Comprehensive Analysis of Silencing Mutants Reveals Complex Regulation of the Arabidopsis Methylome

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Highlights? Genome-wide single-nucleotide resolution methylation maps in 86 silencing mutants ? Complex interplays between different DNA methylation pathways ? Identification of novel regulators of DNA methylation     

Keeping cell identity in Arabidopsis requires PRC1 RING-finger homologs that catalyze H2A monoubiquitination

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Highlights? AtBMI1A/B proteins prevent misexpression of embryonic traits in somatic cells ? PRC2 and AtBMI1A/B proteins maintain cells in their differentiated state ? AtBMI1A/B proteins mediate H2A monoubiquitination     

Perivascular Nitric Oxide Activates Notch Signaling and Promotes Stem-like Character in PDGF-Induced Glioma Cells

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Highlights? Perivascular niche nitric oxide activates Notch in PDGF-induced gliomas ? Notch signaling drives tumor stem-like characteristics and reduces survival ? Loss of eNOS activity decreases tumor stem-like characteristics ? Suppressing eNOS activity prolongs survival in glioma-bearing mice     

Spatial Restriction of FGF Signaling by a Matrix Metalloprotease Controls Branching Morphogenesis

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Highlights? Drosophila Matrix Metalloprotease (Mmp) inhibits FGF signaling ? An FGF – MMP feedback loop regulates branching morphogenesis ? Mmp2 spatially regulates FGF signaling in epithelia     

SIP1 Mediates Cell-Fate Decisions between Neuroectoderm and Mesendoderm in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Highlights? Smad-interacting protein 1 (SIP1) regulates hESC differentiation ? SIP1 upregulation promotes neuroectodermal differentiation ? SIP1 inhibits mesendodermal and endodermal differentiation ? SMAD2/3 and NANOG/OCT4/SOX2 cooperatively regulate SIP1 expression     

Visualizing the Determinants of Viral RNA Recognition by Innate Immune Sensor RIG-I

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Highlights? Crystallographic structure of RIG-I with 5′ triphosphorylated RNA duplex and ADP ? Solution biophysical analysis of ATP-dependent RIG-I conformational change ? The structural basis for ATP-stimulated RIG-I activation     

Solution Conformations of Prototype Foamy Virus Integrase and Its Stable Synaptic Complex with U5 Viral DNA

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Highlights? Missing domains in PFV intasome revealed by SAXS/SANS ? PFV IN undergoes dramatic changes in conformation and oligomerization upon binding DNA ? Strand transfer inhibitors do not alter quaternary structure of PFV intasome     

Hypertrophy and unconventional cell division of hepatocytes underlie liver regeneration

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Highlights? Not all hepatocytes undergo cell division during liver regeneration ? Hypertrophy precedes proliferation in the regenerating liver ? Hepatocytes infrequently enter into M phase during liver regeneration ? Binuclear hepatocytes undergo cell division to generate mononuclear hepatocytes     

The Centrosome Regulates the Rab11- Dependent Recycling Endosome Pathway at Appendages of the Mother Centriole

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Highlights? Endosome-proteins localize to centrosomes independent of membranes ? Rab11 and its modulators localize to mother centriole appendages ? Mother centriole appendages regulate membrane recycling through Rab11     

Sculpting of DNA at Abasic Sites by DNA Glycosylase Homolog Mag2

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Highlights? Unflipped AP site stabilized by helix-hairpin-helix DNA glycosylase homolog Mag2 ? Nonenzymatic AP site recognition and DNA sculpting ? Sculpting of DNA conformation enhances substrate transfer between proteins     

Epigenetic Regulation of miR-184 by MBD1 Governs Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

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Highlights? MBD1 governs the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) ? MBD1 controls the expression of miRNAs, including miR-184, in NSCs ? MiR-184 represses the expression of Numblike ? Numblike rescues the effects of abnormal MBD1 and miR-184 expression     

ESCs Require PRC2 to Direct the Successful Reprogramming of Differentiated Cells toward Pluripotency

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Highlights? Mouse pluripotent cells reprogram human B cells in heterokaryons ? ESCs lacking PRC1 or PRC2 cannot successfully reprogram ? Failure of PRC1/2-deficient ESCs to reprogram is functionally dominant ? PRC1/2 play a critical role in the chromatin reorganization required for reprogramming     

Protein model discrimination using mutational sensitivity derived from deep sequencing

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Highlights? Individual mutant phenotypes in a saturation library derived via deep sequencing ? Residue depth and active-site residue derivation from mutant phenotypes ? Mutant-phenotype-derived parameters used for protein model discrimination ? Derivation of sequence-structure-function relationships without protein isolation     

Inhibition of Leptin Regulation of Parasympathetic Signaling as a Cause of Extreme Body Weight-Associated Asthma

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Highlights? Leptin regulates airway diameter, independently of body weight and inflammation ? Leptin uses the parasympathetic tone to regulate airway diameter ? Modulating the parasympathetic tone can correct bronchoconstriction in obese mice     

Structural and functional analysis of HtrA1 and its subdomains

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Highlights? IGFBP-like domain structure suggests that it is incompetent for IGF binding ? Kazal-like domain structure shows distorted “P1” loop incompetent for inhibition ? Protease domain shows catalytic readiness in apo form ? SAXS envelope for full-length HtrA1     

Repeated,Long-Term Cycling of Putative Stem Cells between Niches in a Basal Chordate

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Highlights? Identification of a niche for germline and somatic stem cells in a basal chordate ? Stem cells repeatedly migrate between aged or damaged niches into developing niches     

The Retroviral Restriction Ability of SAMHD1, but Not Its Deoxynucleotide Triphosphohydrolase Activity,Is Regulated by Phosphorylation

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Highlights? SAMHD1 only exhibits antiviral activity when expressed in noncycling cells ? SAMHD1 is unphosphorylated in noncycling cells ? Reverse genetics revealed that phosphorylated SAMHD1 is repressive for restriction ? SAMHD1 phosphorylation regulates restriction, but not the cellular levels of dNTPs     

Chromosome Engineering Allows the Efficient Isolation of Vertebrate Neocentromeres

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Highlights? Chromosome engineering efficiently generates neocentromeres in chicken DT40 cells ? CENP-A reproducibly occupies an ～40 kb genomic region at each neocentromere ? Nonkinetochore CENP-A appears to function as a seed for neocentromere assembly