疫苗佐剂的研究进展

铝佐剂是目前应用最广泛的疫苗佐剂,随着新型疫苗不断得到开发,传统的铝佐剂已不能满足新型疫苗对佐剂的需求,这带动了研究者对疫苗佐剂研究的深入,不断有新的佐剂被发现,本文对佐剂的分类及研究进展作一综述。     

百白破疫苗新型佐剂的研究进展

百白破疫苗作为中国婴幼儿计划免疫的重要组成部分,可以同时预防由百日咳杆菌、白喉杆菌和破伤风梭菌感染引起的疾病。百白破疫苗中所含抗原需经脱毒处理,需添加佐剂以提高其免疫原性。目前已上市的百白破疫苗基本以铝佐剂为主。多项研究表明,铝佐剂在免疫持久性和安全性等方面存在一定局限。现就近年来对百白破疫苗新型佐剂的研究进展进行汇总,并为未来新型百白破疫苗的应用提供科学依据。     

梅毒螺旋体疫苗的研究进展

梅毒是由密螺旋体苍白亚种( Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum , Tp)感染引起的慢性系统性性传播疾病,流行于中低等收入国家。越来越多的临床病例表明清除Tp感染需要加强公共卫生筛查和治疗,而接种疫苗是预防Tp感染极有价值和首选的方法。本文概述了研制Tp疫苗的必要性,总结疫苗研究过程中候选抗原的相关信息及递送系统,分析Tp疫苗发展策略。     

钩端螺旋体外膜疫苗的反应性和免疫效果研究

对国内首次研制的钩端螺旋体外膜疫苗接种人体的反应性,血清学效果和流行病学效果进行研究。先后对两价（含黄疸出血群赖型,七日热群七日热型）,三价（含黄疸出血群赖型,七日热群七日热型,流感伤寒群流感伤寒型,五价（含黄疸出血群赖型,七日热群七日热型,流感伤寒群流感伤寒型,秋季热群秋季热型,犬群犬型）外膜疫苗,菌体疫苗和安慰剂,分组进行全身和局部反应观察;并以显微镜凝集试验测定各型抗体;对两价外膜疫苗进行流行病学保护效果考核。结果两价和多价钩体外膜疫苗反应轻微,安全性良好;血清学效果显示,抗体阳转率和滴度均高于同期相应菌体疫苗诱导的同型抗体水平2倍以上,提示外膜疫苗有较好的免疫原性,流行病学效果在湖北省荆州和石首两市考核,按血清学阳性病例统计,其保护率可达95．57％以上。说明上述疫苗性质稳定,反应轻微,安全性良好,血清学效果理想,两价疫苗有较好的保护效果,可以逐步推广应用。     

致病性钩端螺旋体的三个新血清型

自云南省分离出3株(M48、A31、A82)钩端螺旋体,经鉴定它们分别属于3个新血清型。M48系1960年从耿马县猪肾分离,A31与A82分别于1962、1970年自勐腊县病人血培养物中分离。拟分别命名为耿马型(M48)、版纳型(A31)和勐捧型(A82)钩端螺旋体[Leptospirainterrogans serovars gengma (M48),banna (A3I)和mengpeng (A82)]。其中耿马型应属于塔拉索夫血清群;版纳型和勐捧型的血清学性质界于塔拉索夫和歇尔曼二群之间,其血清学归属尚难肯定。     

佐剂的研究进展

介绍了佐剂的起源、分类,综述了几种常用佐剂的特点、应用范围、作用机制、优缺点及改进,并论述了佐剂应用机制的最新进展及新佐剂的发展方向。     

梅毒螺旋体膜蛋白研究进展

梅毒螺旋体苍白亚种（ Tp）引起的梅毒是一种严重危害人类健康的慢性性传播性疾病,其发病具有多阶段、进行性的特点。由于Tp尚不能体外培养,抗原获取困难,其致病机制研究尚不清楚。随着Tp全基因序列的解析,重组Tp膜蛋白的成功表达及蛋白功能结构日益明确,为Tp发病机制的研究及疫苗的研制奠定了良好的基础。对于Tp主要外膜蛋白的结构、功能研究进展进行了综述。     

Salmonella vaccines for use in humans: present and future perspectives

In recent years there has been significant progress in the development of attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains as candidate typhoid fever vaccines. In clinical trials these vaccines have been shown to be well tolerated and immunogenic. For example, the attenuated S. enterica var. Typhi strains CVD 908-htrA (aroC aroD htrA), Ty800 (phoP phoQ) and chi4073 (cya crp cdt) are all promising candidate typhoid vaccines. In addition, clinical trials have demonstrated that S. enterica var. Typhi vaccines expressing heterologous antigens, such as the tetanus toxin fragment C, can induce immunity to the expressed antigens in human volunteers. In many cases, the problems associated with expression of antigens in Salmonella have been successfully addressed and the future of Salmonella vaccine development is very promising.     

Strategies in cancer vaccines development

The recent definition of tumour-specific immunity in cancer patients and the identification of tumour-associated antigens have generated renewed enthusiasm for the application of immune-based therapies for the treatment of malignancies. Recent developments in cancer vaccines have also been based on an improved understanding of the cellular interactions required to induce a specific anti-tumour immune response. Consequently, a number of cancer vaccines have entered clinical trials. Targeting broad-spectrum tumour-associated antigens has emerged as a strategy to lower the risk of tumour escape due to the loss of specific nominal antigen. Amongst the most challenging of tumour-associated antigens to which to target in active specific immunotherapy applications are carbohydrate antigens. As carbohydrates are intrinsically T-cell-independent antigens, more novel approaches are perhaps needed to drive specific-T-cell-dependent immune responses to carbohydrate antigens. In this context peptide mimetics of core structures of tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens might be developed to augment immune responses to these broad-spectrum antigens.     

Glioma proteomics: Status and perspectives

High grade gliomas are the most common brain tumors in adults and their malignant nature makes them the fourth biggest cause of cancer death. Major efforts in neuro-oncology research are needed to reach similar progress in treatment efficacy as that achieved for other cancers in recent years. In addition to the urgent need to identify novel effective drug targets against malignant gliomas, the search for glioma biomarkers and grade specific protein signatures will provide a much needed contribution to diagnosis, prognosis, treatment decision and assessment of treatment response. Over the past years glioma proteomics has been attempted at different levels, including proteome analysis of patient biopsies and bodily fluids, of glioma cell lines and animal models. Here we provide an extensive review of the outcome of these studies in terms of protein identifications (protein numbers and regulated proteins), with an emphasis on the methods used and the limitations of the studies with regard to biomarker discovery. This is followed by a perspective on novel technologies and on the potential future contribution of proteomics in a broad sense to understanding glioma biology.     

病原真菌中潜在的铁死亡通路：功能与研究展望

铁死亡是一种铁离子参与、使细胞内脂质过氧化物积累到致死水平的新型程序性细胞死亡形式。目前,铁死亡的作用与机制在动物细胞已广泛、深入研究,而真菌铁死亡研究才刚刚起步。本综述旨在探讨铁离子稳态调控因子、膜脂抗氧化系统及脂质过氧化酶促系统这3种已知的铁死亡调控途径,列举它们在真菌中的同源蛋白的生物学功能。我们推测,病原真菌细胞铁死亡也许广泛参与其生长发育和致病性方面的调控,铁死亡调控通路有可能成为真菌病害防控的新的潜在靶标。     

金黄色葡萄球菌组分疫苗研究进展

临床上,耐药性的金黄色葡萄球菌日益增多,极其耐药的菌株甚至获得了超级耐药细菌的称谓,难以找到有效的抗菌素控制其感染,因而研制有效的疫苗来防治金黄色葡萄球菌感染显得更加重要。对研制开发的金黄色葡萄球菌荚膜多糖疫苗、纤维粘连结合蛋白疫苗、RNAⅢ激活蛋白疫苗以及核酸疫苗等进行了综述。     

Progress in development of liver fluke vaccines

Infection of ruminants by Fasciola spp continues to cause large economic losses worldwide. Recent results from several laboratories have demonstrated that animals can be significantly protected against infection by vaccination with defined Fasciola antigens. Apart from reducing fluke burdens, some vaccines can elicit a concurrent reduction in parasite egg production. The expectation of a commercially feasible vaccine that might also reduce parasite transmission in the field is now realistic, although major hurdles still exist. Here, Terry Spithill and John Dalton review the results of several recent vaccine trials and discuss the future prospects for vaccine development.     

Research and development of universal influenza vaccines

The continuous threat of influenza pandemics determines the urgency and necessity to develop safe and effective vaccines against divergent influenza viruses. This review describes the advancements in the research and development of universal influenza vaccines based on the relatively conserved sequences of M2e, HA, and other proteins of influenza viruses.