All the plants are in the family Asteraceae. In O. conferta, we observed effectively no feeding response, and hence no genetic variation in response, to three of five test plant species; only those plants related to the species' natural hosts evoked genetically variable responses. In O. artemisiae, adults displayed genetic variation in response to a congener of the natural host, but not to two distantly related plants. However, significant variation among full-sib broods in larval feeding suggests the existence of nonadditive genetic variance in feeding response to all five species of test plants—although survival was very low on most of them. The results suggest that patterns of presence versus apparent absence of detectable genetic variation may be related to the chemical similarity of plants to the insects' natural hosts, but not evidently to the phylogenetic history of host affiliation within the genus. Almost all genetic correlations in responses to host plants were not significantly different from zero; the few significant correlations were positive, and negative correlations that might explain host specificity were not found. Our data do not explain why exclusive shifts to new hosts should occur, but the apparent lack of genetic variation in responses to some plants suggests that the direction of host shifts is genetically constrained.     

中国水青冈种内种间遗传多样性的初步研究

本文利用凝胶电泳法研究了亮叶水青冈(Fagus lucida)、巴山水青冈(F. pashanica)和米心水青冈(F. engleriana)的遗传多样性。所测定的酶系统包括：过氧化物酶(PX₁和PX₂)、磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(PGD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶(GOT₁和GOT₂)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)、甲基萘醌还原酶(MNR)、葡萄糖磷酸变位酶(PGM₁和PGM₂)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH₂)8种酶系统,测定和分析了3种水青冈的等位基因频率和遗传距离指标,为进一步研究水青冈属各种间的亲缘关系和进化提供了科学依据。     

亮叶水青冈（Fagus lucida）种群遗传多样性初步研究

本文利用凝胶电泳法研究亮叶水青冈（Ｆａｇｕｓｌｕｃｉｄａ）种内遗传多样性。所测定的酶系统包括：过氧化物酶（ＰＸ１和ＰＸ２）、磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（ＰＧＤ）、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶（ＧＯＴ１和ＧＯＴ２）、异柠檬酸脱氢酶（ＩＤＨ）、甲基荼醌还原酶（ＭＮＲ）、葡萄糖磷酸变位酶（ＰＧＭ１和ＰＧＭ２）,苹果酸脱氨酶（ＭＤＨ２）、酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）和磷酸果糖升构酶（ＰＧＩ）９种酶系统１１个基因位点。测定和分析了亮叶水青冈２地理种群的等位基因频率,固定指致,基因多祥性和遗传距离,为进一步研究水青冈的遗传变异和种内种间关系提供了科学依据。