感染蜜蜂的两种微孢子虫——Nosema apis和Nosema ceranae

孢子虫病是西方蜜蜂的主要病害之一,其病原包括蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema apis和东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae。自2006年首次在西方蜜蜂体内发现N.ceranae以来,关于N.ceranae的研究成为热点,其中感染蜜蜂的两种微孢子虫的比较是关注的焦点。本文主要综述近十多年来发表的相关文献,从流行性、形态、基因组、毒力等角度对这两种微孢子虫进行比较,并对后续研究进行展望,以期为微孢子虫的研究及蜜蜂孢子虫病的防治提供借鉴。     

The Honey Bee Parasite Nosema ceranae: Transmissible via Food Exchange?

Nosema ceranae, a newly introduced parasite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, is contributing to worldwide colony losses. Other Nosema species, such as N. apis, tend to be associated with increased defecation and spread via a fecal-oral pathway, but because N. ceranae does not induce defecation, it may instead be spread via an oral-oral pathway. Cages that separated older infected bees from young uninfected bees were used to test whether N. ceranae can be spread during food exchange. When cages were separated by one screen, food could be passed between the older bees and the young bees, but when separated by two screens, food could not be passed between the two cages. Young uninfected bees were also kept isolated in cages, as a solitary control. After 4 days of exposure to the older bees, and 10 days to incubate infections, young bees were more likely to be infected in the 1-Screen Test treatment vs. the 2-Screen Test treatment (P = 0.0097). Young bees fed by older bees showed a 13-fold increase in mean infection level relative to young bees not fed by older bees (1-Screen Test 40.8%; 2-Screen Test 3.4%; Solo Control 2.8%). Although fecal-oral transmission is still possible in this experimental design, oral-oral infectivity could help explain the rapid spread of N. ceranae worldwide.     

柞蚕微孢子虫Nosema pernyi微管蛋白基因的克隆及系统发育分析

【目的】柞蚕微粒子病的病原为柞蚕微孢子虫Nosemapernyi,为解明柞蚕微孢子虫微管蛋白基因的序列信息,明确柞蚕微孢子虫的系统分类学地位。【方法】采用RT-.PCR、3′RACE(Rapid amplification ofcDNAends)等技术克隆得到了柞蚕微孢子虫的α、β和y-微管蛋白基因,并利用α、β-微管蛋白序列,分别采用NJ、ML法构建进化树。【结果】将克隆得到的基因序列提交NCBI(GenBank登录号:KF154086、KF023271、KF740389)。构建的系统发育树显示,微孢子虫类以一个独立群位于真菌群体中,与真菌的虫霉门关系较近,且与担子菌、球囊菌、壶菌、接合菌及部分子囊菌互为姐妹群。从部分微孢子虫的系统发育分析结果可以看出,20种微孢子虫分为2个分支,柞蚕微孢子虫与其他Nosema属聚为一类。【结论】本研究克隆得到了柞蚕微孢子虫α、β和y-微管蛋白基因,系统发育分析为更进一步了解柞蚕微孢子虫奠定了基础。     

Mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 of Nosema bombycis： A marker in Microsporidian evolution

Microsporidia are a group of intracelluar eukaryotic parasites, which can infected almost all animals, including human beings. Till now, no mitochodria but mitosome, a remnant of mitochondria was discovered in this phylum. We present here the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase El （PDH, including PDHα and PDHβ） of the microsporidian Nosema bombycis, the pathogen of silkworm pebrine. Compared with PDH of microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Antonospora locustae, both subunits are eonscrced. The phylogeny indicated that both subunits are mitochondrial. The syntenic maps revealed the subunits organization of NbPDH is distributed in different scaffolds, similar to that of EcPDH but different with AIPDH, and the relationship between phylogeny tree and organization of PDH suggest that the AlPDH subunits organization is the ancestral style of microsporidia, and through the genome evolution, the reshuffling of the chromosome of microsporidia occurred, the adjacent style of ALPDHE1 organization changed, and the two subunits separated and located to different chromosomes in E. cuniculi. For N. bombycis and N. ceranae, they locate to different scaffolds. In order to determine NbPDH subcellular localizations, we prepared the polyclonal antibodies against NbPDH prokaryotic fusion proteins, and adopted the colloidal gold immunological electron microscopy, the expression signals of NbPDH were observed in spores however, the subcellular localization were not definited. In general, through comparison of three mierosporidian PDH molecular phylogeny, subunits organization in chromosomes, localization indicated that PDH is an interesting marker in microsporidia evolution     

意大利蜜蜂工蜂中肠响应Nosema ceranae胁迫的高表达基因分析

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae是专性寄生蜜蜂中肠上皮细胞的单细胞真菌,对意大利蜜蜂(意蜂)具有较强的侵染性。本研究利用RNA-seq技术对正常10 d (Apis mellifera ligustica control group,Am CK)和N. ceranae胁迫10 d的意蜂工蜂中肠(Apis mellifera ligustica treatment group,Am T)进行测序,共得到160 847 237 100条原始读段,过滤后得到1 066 955 298条有效读段。主成分分析结果显示Am CK与Am T测序样品的组内重复性较好,组间的基因表达模式差异明显。GO分类结果显示,Am CK与Am T的前100位高表达基因(HEGs)分别分布于32和33个GO terms,基因富集数最多的均为代谢进程。KEGG代谢通路(pathway)富集分析结果显示,Am CK的前100位HEGs富集在21个pathways,基因富集数最多的是内吞作用、信号通路和嘌呤代谢; Am T的前100位HEGs富集在26个pathways,基因富集数最多的是内吞作用、RNA转运和蛋白质的内质网加工。前100位HEGs的Venn分析结果显示Am CK与Am T的共有HEGs为87个,特有HEGs分别均为13个。研究结果揭示了N. ceranae胁迫意蜂工蜂中肠过程中的基因表达谱信息,也为解析N. ceranae致病的分子机理提供了有益信息和线索。     

感染了微孢子虫Nosema mesnili的斜纹夜蛾幼虫的急性麻痹症状

用微孢子虫Ｎａｓｅｍａｍｅｓｕｉｌｉ的日本分离株感染斜纹夜蛾Ｓｐｏｄｏｐｔｅｒａｌｌｉｔｕｒａ幼虫,３天急性麻痹,７天幼虫死亡。寄生物微孢子虫侵入幼虫神经存在部位的皮层。考察了被侵染的神经节组织的病理学,在被侵染的神经节细胞内发现了少量孢子。     

Oöcytes degeneration in the queen honey bee after infection by Nosema apis

Terminal o?cytes containing yolk in both healthy and nosema infected queen honey bees were studied. In the healthy queens the terminal o?cytes exhibited a layer of follicular cells which were covered by a smooth-surfaced ovariole sheath. In the o?plasm were numerous electron-dense yolk granules and lipid yolk droplets. The elecron-dense yolk granules exhibited a crystalline structure. Stacks of endoplasmic reticulum were observed in the yolk granules throughout the o?plasm. Numerous mitochondria possessing well defined cristae were also observed. O?cytes in the ovary of queen honey bees appeared degenerated after 7 days of infection by Nosema apis. The ovariole sheath was wrinkled. In the o?plasm, yolk granules were broken down into small spheres and granular substances. Numerous ribosomes without stacks of endoplasmic reticulate were observed. Lysosomes were abundant and numerous electron-dense materials surrounded by a membrane were detected. The o?cytes appeared to be extensively autolysed. The significance of these observations is discussed.     

环介导等温扩增（LAMP）技术检测东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae的研究

应用环介导等温扩增(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)技术建立一种准确、灵敏、快速的蜜蜂微孢子虫检测方法。本研究根据东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae的依赖DNA的RNA聚合酶Ⅱ大亚基(RPB1)序列,用在线软件Primer Explorer V4.0 online设计4条特异性引物,分别对Mg2+、d NTP、内引物FIP/BIP和甜菜碱浓度及反应温度和时间优化;选择蜜蜂体内常见病原进行该方法的特异性验证,用MseⅠ酶切扩增产物验证其准确性;将N.ceranae的DNA梯度稀释进行灵敏度检测并与PCR比较分析;最后在临床检测中验证该技术的可行性。结果表明,优化的体系可在恒温57℃下完成扩增反应;引物的病原特异性检测仅N.ceranae有梯状条带,MseⅠ酶切产物条带符合理论值;LAMP反应检测的灵敏度较PCR高10倍;能够直接从蜜蜂体内检测出N.ceranae。本研究建立的LAMP检测N.ceranae体系准确、快速、成本低,可为蜜蜂微孢子虫病的检测提供有力的技术支撑。     

Does fumagillin control the recently detected invasive parasite Nosema ceranae in western honey bees (Apis mellifera)?

Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in Nova Scotia, Canada were sampled in spring and late summer 2007 to evaluate efficacy of fumagillin dicyclohexylammonium (hereafter, fumagillin) against Nosema ceranae. Colonies treated with fumagillin in September 2006 (n = 94) had significantly lower Nosema intensity in spring 2007 than did colonies that received no treatment (n = 51), but by late summer 2007 no difference existed between groups. Molecular sequencing of 15 infected colonies identified N. ceranae in 93.3% of cases, suggesting that fumagillin is successful at temporarily reducing this recent invasive parasite in western honey bees.     

蝗虫微孢子虫Nosema locustae对红胫戟纹蝗Dociostaurus kraussi kraussi致病性及呼吸代谢的影响

【目的】研究蝗虫微孢子虫Nosema locustae对红胫戟纹蝗Dociostaurus kraussi kraussi致病性及呼吸代谢的影响,为筛选蝗虫微孢子虫适宜的新疆本地的活体增殖寄主提供实验依据。【方法】采用逐头口服法感染红胫戟纹蝗,以镜检法检测蝗虫感染情况,并用呼吸仪测量试虫的呼吸代谢。【结果】在6.5×105个孢子/头的感染剂量下,红胫戟纹蝗的感染率和死亡率分别为41.70%和72.22%。蝗虫微孢子虫的感染剂量与其毒力高度相关(r2=0.961),LD50为1.7088×104个孢子/头;随孢子浓度增加和感染时间延长,试虫的CO2释放率显著降低(P<0.05),但耗氧率没有显著变化。【结论】红胫戟纹蝗被微孢子虫感染后表现出典型症状,高剂量组感染下死亡率达到70%以上,由此推断红胫戟纹蝗可作为微孢子虫在新疆本地的潜在增殖寄主。     

家蚕微粒子病原虫(Nosema bombycis)小亚基核糖体RNA全基因的克隆及其二级结构的构建

在用PCR技术扩增、克隆、测序了家蚕微粒子病原虫Nosema bombycis (镇江株)小亚基核糖体RNA基因核心序列(5'-端起1 200 bp)的基础上,用SSP-PCR技术克隆了核心序列3'-端下游序列,从而获得了家蚕微粒子病原虫小亚基核糖体RNA基因的全序列共1 233 bp。 用RnaViz 、Forcon、DCSE等生物软件构建了家蚕微粒子病原虫小亚基核糖体RNA的二级结构,与其它微孢子虫及真核生物小亚基核糖体RNA的二级结构相比,该二级结构缺乏螺旋10、E10-1、11、18、E23-n和43。     

On the mortality ofTribolium castaneum adults treated sublethally as larvae with pirimiphos methyl,Nosema whitei and pirimiphos methyl—N. whitei doses

NeonateTribolium castaneum larvae were treated with 0.5 ppm pirimiphos methyl, 1.6×10⁴ spores/gNosema whitei alone and 0.5 ppm+1.6×10⁴ spores/g combined and the resulting adult mortality recorded. All treatments increased the mortality of the beetles significantly (P<0.01), though the combined dose gave a lower mortality than either the microsporidian or the insecticide alone.