PCR检测鼠疫耶尔森氏菌研究进展

快速确诊鼠疫对鼠疫的防治工作至关重要。传统的细菌学“四步检查法”和血清学方法检测虽可确诊鼠疫,但存在烦琐、费时、费用高、不能进行快速诊断等弊病。PCR方法具有快速、特异、敏感的特点,尤其对培养条件苛刻、生长缓慢或已死亡的病原体检测优势更为明显,国内外学者现已建立了多种PCR方法用于鼠疫的检测,鼠疫PCR方法简便安全,是流行病学调查和紧急情况下检测鼠疫的有力手段。     

重组鼠疫耶尔森菌LcrV抗原原液性质研究

目的进行重组鼠疫耶尔森菌LcrV抗原原液二聚体含量及性质研究,确定LcrV原液的相关质控标准。方法在不同缓冲体系(0.85%NaCl(NS)、20 mmol/L PBS),不同蛋白浓度(2.0、1.5、1.0、0.5、0.1 mg/mL)及不同保存温度(4℃、-20℃、-70℃)条件下保存LcrV抗原,采用SDS-PAGE和HPSEC方法定期检测LcrV二聚体含量及纯度。将连续三批检定合格的LcrV抗原原液进行质谱相对分子质量测定、等电点测定、N末端氨基酸序列测定、圆二色(CD)谱、HPLC肽谱及氨基酸组成分析,研究LcrV抗原的相关性质。结果随着保存时间的延长LcrV抗原二聚体含量增加,低温保存时二聚体不易大量形成。在-20℃和-70℃条件下,NS保存的LcrV抗原比PBS体系保存稳定,而在4℃条件下NS保存的LcrV抗原容易降解。LcrV抗原高浓度保存容易发生聚合。LcrV抗原在低质量浓度(0.1 mg/mL)保存时免疫学活性明显下降。质谱检测到LcrV单体和二聚体共同存在,且与理论相对分子质量一致。LcrV原液检测等电点范围为4.6～6.3。N末端测序、CD谱、HPLC肽谱图及氨基酸组成分析与理论结果一致。结论 LcrV抗原原液保存条件确定为:NS体系,蛋白质量浓度1.0～2.0 mg/mL,-20℃以下冻存。制备的LcrV抗原各项检测结果与理论结果一致,抗原性质稳定。     

抗鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗原单克隆抗体对小鼠的被动免疫保护作用

目的研究抗鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗原单克隆抗体(单抗)被动免疫BALB/c小鼠后的抗鼠疫保护效果,确认鼠疫抗体治疗依据,探索鼠疫免疫学治疗的评价手段。方法将BALB/c小鼠随机分组,用不同剂量的抗鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗原单抗4C6和2D2分别进行免疫,再分别用不同剂量的鼠疫强毒菌攻击,通过小鼠的存活率和存活时间,判定F1单抗免疫小鼠被动保护其抵抗鼠疫强毒菌攻击的有效性和剂量相关性。结果在14 d的观察期内,在100.0 MLD鼠疫强毒菌攻击下,4C6单抗400.0μg组、200.0μg组、100.0μg组、50.0μg组和25.0μg组小鼠的存活率分别为100%、83%、50%、50%和0%,平均存活时间分别为15.00 d、14.67 d、13.00 d、13.50 d和9.67 d;2D2单抗400.0μg组、200.0μg组、100.0μg组、50.0μg组、25.0μg组小鼠的存活率分别为83%、50%、50%、33%和0%,平均存活时间分别为14.83 d、13.33 d、12.67 d、12.33 d和8.00 d。在10.0 MLD鼠疫强毒菌攻击下,4C6单抗50.0μg组、25.0μg组和12.5μg组小鼠的存活率分别为83%、83%和17%,平均存活时间分别为14.17 d、14.50 d、9.83 d;2D2单抗50.0μg组、25.0μg组、12.5μg组小鼠的存活率分别为100%、33%和33%,平均存活时间分别为15.00 d、12.33d和11.67 d。2.0 MLD和1.0 MLD攻击的未免疫对照组小鼠全部死亡,平均存活时间分别为6.1 d和6.7 d。F1抗原单抗的免疫剂量与小鼠的平均存活时间和存活率有比较明显的相关性(P<0.05)。结论用抗鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗原单抗被动免疫小鼠,在受到鼠疫强毒菌攻击时,对小鼠具有免疫保护作用。     

HIV-1 P24抗原国家参考品的研制

收集正常人、HIV感染者和疑似感染者血浆以及HIV-1病毒培养裂解液,对其进行HIV抗体、HIV P24抗原、HCV抗体和HBsAg检测,对HIV P 24抗原阳性者进行HIVRNA检测,并对部分样品进行基因分型.以NIBSCP 24抗原标准品的系列稀释样品作为线性灵敏度参考品.经过实验筛选出20份阴性参考品,10份阳性参考品,10份线性灵敏度参考品,2份精密性参考品,共同组成HIV-1 P24抗原国家参考品,经多家不同的试剂进行标定,制定了相应的标准.稳定性研究结果表明,反复冻融三次对该参考品的稳定性没有影响.由此,初步建立了HIV-1 P24抗原国家参考品,该参考品将对HIV-1 P24抗原、HIV抗体/P 24抗原联合检测试剂的质量控制提供重要依据.     

鼠疫耶尔森菌基因组研究进展

鼠疫耶尔森菌的全基因组序列已测定完成,在染色体上有4000多个编码序列和149个假基因,并含有大量的插入序列,3个毒性质粒上也含有诸多与致病性有关的基因,本主要就鼠疫耶尔森菌的染色体及质粒pYV/pCD1,pFra/pMT1和PST／pPCP1的基因结构,组成特征和已知的毒性基因定位等方面的研究作一综述。     

HIV-1 P24抗原国家参考品的研制

收集正常人、HIV感染者和疑似感染者血浆以及HIV-1病毒培养裂解液,对其进行HIV抗体、HIVP24抗原、HCV抗体和HBsAg检测,对HIVP24抗原阳性者进行HIVRNA检测,并对部分样品进行基因分型。以NIBSCP24抗原标准品的系列稀释样品作为线性灵敏度参考品。经过实验筛选出20份阴性参考品,10份阳性参考品,10份线性灵敏度参考品,2份精密性参考品,共同组成HIV-1P24抗原国家参考品,经多家不同的试剂进行标定,制定了相应的标准。稳定性研究结果表明,反复冻融三次对该参考品的稳定性没有影响。由此,初步建立了HIV-1P24抗原国家参考品,该参考品将对HIV-1P24抗原、HIV抗体/P24抗原联合检测试剂的质量控制提供重要依据。     

鼠疫耶尔森氏菌LcrV(V抗原)的研究进展

鼠疫耶尔森氏菌作为鼠疫的病原菌,致病机制十分复杂,其中LcrV(V抗原)是最早发现的一种能产生保护性免疫的毒力决定因子。随着研究的不断深入,人们对LcrV的功能、在预防和治疗鼠疫中的应用有了新的认识。本文将就LcrV功能、应用方面的最新研究进展进行综述。     

鼠疫耶尔森菌rV抗原单抗系统及其ELISA检测方法的建立

目的建立ELISA双抗体夹心法,测定重组毒力因子rV抗原含量。方法采用杂交瘤技术,制备鼠疫菌rV抗原的鼠单克隆抗体,对抗原表位和单抗特异性进行分析及鉴定,建立ELISA双抗体夹心法,并验证方法的专属性、准确性、精密度和线性范围。结果成功组建了鼠疫菌rV抗原诊断试剂,灵敏度最低检测值为10 ng/mL。结论该方法可用于免疫学检测鼠疫组分疫苗原液rV抗原含量及制备过程中抗原活性,是鼠疫组分疫苗制备中一种重要的质量控制手段,也为进一步开发鼠疫诊断试剂盒及其他相关研究奠定了基础。     

鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗原的性质研究

鼠疫菌F1抗原是鼠疫亚单位新疫苗最重要的候选抗原,对其性质的充分认识,将有助于抗原制造工艺和新疫苗的开发。F1抗原的性质研究包括:微观结构,一级核苷酸、氨基酸序列,二级结构,高分子聚集形态,以及F1抗原的理化性质。     

鼠疫耶尔森氏菌rV270抗原的克隆、表达及其免疫保护作用评价

目的：为研制鼠疫亚单位疫苗,克隆、表达并纯化去除产生免疫抑制作用序列后的鼠疫耶尔森氏菌LcrV抗原（rV270）。方法：依据已知的LcrV的核苷酸序列,避开其产生免疫抑制作用的区段设计引物,扩增rV270基因并克隆到pET24a载体中,在大肠杆菌BL21中表达His-rV270融合蛋白：表达产物先后经Co^2＋亲和层析和Sephacryl S-200HR凝胶柱纯化,并在纯化过程中应用凝血酶切除His标塔;氢氧化铝佐剂吸附重组抗原后免疫BALB／c小鼠,初次免疫后第21天加强免疫1次,第5周使用104CFU鼠疫菌141强毒株攻毒,测定其免疫保护作用。结果：rV270以可溶性方式表达;应用Co^2＋亲和层析柱和Sephacryl S-200HR凝胶柱结合凝血蛋白酶切除His标签的方法可得到不含标签的较高纯度的重组蛋白;攻毒实验中实验组小鼠全部存活,而对照组全部死亡。结论：获得了具有良好免疫保护作用的rV270蛋白,可用于鼠疫亚单位疫苗的研究。     

Development of phage-based single chain Fv antibody reagents for detection of Yersinia pestis

Background

Most Yersinia pestis strains are known to express a capsule-like antigen, fraction 1 (F1)^. F1 is encoded by the caf1 gene located on the large 100-kb pFra plasmid, which is found in Y. pestis but not in closely related species such as Yersinia enterocolytica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. In order to find antibodies specifically binding to Y. pestis we screened a large single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv) phage display library using purified F1 antigen as a selection target. Different forms of the selected antibodies were used to establish assays for recombinant F1 antigen and Y. pestis detection.

Methods

Phage antibody panning was performed against F1 in an automated fashion using the Kingfisher magnetic bead system. Selected scFvs were screened for F1-binding specificity by one-step alkaline phosphatase enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), and assayed for binding to recombinant antigen and/or Y. pestis by flow cytometry and whole-cell ELISA.

Results

Seven of the eight selected scFvs were shown to specifically bind both recombinant F1 and a panel of F1-positive Yersinia cells. The majority of the soluble scFvs were found to be difficult to purify, unstable and prone to cross-reactivity with F1-negative Yersinia strains, whereas phage displayed scFvs were found to be easy to purify/label and remarkably stable. Furthermore direct fluorescent labeling of phage displaying scFv allowed for an easy one-step flow cytometry assay. Slight cross-reactivity was observed when fixed cells were used in ELISA.

Conclusions

Our high throughput methods of selection and screening allowed for time and cost effective discovery of seven scFvs specifically binding Y. pestis F1 antigen. We describe implementation of different methods for phage-based immunoassay. Based on the success of these methods and the proven stability of phage, we indicate that the use of phage-displayed, rather than phage-free proteins, might generally overcome the shortcomings of scFv antibodies.     

Development of a double-antibody sandwich ELISA for sensitive detection of Yersinia pestis

We developed a biotin–streptavidin-based sandwich ELISA for the sensitive and specific detection of Yersinia pestis. In this assay, the F1 capsular protein and Y. pestis were captured by anti-F1 mouse monoclonal antibody followed by detection with biotinylated-anti-F1 rabbit polyclonal antibody and HRP-conjugated streptavidin. The developed F1 ELISA could detect not only the F1 protein up to 29 and 17 pg/ml but also Y. pestis up to 177.8 and 129.2 CFU/ml in PBS buffer and human serum, respectively. In addition, the F1 ELISA did not show any cross-reactivity with various proteins and bacterial strains.     

Magnetic biosensor for the detection of Yersinia pestis

A novel type of magnetic-beads based magnetic biosensor is described for the detection of Yersinia pestis. Experiments were performed with the antigen fraction F1 of these bacteria. The magnetic sensor platform offers easy and reliable detection of Y. pestis by the use of magnetic beads for labelling and quantification in a single step due to their paramagnetic features. The system uses antiYPF1 antibodies as capture element on ABICAP columns as core element of the magnetic sensor. Several immobilization methods for antibodies on polyethylene were exploited. The established biosensor has a linear detection range of 25-300 ng/ml Y. pestis antigen F1 and a detection limit of 2.5 ng/ml in buffer and human blood serum. The presented sensor system is small, simple, portable and therefore usable as off-lab detection unit for medical and warfare analytes.     

Development and testing of an enzyme immunoassay-based monoclonal test system for the detection of the Yersinia pestis V antigen

An enzyme immunoassay-based test system for Y. pestis V antigen detection was developed. The specificity and sensitivity of this system met the requirements for medical immunobiological preparations for the identification of causative agents of highly fatal diseases. The sensitivity of the test system was assessed, and its high specificity was also demonstrated: the test system did not detect bacterial cells of closely related (four Y. pseudotuberculosis strains) and heterologous microorganism strains. The test system developed was able to detect the V antigen at concentrations as low as 2.0 ng/mL in cells of nine experimental Y. pestis cultures. The obtained preparation can be recommended for use in laboratory diagnostics of plaque.     

IS1OO周围序列多态性分析技术的建立及其在鼠疫耶尔森氏菌分型中的应用

建立鼠疫耶尔森氏菌IS1000周围序列多态性（ISCP）分析技术,并探讨其在鼠疫耶尔森氏菌分型中的应用,根据鼠疫杆菌CO92株IS100的基因序列在其两端设计两条向外延伸的引物进行PCR扩增,电泳,获得的指纹图用RAPD,PHYLIP和Treeview软件分析,建立的ISCP分析技术稳定,可靠,利用该技术分析17个生态型的271株鼠疫耶尔森氏菌,扩增结果表明,指纹图有一定的差异,经RAPD,PHYLIP和Treeview分析可分为3个类型,IS100在鼠疫耶尔森氏菌染色体中虽然分布较广,但其周围序列变异较小,在遗传上较稳定,可作为鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的基因标志,研究该菌的分型与进化。     

Identification of immunodominant epitope of F1 antigen of Yersinia pestis

The F1 antigen of Yersinia pestis has been identified as one of the major protective antigens of this bacterium. The present study aims to delineate major and minor antigenic sites of F1 antigen. Using algorithmic predictions, five peptide sequences (P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5) spanning the C-terminal region were identified and synthesized. Antibodies were generated in mice against the peptides, native F1 protein and polymerized F1 antigen using liposomes as mode of immunization. Cross-reactivity between F1 antigen and peptides was tested using both solid and solution phase assays. Similar assays were done with rabbit anti-F1 sera. Competitive inhibition assays using a different combination of antisera and competing antigen identified P2 peptide FFVRSIGSKGGKLAAGKYTDAVTV (142-165) as the immunodominant sequence. The results indicate that this sequence appears to be exposed on the surface of F1 molecule. In a solid phase binding assay, P2 peptide was recognized even at high F1 antisera dilution. However, when antisera raised to different peptides were tested for binding to F1 antigen, antisera to P4 peptide showed maximal immunoreactivity. This implies more accessibility of this region during immobilization on solid surface. There was consistency in the results obtained for different strains of mice as well as for the rabbit antisera. Such a sequence of F1 antigen, which is recognized widely in animals of different genetic background, would be useful for diagnosis and subunit vaccine.