CD28以外的T细胞协同刺激分子及其功能

CD28是协同TCR诱导T细胞产生高水平IL－2,促进T细胞生存及防止T细胞凋亡的主要协同刺激分子,但并非所有的T细胞均表达CD28,提示T细胞活化尚有其它协同刺激途径的存在。最近研究表明,其它一些协同刺激分子,如4－1BB、OX40、ICOS、LFA－1等在不同的T细胞亚群和T细胞活化的不同阶段,呈现不同的表达和介导不同的生物学功能。     

T细胞活化的辅助刺激因子：CD28和B7

近年来研究发现，Ｔ细胞受体与抗原－主要组织相容性抗原复合物的结合并不能有效地激活Ｔ细胞，Ｔ细胞的活化尚需要一种辅助激光因子，Ｔ细胞表面的ＣＤ２８与抗原呈递细胞表面的Ｂ７间的作用是Ｔ细胞活化最主要的辅助刺激途径。     

Anti-CD20scFv/IgGFc/CD80/CD28/zeta转染人T淋巴细胞对原代CLL细胞的作用

目的:将已成功构建表达anti-CD20scFv/CD80/CD28/zeta转染人T淋巴细胞,体外观察该类细胞特异性清除CD20+原代慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)细胞的能力,为肿瘤的过继免疫治疗提供新思路。方法:将本室成功构建的含anti-CD20scFv/IgGFc/CD80片段的PLNCX质粒,转染PA317包装细胞,挑取高滴度的包装细胞株收获逆转录病毒,用收获的病毒感染刺激分裂的人外周血T细胞,经G418筛选后与CD20+原代CLL细胞在体外共同培养,在显微镜下观察CD20+的原代CLL细胞生长状态,ELISA检测试剂盒检测T细胞分泌细胞因子的功能。结果:重组基因修饰的T细胞能在体外杀伤CD20+原代CLL细胞,而对CD20-细胞无杀伤作用;同时靶细胞为CD20+组上清液中IL-2(1301.00pg/ml)和IFN-γ(602.18pg/ml)水平与CD20-组相比明显升高。结论:嵌合锚定T细胞能够成功构建;该类T细胞在体外能特异性杀伤CD20+的原代CLL细胞。     

抑制T细胞增殖的抗CD98重链单克隆抗体的建立

目的寻找能调节T细胞功能的相关分子,进行与T细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病相关的研究。方法收集BALB/c小鼠脾细胞,免疫Wistar大鼠,进行细胞融合,建立杂交瘤细胞系。筛选得到43株能调节T细胞功能的杂交瘤细胞系,对其中一株最能抑制T细胞增殖的杂交瘤细胞系进行了进一步的深入研究。结果显示其目标分子是CD98重链,同时后续实验显示抗CD98单克隆抗体能抑制纤连蛋白介导的细胞分布,但不影响氨基酸转运。而且混合淋巴细胞反应显示该抗体能显著抑制T细胞增殖反应。结论抗CD98单克隆抗体能有效抑制T细胞增殖,有望将本抗体用于T细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病的相关预防及治疗中。     

SLE带状疱疹患者外周血CD4~+CD28~+和CD4~+CD25~+FoxP3~+调节性T细胞的表达及相关性研究

目的:检测系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)合并带状疱疹患者外周血CD4~+CD28~+和CD4~+CD25~+Fox P3~+调节性T细胞的表达及相关性,探讨其在SLE合并带状疱疹发病中的临床意义。方法:采用流式细胞术检测30例SLE患者、30例SLE合并带状疱疹患者及30例健康对照者外周血中CD4~+/CD8~+T淋巴细胞亚群表面CD28的表达及CD4~+CD25~+Fox P3~+Treg细胞的表达水平,并分析SLE合并带状疱疹患者外周血CD4~+CD28~+和CD4~+CD25~+Fox P3~+调节性T细胞表达的相关性。结果:SLE合并带状疱疹组患者急性期外周血CD4~+T淋巴细胞比率、绝对计数显著降低,CD4~+、CD8~+T淋巴细胞表面的CD28表达下调,CD4~+CD25~+Fox P3~+Treg细胞水平显著高于SLE组及健康对照组,SLE合并带状疱疹组患者外周血CD4~+CD25~+Fox P3~+Treg水平与CD4~+CD28~+水平成负相关(P均0.05)。结论:SLE合并带状疱疹患者CD4~+、CD8~+T细胞活化异常,CD4~+CD25~+Fox P3~+Treg细胞可能参与抑制了T细胞的活化。     

抗T细胞单克隆抗体(211－1)清除骨髓中T细胞的实验研究

本文报告应用抗T淋巴细胞单克隆抗体(211—1)和幼兔补体,体外处理骨髓细胞对GM－cFuc生成率无不良影响,并能清除骨髓中98％以上的T细胞。淋巴细胞转化试验也证明,211—1单克隆抗体可以清除骨髓中T细胞。     

抑制T细胞增殖的抗CD45单克隆抗体的建立

目的寻找能调节T细胞功能的相关分子,进行与T细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病相关的研究。方法从BALB/c小鼠骨髓中收集树突状细胞,免疫Wistar大鼠,进行细胞融合,建立杂交瘤细胞系。筛选得到很多株能调节T细胞功能的杂交瘤细胞系,对其中一株最能抑制T细胞增殖的杂交瘤细胞系进行了进一步的深入研究。结果显示其目标分子是CD45,同时增殖实验结果显示该抗体能显著抑制T细胞增殖反应。结论抗CD45单克隆抗体能有效抑制T细胞增殖,有望将本抗体用于T细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病的相关预防及治疗中。     

治疗用武汉抗CD3单克隆抗体(WuT_3)的致突变性研究

观察了武汉抗ＣＤ３单克隆抗体（简称ＷｕＴ３）对组氨酸缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ＴＡ９７、ＴＡ９８、ＴＡ１００及ＴＡ１０２菌株的回复突变作用。结果显示在５～５０００μｇ／皿的剂量范围内,ＷｕＴ３所致的诱发回复突变菌落数与自发回复突变菌落数之比ＭＲ（Ｒｔ／Ｒｃ）,无论加大鼠肝匀浆,辅酶Ⅱ及葡萄糖６－磷酸（Ｓ－９混合液）或不加Ｓ－９混合液,均不超过２。同时观察了ＷｕＴ３对小鼠骨髓细胞微核率及对人外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率的影响,结果显示小白鼠ｉｖＷｕＴ３,每日一次,连续２日,在２５～１００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１范围内,ＷｕＴ３各剂量组的微核细胞率与溶剂对照组相比均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。而环磷酰胺（ＣＰ）阳性组与溶剂对照组相比有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＷｕＴ３在２５～２５０μｇ／瓶的剂量范围内,各剂量组的染色体畸变细胞率与溶剂对照组相比无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,而ＣＰ组与溶剂对照组相比有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。三项试验结果均未发现ＷｕＴ３有致突变性作用     

CD自杀基因系统对T淋巴细胞作用的实验研究

去除供者骨髓中的T淋巴细胞可有效防止移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的发生.用含大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶（EC-CD）基因的高滴度逆转录病毒(1.5×10⁵ CFU/ml)感染小鼠T淋巴细胞,G418筛选,获得稳定表达CD基因的T/ pCD₂细胞.经PCR和RT-PCR方法检测证明CD基因已成功地导入T淋巴细胞中并有效表达.分别用不同浓度的5-FCyt作用于T/ pCD₂及T淋巴细胞,光镜下观察不同时间细胞数目变化及MTT法检测细胞活性.结果表明,5-FCyt浓度大于1 μmol/L时,即对T/ pCD₂细胞有显著的杀伤作用,而对正常T淋巴细胞基本无毒性,且T/ pCD₂细胞在加入药物后生存时间（3～5 d）明显短于未转染的T淋巴细胞（大于14 d）.     

肺炎支原体感染鼠T淋巴细胞活化的动态变化

动态观察肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma pneumoniae,Mp)感染鼠T淋巴细胞的数量及其亚群的变化,为正确评价T淋巴细胞在Mp感染中的作用提供理论依据。Mp滴鼻感染小鼠,在感染后不同时间点采集标本,流式细胞术检测感染鼠外周血中T淋巴细胞数量变化,ELISA测定脾细胞上清中TGF-β1、IL-10含量。结果表明,Mp感染不同时间点外周血中CD4+T淋巴细胞数量变化不明显或呈下降趋势。CD4+/CD8+比值下降。初次感染和再次感染的第3天、第7天,TGF-β1、IL-10表达水平升高。肺炎支原体感染对CD4+T淋巴细胞有一定抑制作用,外周血TGF-β1、IL-10的表达与脾细胞中CD4+T淋巴细胞数量变化成反比。提示TGF-β1可能参与了对Th1细胞的负调控作用。     

Activation and expansion of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies

Summary Cytotoxic T lymphocytes from healthy donors can be expanded to high numbers from the peripheral blood using combinations of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (mAb). We investigated whether these antibodies could also be used to induce outgrowth of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from tumour tissue. In the initiation phase of TIL culture immobilized anti-CD3 antibodies together with anti-CD28 mAb and low-dose interleukin-2 induced a rapid expansion of T cells from various human tumour tissues. The cultured cells showed high levels of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, but low levels of lymphokine-activated killer cell activity were generated. This study shows that TIL can be efficiently expanded from tumour tissue by combinations of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. This protocol for cell expansion in vitro may substantially reduce the time required to reach sufficient numbers of TIL for re-infusion to the patient.     

Differential immunomodulation by anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies of anti-CD3-induced T cell activation: dependence upon the individual anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody used for activation

Two monoclonal antibodies (mAb) recognizing different CD2 epitopes each inhibited anti-CD3-induced proliferation and anti-CD3-induced increase in surface CD2 expression. The magnitude of inhibition by either anti-CD2 mAb was dependent upon which anti-CD3 mAb was used as the stimulus, being more pronounced when the anti-CD3 mAb 454 was used as the stimulus than when either anti-CD3 mAb 147 or 446 was the stimulus. The effects of neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes (which bind to CD2) were also more pronounced on mAb 454-induced proliferation than on mAb 147- or 446-induced proliferation. Furthermore, the effects of preincubation with anti-CD2 mAb depended upon the responder status of the donor to IgG1 anti-CD3 mAb. Preincubation of high-responder cells with anti-CD2 mAb had little effect on subsequent IgG1 anti-CD3-induced proliferation. In contrast, preincubation of low-responder cells with anti-CD2 mAb usually augmented the otherwise small proliferative response to IgG1 anti-CD3 mAb. Taken together, these observations suggest that interaction of surface CD2 with ligand alters the response of T cells to anti-CD3 mAb, but these effects depend upon the individual anti-CD3 mAb used for stimulation. These studies raise the possibility that perturbation of different parts of the CD3-T cell antigen receptor complex may lead to different sequelae, and, as a result, the T cell may respond to a given immunomodulator in different ways.     

Efficient expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from solid tumors by stimulation with combined CD3 and CD28 monoclonal antibodies

Combined CD3 and CD28 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) may initiate efficient activation and expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). In this study we compared phenotypical and functional characteristics of TIL from a group of 17 solid human tumors, stimulated either by high-dose recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2, 1000 IU/ml) or by a combination of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies in the presence of low-dose rIL-2 (10 IU/ml). Compared to activation with high-dose rIL-2, stimulation of TIL with CD3/CD28 mAb induced significantly stronger proliferation and yielded higher levels of cell recovery on day 14. Following the CD3/CD28 protocol, expansion of an almost pure population of CD3⁺ cells was obtained. Whereas CD4⁺ cells dominated in the first week of culturing, within 4 weeks the CD8⁺ population increased to over 90%. The specific capacity to kill autologous tumor cells was not increased as compared to the high-dose rIL-2 protocol, but all cultures showed high cytotoxic T cell activity as measured in a CD3-mAb-mediated redirected kill assay. These studies show that combined CD3 and CD28 mAb are superior to rIL-2 with respect to the initiation of expansion of CD8⁺ cytolytic TIL from solid tumors. Stimulation with specific tumor antigens at a later stage of culturing may further augment the expansion of tumor-specific cytolytic T cells.     

Suppression of antibody synthesis by CD4+ T cell clones and normal T cells stimulated with monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody

CD4+ve Th1 clones, as well as normal splenic T cells, were found to suppress LPS-driven antibody secretion in a non-Ag-specific and non-MHC-restricted manner when the T cells were activated with the anti-CD3 mAb, 145-2C11. Suppression was observed with both primed and naive B cells, as well as with purified hapten-specific B cells, a result that suggests a direct effect of anti-CD3-activated T cells on B cell differentiation. Th1 clones activated by cognate Ag also suppressed LPS-driven antibody secretion. Furthermore, suppression of LPS-driven antibody secretion could be achieved across a cell-impermeable porous membrane when T cells were activated with anti-CD3. Suppression by Th1 clones and by normal T cells could not be attributed to a concomitant decrease in B cell proliferation or to a shift in the kinetics or isotype of the antibody response. These data demonstrate that CD4+ve Th1 clones, as well as normal T cells, can effect suppression of polyclonal antibody formation.     

CD28 costimulation induces delta opioid receptor expression during anti-CD3 activation of T cells

Previous studies have demonstrated that naive splenic mouse T cells express no or only very low levels of the delta-type opioid receptor (delta OR), but stimulation of mouse splenocytes with Con A results in induction of delta OR mRNA and protein. In this report we have shown that stimulation of highly purified populations of naive mouse T cells with anti-CD3 mAb alone results in T cell activation, as evidenced by sustained IL-2 secretion and cell proliferation, but fails to elicit delta OR expression. However, delta OR expression is induced by costimulation of these very pure T cells with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs. The delta OR induction by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 costimulation was completely blocked by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with wortmannin. Because phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation in T cells is linked to costimulation, these results suggest that induction of delta OR expression during T cell activation is strictly dependent on costimulation. It also appears that costimulatory receptors other than CD28 can provide the signaling required for delta OR expression because delta OR mRNA was induced by Con A stimulation of splenocytes from CD28-deficient mice.     

The anti-T cell monoclonal antibody 9.3 (anti-CD28) provides a helper signal and bypasses the need for accessory cells in T cell activation with immobilized anti-CD3 and mitogens

CD28 is an antigen of 44 kDa which is expressed on the membrane of the majority of human T cells. The present study examines the functional effects of an anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb 9.3) on T cell activation induced with immobilized anti-CD3 mAb OKT3 or with mitogens, in the absence of accessory cells. To this end, we used blood resting T cells that were completely depleted of accessory cells (monocytes, B cells, and natural killer cells), and consequently did not respond to recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2), to immobilized OKT3, to PHA, or to Con A. Addition of mAb 9.3 to the cultures enhanced IL-2 receptor expression (Tac antigen) on PHA- or immobilized OKT3-stimulated T cells and induced IL-2 receptors on Con A-stimulated T cells. Moreover, addition of mAb 9.3 to cultures of T cells stimulated with PHA, Con A, or immobilized OKT3 resulted in IL-2 production. Soluble mAb 9.3 was a sufficient helper signal for T cell proliferation in response to PHA or immobilized OKT3. Crosslinking of mAb 9.3 by culture on anti-mouse IgG-coated plates enhanced the helper effect and was an essential requirement for the induction of T cell proliferation in response to Con A. No other anti-T cell mAb (anti-CD2, -CD4, -CD5, -CD7, -CD8) was found to provide a complete accessory signal for PHA or Con A stimulation of purified T cells. T cell proliferation induced by the combination of PHA and mAb 9.3 was strongly inhibited by the anti-IL-2 receptor mAb anti-Tac. In conclusion, mAb 9.3 can provide a signal bypassing monocyte requirement in T cell activation with immobilized OKT3, PHA, and Con A, resulting in an autocrine IL-2-dependent pathway of proliferation.     

Growth factor production and requirements during the proliferative response of human T lymphocytes to anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody

Anti-CD3 was administered with three different accessory stimuli to purified populations of human T cells. Sepharose conjugated anti-CD3, monocytes, and PMA each could induce the p55 component of the IL-2R as well as responsiveness to exogenous IL-2. Sepharose anti-CD3 did not induce IL-2, although the levels of IL-2 protein and mRNA were 10 to 30 times higher with PMA than with monocytes. Despite these differences in IL-2 production, the amount of DNA synthesis and the number of lymphoblasts were comparable when monocytes or PMA were used as the accessory stimulus, and the responses were equally sensitive to inhibition by an anti-IL-2R antibody. To pursue the functional relevance of the "supraoptimal" levels of IL-2 that are induced by PMA, anti-CD3-induced lymphoblasts were isolated free of monocytes and challenged with lymphokines. It could be shown that 1) the small amounts of IL-2 in the monocyte-T cell conditioned medium would drive DNA synthesis, but that 2) higher levels of IL-2 (20 to 100 U/ml) were needed to induce IFN-gamma, as well as the mRNA for IL-4 and the p55 IL-2R. We suggest that the capacity to produce high levels of IL-2, as seen with PMA, is required under physiologic conditions for two reasons: to up-regulate the IL-2R when small amounts of Ag rather than large amounts of anti-CD3 are ligands for the T cell, or to induce the release of lymphokines like IL-4 and IFN-gamma from sensitized lymphoblasts.     

Inhibition of antigen-specific proliferation of type 1 murine T cell clones after stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody

The effect of stimulating normal type 1 murine T cell clones with anti-CD3 antibody was examined in vitro. In the absence of accessory cells, anti-CD3 antibody immobilized on plastic plates stimulated inositol phosphate production, suboptimal proliferation, IL-2 and IL-3 production, and maximal IFN-gamma production. Addition of accessory cells augmented lymphokine production and proliferation when the effects of "high-dose suppression" were relieved by removing the T cells from the antibody-coated plates. Exposure of type 1 T cell clones to immobilized anti-CD3 antibody alone rapidly induced long-lasting proliferative unresponsiveness (anergy) to Ag stimulation that could be prevented by accessory cells. This anergic state was characterized by a lymphokine production defect, not a failure of the T cells to respond to exogenous IL-2 or to express surface Ti/CD3 complexes. In addition, anergy could not be induced in the presence of cyclosporine A. These results suggest that under certain conditions anti-CD3 antibodies may have potent immunosuppressive effects independent of Ti/CD3 modulation. Furthermore, our results support a two-signal model of type 1 T cell activation in which Ti/CD3 occupancy alone (signal 1) induces anergy, whereas Ti/CD3 occupancy in conjunction with a costimulatory signal (signal 2) induces a proliferative response.     

Differential in vitro activation of CD8-CD4+ and CD4-CD8+ T lymphocytes by combinations of anti-CD2 and anti-CD3 antibodies

Purified peripheral blood T lymphocytes and the CD8-CD4+ and CD4-CD8+ T cell subsets, exhaustively depleted of APC have been studied for their capacity to respond to mAb directed against the CD3-Ti Ag-specific TCR complex and against the CD2 SRBCR. It is demonstrated that high affinity IL-2R can be readily induced by either anti-CD3 and/or anti-CD2 stimulation. However, IL-2 production can be observed only in the CD4+CD8- T cell subset. These results clearly contrast data obtained with purified CD4-CD8+ T cells, which are able to proliferate when the CD3-Ti complex is activated in the presence of APC. The data presented in the present study demonstrate that a simplified model for T cell activation and clonal expansion of the two major T cell subsets involve only the CD3-Ti complex and the CD2 Ag. Under conditions where the activation signals for the T cells are restricted only to the activation of CD3-Ti and CD2, the CD4+CD8- T cells respond with IL-2 production and expression of high affinity IL-2R, whereas the CD4-CD8+ T cell subset depends on exogenous IL-2 provided by the CD4+CD8- cells. These data do not, however, exclude an involvement of other cell-surface signals for regulation and control of T cell activation and T cell effector functions.     

Inhibition by anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies of anti-CD3-induced T cell-dependent B cell activation

Anti-CD3 mAb can activate T cells to help in B cell activation as detected by late events, such as maturation of B cells into Ig-secreting cells (IgSC), or by early events, such as B cell surface expression of the activation marker CD23. Two different anti-CD2 mAb each inhibited anti-CD3-induced T cell-dependent B cell activation in a dose-dependent fashion. Neither irradiation of the T cells prior to culture nor depletion of CD8+ cells abrogated the inhibitory effects of anti-CD2 mAb. Despite the ability of these anti-CD2 mAb to inhibit anti-CD3-induced IL2 production, addition of exogenous IL2 to anti-CD2 mAb-containing cultures could not fully reverse the inhibitory effects on IgSC generation. Furthermore, addition of various combinations of IL1, IL2, IL4, and IL6 or crude PBMC or monocyte culture supernatants also could not reverse anti-CD2-driven inhibition. In T cell-depleted cultures, anti-CD2 mAb had no effect on the ability of IL4 to induce B cell CD23 expression, confirming that anti-CD2 mAb had no direct effect on B cells. However, in cultures containing T+ non-T cells, anti-CD2 mAb did partially inhibit IL4-induced B cell CD23 expression. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that certain CD2 ligands can modulate T cell-dependent B cell activation by a mechanism which, at least in part, involves a direct effect by the CD2 ligand on the T cell itself.