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Brunner S Hurni S Herren G Kalinina O von Burg S Zeller SL Schmid B Winzeler M Keller B 《Plant biotechnology journal》2011,9(8):897-910
Plant resistance (R) genes are highly effective in protecting plants against diseases, but pathogens can overcome such genes relatively easily by adaptation. Consequently, in many cases R genes do not confer durable resistance in agricultural environments. One possible strategy to make the use of R genes more sustainable depends on the modification of R genes followed by transformation. To test a possible transgenic use of R genes, we overexpressed in wheat the Pm3b resistance gene against powdery mildew under control of the maize ubiquitin promoter. Four independent transgenic lines were tested in the greenhouse and the field during 3 years. The four lines showed a five‐ to 600‐fold transgene overexpression compared with the expression of the endogenous Pm3b gene in the landrace ‘Chul’. Powdery mildew resistance was significantly improved in all lines in the greenhouse and the field, both with naturally occurring infection or after artificial inoculation. Under controlled environmental conditions, the line with the strongest overexpression of the Pm3b gene showed a dramatic increase in resistance to powdery mildew isolates that are virulent on the endogenous Pm3b. Under a variety of field conditions, but never in the greenhouse, three of the four transgenic lines showed pleiotropic effects on spike and leaf morphology. The highest overexpressing line had the strongest side effects, suggesting a correlation between expression level and phenotypic changes. These results demonstrate that the successful transgenic use of R genes critically depends on achieving an optimal level of their expression, possibly in a tissue‐specific way. 相似文献
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小麦近缘种属来源的抗白粉病基因是培育小麦抗病品种,防治白粉病危害的最重要基因来源。Pm57是位于西尔斯山羊草2S^s#l染色体长臂上的一个外源基因,对小麦白粉病具有苗期和成株期广谱抗性。为了创制Pm57白粉病抗性丧失突变体,利用基于基因突变体的植物抗病基因克隆新兴技术分离Pm57基因,选用0.625%的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)对1万粒小麦-西尔斯山羊草Pm57易位系89(5)69种子进行了诱变处理,M1大田密播种植,收获了1598个M2可育株系。初步对其中300个M2株系进行苗期白粉病抗性接种鉴定,并利用2个Pm57基因特异分子标记X2L4g9P4/HaeⅢ和X284274及小麦全国区试品系DUS测试所用的42对SSR核心引物对Pm57抗性丧失突变体进行鉴定,筛选出来自27个M2株系的真实抗性丧失突变体70个,Pm57基因抗性丧失突变体频率达到9.0%。本研究所获得的白粉病抗性丧失突变体为Pm57基因的后续克隆与抗白粉病分子机理研究提供了重要的材料基础。 相似文献
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与小麦白粉病抗性基因Pm2紧密连锁RAPD标记的筛选研究 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
以256个随机引物对含小麦抗白粉病基因Pm2近等基因系进行RAPD分析,发现17个随机引物的扩增产物在抗、感NILs材料间表现多态性,且其中5个引物经4次以上重复,均获相同结果,其多态性标记分别为OPM08(1600)、OPI04(1700)、OPH19(1100、OPE09(900)及OPM16(850)。当以这5个随机引物对14个已知含Pm2基因的抗病材料及9个不含Pm2基因的感病材料进行检测时,只有标记OPI04(1700)在12个抗病材料中出现(另两个抗病材料中未检测到),而在9个感病材料中均未出现。进一步用 OPI(04)对102株(Chancellorx Uka/8*Cc)F2分离群体进行分析,估算出标记OPI04(1700)与Pm2基因间的遗传距离为12.2±3.3cM。 相似文献
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Henryk J. Czembor Olga Domeradzka Jerzy H. Czembor Dariusz R. Mańkowski 《Journal of Phytopathology》2014,162(7-8):499-512
Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis is an important disease of cereals in many production regions. Until end of the last century triticale had been regarded as a species characterized by high level of resistance for this disease. However, after several years of intensive production on a big area in Poland, Germany and other European countries it start to be susceptible for many pathogens including B. graminis. Because of this, virulence structure of this pathogen population on triticale in Poland was evaluated across 2008–2010. Leaf samples with symptoms of the powdery mildew disease were collected randomly from nineteen localities. As a total, 1402 B. graminis isolates were collected: 23–25 isolates per locality in each year. Standard differential set of 28 genotypes was used: twenty‐one wheat with known resistance genes and seven triticale. Based on the obtained results it was possible to observe significant differences in virulence structure between years and localities. No virulence's against Pm21 (Yangmai5), and Pm3d + 4b (Kadett) were found in any year. All tested isolates were virulent on Moreno and Lamberto cultivars. In a total, 36% of tested isolates possessed 9, 11 or 12 virulence's per genotypes. Twenty five percent of tested isolates were virulent to 5 triticale cultivars. Correlation between pathotypes frequency and sampling region were not found what suggest that local epidemics play the most important role in triticale growing regions in Poland. 相似文献
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为了寻找适合小麦白粉菌基因组DNA微量提取的方法,分别采用改进破壁法,液氮研磨法和溶菌酶消化法进行破壁,提取专性寄生菌小麦白粉菌DNA。结果表明,用改进的破壁方法,仅用3~10 mg的分生孢子粉所获得DNA的收率为(12.23±3.46)~(40.32±5.67)ng/mg,且OD260/OD280比值为1.71~1.92之间,说明该破壁方法获得的DNA收率大且纯度高。通过PCR反应获得了良好的效果。同时该方法也适用于小麦条锈菌和大麦白粉菌专性寄生菌DNA的提取。 相似文献
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本试验对91(260)3-3-8对白粉病的抗性再次进行鉴定,进一步确定该材料对白粉病完全免疫。为了研究其抗白粉病基因的遗传规律,用感病材料陕225、小偃6、邯6172、豫麦49与该材料杂交得到F1、F2后代群体,发现F1抗白粉病;陕225/91(260)3-3-8F2、小偃6/91(260)3-3-8 F2、邯6172/91(260)3-3—8 F2群体抗感比例为3:1,表明“91(260)3—3—8”与感病材料陕225、小偃6、邯6172相比有1对抗白粉病基因的差异;豫麦49/91(260)3-3—8 F2群体抗感比例不完全符合3;1,其原因有待于进一步探明。 相似文献
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一个小麦丝氨酸—苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因的克隆和分析 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
用mRNA差异显示技术在含有抗白粉病基因Pm2 1的小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)_簇毛麦 (Haynaldiavillosa)6VS/ 6AL易位系 92R137中分离与抗白粉病相关的基因 ,获得一个命名为TaPK1的全长cDNA克隆。序列分析表明 ,它与大豆 (Glycinemax (L .)Merr.)蛋白激酶基因GmPK6高度同源。经推测 ,TaPK1编码 416个氨基酸的多肽 ,属丝氨酸_苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族 ,并具酪氨酸激酶特性。TaPK1是从小麦中分离的新基因。 相似文献
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用mRNA差异显示技术在含有抗白粉病基因Pm21的小麦(Tri ticum aestivum L.) -簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa) 6VS /6AL易位系92R137中分离与抗白粉病相关的基因,获得一个命名为TaPK1的全长cDNA克隆.序列分析表明,它与大豆(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)蛋白激酶基因GmPK6高度同源.经推测,TaPK1 编码416个氨基酸的多肽,属丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族,并具酪氨酸激酶特性.TaPK1是从小麦中分离的新基因. 相似文献
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小麦白粉病抗性基因的聚合及其分子标记辅助选择 总被引:43,自引:0,他引:43
采用了在早代进行抗性鉴定、淘汰感病株、保留抗病株继续种植、较晚世代(F4代)进行抗性鉴定结合分子标记辅助选择的策略,提高了选到聚合抗性植株的效率。利用与Pm2、Pm4α、Pm8、Pm21紧密连锁或共分离的RFLP标记和PCR标记(SCAR标记),对含有这些基因的优良品系间配制的杂交组合的F4代进行了分子标记辅助育种选择,并结合抗性鉴定,筛选到14株Pm4α Pm2I的植株,16株Pm2 Pm4α的植株,6株Pm8 Pm21的植株。应该引起注意的是,Pm2 Pm4α对混合白粉病菌的抗性达到高抗至免疫水平,而Pm2和Pm4α单独存在时抗性较差,表明聚合抗病基因植株的抗性提高了,为培育具有持久性抗性的品系或品种提供了新思路,它在实践和理论研究上都将具有重要意义。 相似文献
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Susanne Brunner Severine Hurni Philipp Streckeisen Gabriele Mayr Mario Albrecht Nabila Yahiaoui Beat Keller 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2010,64(3):433-445
Some plant resistance genes occur as allelic series, with each member conferring specific resistance against a subset of pathogen races. In wheat, there are 17 alleles of the Pm3 gene. They encode nucleotide‐binding (NB‐ARC) and leucine‐rich‐repeat (LRR) domain proteins, which mediate resistance to distinct race spectra of powdery mildew. It is not known if specificities from different alleles can be combined to create resistance genes with broader specificity. Here, we used an approach based on avirulence analysis of pathogen populations to characterize the molecular basis of Pm3 recognition spectra. A large survey of mildew races for avirulence on the Pm3 alleles revealed that Pm3a has a resistance spectrum that completely contains that of Pm3f, but also extends towards additional races. The same is true for the Pm3b and Pm3c gene pair. The molecular analysis of these allelic pairs revealed a role of the NB‐ARC protein domain in the efficiency of effector‐dependent resistance. Analysis of the wild‐type and chimeric Pm3 alleles identified single residues in the C‐terminal LRR motifs as the main determinant of allele specificity. Variable residues of the N‐terminal LRRs are necessary, but not sufficient, to confer resistance specificity. Based on these data, we constructed a chimeric Pm3 gene by intragenic allele pyramiding of Pm3d and Pm3e that showed the combined resistance specificity and, thus, a broader recognition spectrum compared with the parental alleles. Our findings support a model of stepwise evolution of Pm3 recognition specificities. 相似文献
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为研究抗白粉病小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品系在小麦白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis f. sp.tritici)侵染后有无LRK10同源基因表达,依据小麦蛋白激酶LRK10和其它植物蛋白激酶第6亚结构域设计了一个5’-RACE兼并性引物。以接种小麦白粉病菌后的小麦抗白粉病品系“99—2439”幼苗叶片cDNA为模板进行5’-RACE扩增,获得了一个1551bp长的蛋白激酶基因cDNA片段(S1125,GenBank登录号:AY584533)。此后,通过RACE技术成功地获得了该基因的全长cDNA克隆。该克隆编码637个氨基酸组成的多肽。同源性查寻表明,该基因属于先前命名为wfrk(wheat leaf rust kinase)的小麦类受体蛋白激酶基因家族。与LRK10相似,这个新的小麦类受体蛋白激酶有5个明显的功能域:位于氨基端的疏水信号序列、推测的胞外结构域、跨膜域、高荷电序列和位于羧基端的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶域,因此被命名为TaLRK(Triticum aestivum LRK)。以小麦肌动蛋白基因为对照,通过半定量反转录PCR(semi—QRT—PCR)技术对叶片中TaLRK基因在小麦白粉病菌接种后的转录水平表达谱进行了研究。结果表明,小麦白粉病菌的侵染使TaLRK基因的转录显著增强。组织特异性表达分析证明,这一基因仅在小麦的绿色部分表达。研究结果提示TaLRK可能参与了小麦的抗白粉病反应。 相似文献
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利用瞬间表达技术分析小麦抗病相关基因的功能 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
采用瞬间表达技术分析了TaTBL、TaPK1和TaTST等3个抗病相关基因的功能。首先将这3个小麦抗病相关基因构建入高效表达载体,然后使用基因枪将目标基因和GUS基因载体同时导入到感白粉病小麦品种离体叶片表皮细胞中,用GUS基因标记阳性转化细胞。转化后接种白粉菌孢子,48h后观察转化阳性表皮细胞,研究抗病相关基因表达对白粉菌入侵及吸器形成产生的影响。结果表明,这3个基因在感病小麦品种叶片表皮细胞中的瞬间表达,对白粉菌侵入和吸器形成均有部分抑制作用,在一定程度上增强了表达细胞对白粉菌的抗性。 相似文献
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小麦抗白粉病相关基因的转化 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
利用玉米花青素苷合成调节基因C1-Lc作为报告基因, 通过瞬间表达后愈伤组织表面红色斑点的统计分析, 优化了小麦幼胚愈伤组织的基因枪转化参数。小麦Beclin1类似基因TaTBL和硫代硫酸硫转移酶基因TaTST是2个在白粉菌诱导条件下具有增强表达特性的抗病相关基因。本实验进一步利用基因枪将ubi强启动子控制下的2个基因导入到小麦品种扬麦158的幼胚愈伤组织细胞中, 使用除草剂经两轮选择培养基上的筛选和再生获得抗性植株, 进一步通过抗性植株的PCR分析获得转TaTBL基因植株5株, 转TaTST基因植株6株。转基因植株离体叶片的人工接种实验表明, 外源基因的导入不同程度上增强了植株的白粉病抗性, 表现为延缓了白粉菌的发育。利用玉米花青素苷合成调节基因C1-Lc作为报告基因,通过瞬间表达后愈伤组织表面红色斑点的统计分析,优化了小麦幼胚愈伤组织的基因枪转化参数。小麦Beclin1类似基因TaTBL和硫代硫酸硫转移酶基因TaTST是两个在白粉菌诱导条件下具有增强表达特性的抗病相关基因。本实验进一步利用基因枪将ubi强启动子控制下的两个基因导入到小麦品种扬麦158的幼胚愈伤组织细胞中,使用除草剂经两轮选择培养基上的筛选和再生获得抗性植株,进一步通过抗性植株的PCR分析获得转TaTBL基因植株5株,转TaTST基因植株6株。转基因植株离体叶片的人工接种实验表明,外源基因的导入不同程度上增强了植株的白粉病抗性,表现为延缓了白粉菌的发育。 相似文献
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A full-length cDNA encoding wheat peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase (pAPX) was cloned by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) and in silico approach. The cDNA was 1027 bp in length and contained a complete ORF of 876 bp, which encodes a protein of 292 amino acid residues. Its deduced amino acids sequence had 84% identity with that of pAPX from barley. The gene was designated as Ta-pAPX. The Ta-pAPX homologous genes were mapped on wheat chromosome 7A and 7D using Chinese Spring nulli-tetrasomic lines analysis. Northern analysis indicated that, after inoculation by Erysiphe graminis Dc.f.sp. tritici, the expression of Ta-pAPX gene in Yangmai5 was enhanced, but its expression in wheat-Haynaldia villosa 6VS/6AL translocation lines changed a little. The results implied that Ta-pAPX may be related to susceptibility of wheat to powdery mildew. The complete coding sequence of Ta-pAPX was cloned into an expression vector pET32 (a+) and a protein with the same deduced molecular weight (MW) was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), which showed ascorbate peroxidase activity. 相似文献
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硬粒小麦-粗山羊草双二倍体白粉病抗性的遗传分析与基因推导 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对99份硬粒小麦-粗山羊双二倍体用北京地区流行的5号白粉菌生理小种进行了白粉病抗性鉴定,筛选出11个苗期抗病的双二倍体材料和2个全生育期抗病的材料M53和M81。对M53和M81及其硬粒小麦和粗山羊草亲本进行的抗白粉病鉴定结果表明,其抗性来源于粗山羊草。与M53和M81具有相同硬粒小麦亲本、不同粗山羊草亲本双二倍体的抗性结果也表明抗性基因来源于粗山羊草。对M53和M81的抗性遗传分析表明,它们均携带1个单显性抗病基因。用14个白粉菌生理小种对已知抗病基因品系与M53和M81两份待测材料进行接种鉴定,结果表明,M53和M81与已知基因的抗菌谱均不相同,M53与M81的抗菌谱也不相同,说明M53和M81各自分别携带1个新的显性抗白粉病基因。 相似文献