肺炎链球菌18C型糖蛋白结合物的制备及其免疫原性

制备肺炎链球菌18C型荚膜多糖－破伤风类毒素结合物（CPS－TT）,测定结合物的理化性质,抗原特异性及其在动物中的免疫原性。结果显示,结合物能与相应的多糖和破伤风抗血清形成明显的沉淀线,蛋白／多糖比率为1．86,结合物分子大小（Kd值）为0．058。注射小鼠后可诱导明显的抗体应答,而且随着注射针次的增加,抗体反应水平明显增高,显示加强效应。结果表明,制备的肺炎链球菌糖蛋白结合物抗原性良好,具有胸腺依赖性的特性,在小鼠中显示较好的免疫原性。     

肺炎链球菌C多糖的研究现状

自肺炎链球菌C多糖(C-Ps)发现以来,关于C多糖抗体是否具有保护性一直是人们研究的热点。C-Ps含有磷酸胆碱基团(PC),该基团在肺炎链球菌基因转化、子代细胞分离、人体呼吸道定植和增强病原菌毒力等方面具有重要作用。有研究发现,肺炎链球菌培养时必需加入胆碱成分以促进PC的合成;PC是C-Ps主要的抗原决定簇,并且PC抗体具有保护性,可抵抗多种肺炎链球菌血清型的感染。本文就肺炎链球菌对胆碱的营养需求、PC在肺炎链球菌感染过程中的作用、C-Ps抗体研究和C-Ps的应用四个方面的研究现状作一综述。     

肺炎链球菌C多糖含量检测方法的建立

目的使用肺炎链球菌C多糖单克隆抗体(单抗),建立检测荚膜多糖中残留的C多糖含量的方法。方法选择BALB/c雌性小鼠,采用体内诱生单抗腹水,放大生产肺炎链球菌C多糖单抗;使用间接ELISA、抑制性ELISA对其进行特异性鉴定;用特异性和亲和力高的单抗尝试建立肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中C多糖含量检测的速率比浊法,并对该方法的线性、精密度、特异性进行验证。结果所制4株单抗的抗体类别均为IgM,识别的抗原表位互不相同,亲和力也不同。间接ELISA、抑制性ELISA结果均显示,所获得的单抗能够作用于肺炎链球菌C多糖上的磷酸胆碱位点,具有很好的特异性。选择单抗E8建立速率比浊检测方法的线性、精密度和特异性均良好,检测结果表明肺炎链球菌23个血清型荚膜多糖中C多糖含量不同。结论利用单抗建立了检测肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中残留的C多糖的含量的速率比浊法。     

应用分子生物学方法鉴定6群肺炎链球菌血清型

目的利用分子生物学方法,鉴定26株6群肺炎链球菌的血清型。方法利用6群肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖相关基因设计合成6对特异性引物,PCR扩增26株肺炎链球菌,并对PCR产物进行基因序列的测定及分析。结果26株肺炎链球菌cpsD蛋白229个氨基酸中有7个突变点,第220~222位均没有缺失;其中,19株肺炎链球菌具有与wci Nα蛋白氨基酸序列完全一致的氨基酸组成,第150位均为Ala,第38位均为Asp,其余7株与wciN_α蛋白氨基酸序列没有相似性,但与wciN_β蛋白氨基酸序列相似性超过99%;15株wciP蛋白第195位为Ser,11株wci P蛋白第195位为Asn。综合分析比对后,26株6群肺炎链球菌中,11株属于6A型肺炎链球菌,8株属于6B型肺炎链球菌,4株属于6C型肺炎链球菌,3株属于6D型肺炎链球菌。结论分子生物学方法可用于6群肺炎链球菌血清型的鉴定,为完善6群肺炎链球菌的菌种档案提供了实验依据。     

应用whaF基因序列鉴定20型肺炎链球菌血清型

目的应用wha F基因测序方法,对20型肺炎链球菌进行血清型鉴定。方法采用血清凝集法和用20型肺炎链球菌型特异性基因(wci L基因)合成的引物进行PCR扩增,对中国医学细菌保藏管理中心所保藏的20型肺炎链球菌进行血清学鉴定;根据Gen Bank上发表的wha F基因设计合成引物,PCR扩增wha F基因,利用测序获得基因序列,分析wha F基因多态性。结果 7株20型肺炎链球菌菌株均能与20型血清产生血清凝集反应,wci L基因PCR扩增产物,可见与预期相符大小500 bp的特异性条带。wha F基因PCR扩增产物,除20-3外,其余6株菌均可见1 000bp大小与预期相符的PCR扩增产物。wha F基因测序和分析显示:20-2、20-4、20-5、20-7与20B亚型(Gen Bank accession No.:CR931679和JQ653093)的wha F基因序列相同;20-6与20A亚型(Gen Bank accession No.:JQ653094)的wha F基因序列相同;20-1与CR931679和JQ653093相比,在898有点突变(A→C)。20-3的wha F基因比20A亚型和20B亚型的wha F基因均少了约600 bp。结论 20-6为20A亚型肺炎链球菌,20-2、20-4、20-5、20-7均为20B亚型肺炎链球菌。     

肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖纯化及质量控制方法的研究现状

肺炎链球菌(简称肺炎球菌)荚膜多糖(capsular polysaccharide,CPS)位于肺炎球菌的最外层,是肺炎球菌主要的毒力因子之一,也是有效的保护性抗原.获得高质量的肺炎球菌CPS,是肺炎球菌多糖疫苗(pneumococcal pol-ysaccharide vaccine,PPV)和肺炎球菌结合疫苗(pn...     

合成肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖基因的研究进展

肺炎链球菌是导致婴幼儿和老年人罹患肺炎、脑膜炎、中耳炎等疾病的主要病原体之一,其致病力与位于细菌表面的荚膜多糖密切相关,而荚膜多糖层的薄厚和多糖结构是影响致病力的主要因素。在分子水平探索参与荚膜多糖合成的相关基因,不仅有助于进一步理解肺炎链球菌的致病机理,而且可从基因水平选育高表达荚膜多糖的肺炎链球菌菌株用于多糖疫苗的研发。鉴于此,现就合成肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖基因的作用机制和研究方法作一综述。     

~1H-NMR用于肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖质量控制的尝试

纯化的6B、18C血清型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖用生化试验和免疫学试验检测分析后再用一维氢谱核磁共振波谱(1H-NMR)法分析。生化检测其相应多糖的主要化学基团含量是否合格,免疫学检测旨在了解多糖纯化工艺是否影响了多糖的抗原活性,并间接佐证纯化多糖的生化特性是否正确。在此基础上进行1H-NMR分析,可以对纯化多糖的特性有进一步的了解。结果表明,常规的生化检测试验和免疫学检测试验并联合应用1H-NMR分析法后可更好地控制纯化肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖的质量。     

人血清中肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖IgG抗体定量ELISA的初步验证

目的对肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖Ig G抗体定量ELISA,用于人血清中12F、19A、22F及33F型Ig G抗体的检测进行初步验证。方法以不同生产企业相同型别的12F、19A、22F及33F型荚膜多糖为包被抗原,用肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖Ig G抗体定量ELISA,对人血清中12F、19A、22F及33F型Ig G抗体进行定量检测,并对该方法的线性、检测限、检测范围、准确度、精密度、特异性进行初步验证。结果该方法检测13份质控血清的12F、19A、22F及33F型Ig G抗体的范围分别是0.02~4.38 ng/m L、0.14~34.68 ng/m L、0.10~25.20 ng/m L和0.12~29.78 ng/m L,r2均0.99,最低检测限分别为0.35 ng/m L、0.37 ng/m L、0.44 ng/m L和0.88 ng/m L。准确度为71.15%;试验间CV值均20%;特异性均85%。结论肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖Ig G抗体定量ELISA,用于人血清中12F、19A、22F及33F型Ig G抗体的检测,需对准确度、精密度和特异性进一步验证。     

肺炎链球菌糖代谢蛋白CcpA对荚膜多糖的调控作用

摘要:【目的】研究肺炎链球菌糖代谢蛋白CcpA对肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖(CPS)的调控作用。【方法】利用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)工程菌原核表达CcpA蛋白,使用Ni2+亲和层析的方法纯化蛋白。利用纯化后的CcpA蛋白免疫昆明小鼠并制备多克隆抗体;采用ELISA法测定抗CcpA抗体效价。随后,利用Westertn blot方法分析CcpA蛋白在肺炎链球菌中的保守性。另外,利用EMSA方法分析CcpA与cps基因座启动子区域片段的结合。最后,构建ccpA基因缺失株和ccpA基因回复株;利用ELISA法测定野生D39菌 株、ccpA基因缺失株和ccpA基因回复株的荚膜多糖含量。【结果】Western blot结果显示CcpA蛋白在多种血清型的肺炎链球菌均有表达,CcpA蛋白可与cps基因座启动子区域结合,且呈剂量依赖性;ccpA基因缺失时,细菌CPS含量升高,回复表达CcpA蛋白后,CPS含量显著降低。【结论】CcpA是肺炎链球菌中一种保守表达的蛋白,可通过调节cps基因座启动子负性调控肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖的表达。     

Purification of capsular polysaccharide produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of invasive infection in young infants and older adults. There are currently 90 capsular serotypes identified and 23 serotypes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19F, 19A, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F) are responsible for about 90% of invasive disease. Among the more than 90 different S. pneumoniae serotypes, serotype 19A is globally very prevalent. A simplified purification procedure including adjustment of cell lysate pH to 4.5, fractionation with 50- 80% ethanol, and dialysis rendered capsular polysaccharide (CPS) in a yield of 31.32 +/- 3.11 mg from 1 l culture (75% recovery after lyses). The product contained only 69.6 microng of protein (99.78% purity) and 0.8 mg (sum of the precipitants from 50~60%, 60~70%, and 70~80%) of nucleic acid (97.45% purity). The purified CPS was conjugated with bovine serum albumin; the product size ranged from 100 to 180 kDa.     

Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 18F

The structure of the capsular polysaccharide elaborated by Streptococcus pneumoniae type 18F (S18F) has been investigated by using n.m.r. spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and characterisation of oligosaccharides obtained on partial hydrolysis. It is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of pentasaccharide repeating-units having the following structure. (formula; see text) In this structure, the absolute configuration of the glycerol phosphate moiety has not been determined, but is assumed to be D-glycerol 1-phosphate (sn-glycerol 3-phosphate). The location of an O-acetyl group at O-6 of the terminal alpha-D-glucopyranosyl groups is tentative only.     

Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 18A

The structure of the capsular polysaccharide (S18A) elaborated by Streptococcus pneumoniae type 18A has been investigated by using methylation analysis and n.m.r. spectroscopy. It is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of pentasaccharide repeating-units having the following structure. (formula; see text) In this structure, the absolute configuration of the glycerol 1-phosphate moiety has not been determined but is assumed to be D from biosynthesis considerations. The structure of S18A is, as expected, closely similar to those determined for S18F and S18C.     

Improved capsular polysaccharide production by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 using continuous cultivation

The capsular polysaccharide (PS) is the most important pneumococcal virulence factor and is currently used as antigen in all pneumococcal vaccines. Despite its physiological and epidemiological importance, meager studies have been devoted to improve PS production and understand its relationship with pneumococcal central metabolism. In this study, kinetics of growth and production of PS by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 (PS14) in batch and continuous cultivation were investigated. Strong cell lysis was observed in batch cultivation, while accumulation of organic acids and autolysis was avoided in continuous cultivation. In the continuous cultivation was possible to achieve higher concentration of biomass and PS14. Calculation of kinetic parameters demonstrated that PS14 is a cell-associated product. The coefficients for growth-associated stoichiometric true yield and maintenance were determined as 0.25 g_glucose g_biomass⁻¹ and 1.24 g_glucose (g_biomass h)⁻¹, respectively. The maximum productivity of PS14 released in the supernatant (PS14_R) and cell-bound PS14 (PS14_C) were obtained at a dilution rate of 0.8 h⁻¹, respectively, 85 and 122 mg  (g_biomass h)⁻¹. Compared to batch fermentation, both PS14_R and PS14_C productivities were increased by about 300% in the continuous process. These findings demonstrate that continuous cultivation is a promising strategy for PS production to be used in pneumococcal vaccines.     

Quantification of capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 in culture broth samples

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of mortality in underdeveloped countries, where more than one million people die from pneumococcal disease every year. Vaccines are the most efficient method for preventing the infection and are based on the capsular polysaccharide (PS) protection. The serotype 14 is the most frequent in pediatric infections worldwide. This study aimed to establish a quantification protocol for PS present in culture broth samples of S. pneumoniae serotype 14 (PS14) and use this protocol for selection of the best PS14 producer strain. Phenol-sulfuric, HPSEC, competitive ELISA, and sandwich ELISA methods were tested for PS14 quantification. Sandwich ELISA was the method with the best reproducibility and sensitivity and the least susceptible to interferences. The quantification limit and detection limit of this method were 0.99 and 0.57 ng/mL, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) intraassay (1-3% intraplate and 2-6% interplate) and interassay (11-15%) and the reproducibility in different days (CV<20%). The sandwich ELISA allows us to select, among six strains evaluated, the strain 5287 as the best PS14 producer (11.68 mg PS14/biomass) and it was shown to be the best choice for measurement of pneumococcal polysaccharides in culture broth samples.     

Optimization of medium and cultivation conditions for capsular polysaccharide production by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23F

The influence of medium composition and culture conditions on Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23F cultivation was investigated in order to develop an industrial method for polysaccharide (PS) production. Acid-hydrolyzed casein (AHC) and dialyzed enzymatically hydrolyzed soybean meal (EHS) were investigated as nitrogen sources, and the vitamin solution of Hoeprich's medium and dialyzed yeast extract as vitamin sources. The influence of initial glucose concentration was also evaluated. In flask experiments, the best nitrogen source for PS production was AHC; EHS yielded small amounts of PS without interfering with bacterial growth. Dialyzed yeast extract provided an approximately 2-fold increase in PS production when compared to Hoeprich's vitamin solution. In a 5-l bioreactor, it was observed that the pneumococcus did not grow under aerobic conditions, CO(2) did not increase PS yield, glucose was inhibitory above 30 g l(-1), and the main glucose catabolism product was lactate, which had an inhibitory effect on cell growth. When anaerobic cultivation was performed under N(2) flow using the optimized medium, 240 mg l(-1) of soluble PS was obtained, which represents a 3-fold increase in yield as compared to that described in the published patent [Yavordios and Cousin (1983) European Patent 0 071515 A1]. Application of these results would considerably simplify upstream and downstream processes for PS production.     

Virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6C in experimental otitis media

Increases in colonization with serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae not contained within the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) have been reported among children following introduction. Serotype 6C has emerged as prevalent in nasopharyngeal colonization and acute otitis media (AOM), though it is uncommonly recovered from children with invasive pneumococcal disease. Vaccine serotypes within PCV7 have been replaced by nonvaccine serotypes without significant changes in the overall carriage rate. We hypothesize 1) that serotypes vary in their ability to evade host defenses and establish AOM following colonization and 2) the observed reduction in pneumococcal otitis results from a reduced disease potential by some ‘replacement serotypes’. We compared the capacity of S. pneumoniae serotypes 6C and 19A to produce experimental otitis media (EOM) in a chinchilla model. The proportion of chinchillas that developed culture positive EOM and density of middle ear infection was evaluated. EOM was found in 28/82 (34%) ears challenged with 6C compared to 13/18(72.2%) with 19A [p = 0.0003]. When disease due to 6C did occur, it was characterized by low-density infection. Our findings demonstrate that challenge with serotype 6C results in EOM less frequently than 19A. These data support the need for greater knowledge regarding differences among serotypes to produce AOM.     

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 genotypes in invasive isolates from Colombia

Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 is an important cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis.Objective: To establish the circulating genotypes of S. pneumoniae serotype 3 isolates recovered from the invasive disease between 1994 to 2015 in Colombia.Materials and methods: Of the 365 S. pneumoniae serotype 3 isolates recovered through the laboratory national surveillance program, 117 isolates were analyzed. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used for genotyping, and multilocus sequence typing was determined in representative isolates.Results: The frequency of this serotype increased from 2.7% between 1994 and 1998 to 9.1% between 2011 and 2015 (p=0.000); 91.7% of the isolates showed a genetic similarity greater than 77% and were related to the Netherlands³-31(PMEN31) clone CC180. Several subtypes were identified, two of which showed antimicrobial resistance.Conclusion: In Colombia, the pneumococcal population of the capsular type 3 shows a continuous and homogeneous circulation relating to the clonal group ST-180.