肺炎链球菌18C型糖蛋白结合物的制备及其免疫原性

制备肺炎链球菌18C型荚膜多糖－破伤风类毒素结合物（CPS－TT）,测定结合物的理化性质,抗原特异性及其在动物中的免疫原性。结果显示,结合物能与相应的多糖和破伤风抗血清形成明显的沉淀线,蛋白／多糖比率为1．86,结合物分子大小（Kd值）为0．058。注射小鼠后可诱导明显的抗体应答,而且随着注射针次的增加,抗体反应水平明显增高,显示加强效应。结果表明,制备的肺炎链球菌糖蛋白结合物抗原性良好,具有胸腺依赖性的特性,在小鼠中显示较好的免疫原性。     

肺炎链球菌C多糖的研究现状

自肺炎链球菌C多糖(C-Ps)发现以来,关于C多糖抗体是否具有保护性一直是人们研究的热点。C-Ps含有磷酸胆碱基团(PC),该基团在肺炎链球菌基因转化、子代细胞分离、人体呼吸道定植和增强病原菌毒力等方面具有重要作用。有研究发现,肺炎链球菌培养时必需加入胆碱成分以促进PC的合成;PC是C-Ps主要的抗原决定簇,并且PC抗体具有保护性,可抵抗多种肺炎链球菌血清型的感染。本文就肺炎链球菌对胆碱的营养需求、PC在肺炎链球菌感染过程中的作用、C-Ps抗体研究和C-Ps的应用四个方面的研究现状作一综述。     

肺炎链球菌C多糖含量检测方法的建立

目的使用肺炎链球菌C多糖单克隆抗体(单抗),建立检测荚膜多糖中残留的C多糖含量的方法。方法选择BALB/c雌性小鼠,采用体内诱生单抗腹水,放大生产肺炎链球菌C多糖单抗;使用间接ELISA、抑制性ELISA对其进行特异性鉴定;用特异性和亲和力高的单抗尝试建立肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中C多糖含量检测的速率比浊法,并对该方法的线性、精密度、特异性进行验证。结果所制4株单抗的抗体类别均为IgM,识别的抗原表位互不相同,亲和力也不同。间接ELISA、抑制性ELISA结果均显示,所获得的单抗能够作用于肺炎链球菌C多糖上的磷酸胆碱位点,具有很好的特异性。选择单抗E8建立速率比浊检测方法的线性、精密度和特异性均良好,检测结果表明肺炎链球菌23个血清型荚膜多糖中C多糖含量不同。结论利用单抗建立了检测肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中残留的C多糖的含量的速率比浊法。     

应用分子生物学方法鉴定6群肺炎链球菌血清型

目的利用分子生物学方法,鉴定26株6群肺炎链球菌的血清型。方法利用6群肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖相关基因设计合成6对特异性引物,PCR扩增26株肺炎链球菌,并对PCR产物进行基因序列的测定及分析。结果26株肺炎链球菌cpsD蛋白229个氨基酸中有7个突变点,第220~222位均没有缺失;其中,19株肺炎链球菌具有与wci Nα蛋白氨基酸序列完全一致的氨基酸组成,第150位均为Ala,第38位均为Asp,其余7株与wciN_α蛋白氨基酸序列没有相似性,但与wciN_β蛋白氨基酸序列相似性超过99%;15株wciP蛋白第195位为Ser,11株wci P蛋白第195位为Asn。综合分析比对后,26株6群肺炎链球菌中,11株属于6A型肺炎链球菌,8株属于6B型肺炎链球菌,4株属于6C型肺炎链球菌,3株属于6D型肺炎链球菌。结论分子生物学方法可用于6群肺炎链球菌血清型的鉴定,为完善6群肺炎链球菌的菌种档案提供了实验依据。     

肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖纯化及质量控制方法的研究现状

肺炎链球菌(简称肺炎球菌)荚膜多糖(capsular polysaccharide,CPS)位于肺炎球菌的最外层,是肺炎球菌主要的毒力因子之一,也是有效的保护性抗原.获得高质量的肺炎球菌CPS,是肺炎球菌多糖疫苗(pneumococcal pol-ysaccharide vaccine,PPV)和肺炎球菌结合疫苗(pn...     

应用whaF基因序列鉴定20型肺炎链球菌血清型

目的应用wha F基因测序方法,对20型肺炎链球菌进行血清型鉴定。方法采用血清凝集法和用20型肺炎链球菌型特异性基因(wci L基因)合成的引物进行PCR扩增,对中国医学细菌保藏管理中心所保藏的20型肺炎链球菌进行血清学鉴定;根据Gen Bank上发表的wha F基因设计合成引物,PCR扩增wha F基因,利用测序获得基因序列,分析wha F基因多态性。结果 7株20型肺炎链球菌菌株均能与20型血清产生血清凝集反应,wci L基因PCR扩增产物,可见与预期相符大小500 bp的特异性条带。wha F基因PCR扩增产物,除20-3外,其余6株菌均可见1 000bp大小与预期相符的PCR扩增产物。wha F基因测序和分析显示:20-2、20-4、20-5、20-7与20B亚型(Gen Bank accession No.:CR931679和JQ653093)的wha F基因序列相同;20-6与20A亚型(Gen Bank accession No.:JQ653094)的wha F基因序列相同;20-1与CR931679和JQ653093相比,在898有点突变(A→C)。20-3的wha F基因比20A亚型和20B亚型的wha F基因均少了约600 bp。结论 20-6为20A亚型肺炎链球菌,20-2、20-4、20-5、20-7均为20B亚型肺炎链球菌。     

合成肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖基因的研究进展

肺炎链球菌是导致婴幼儿和老年人罹患肺炎、脑膜炎、中耳炎等疾病的主要病原体之一,其致病力与位于细菌表面的荚膜多糖密切相关,而荚膜多糖层的薄厚和多糖结构是影响致病力的主要因素。在分子水平探索参与荚膜多糖合成的相关基因,不仅有助于进一步理解肺炎链球菌的致病机理,而且可从基因水平选育高表达荚膜多糖的肺炎链球菌菌株用于多糖疫苗的研发。鉴于此,现就合成肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖基因的作用机制和研究方法作一综述。     

~1H-NMR用于肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖质量控制的尝试

纯化的6B、18C血清型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖用生化试验和免疫学试验检测分析后再用一维氢谱核磁共振波谱(1H-NMR)法分析。生化检测其相应多糖的主要化学基团含量是否合格,免疫学检测旨在了解多糖纯化工艺是否影响了多糖的抗原活性,并间接佐证纯化多糖的生化特性是否正确。在此基础上进行1H-NMR分析,可以对纯化多糖的特性有进一步的了解。结果表明,常规的生化检测试验和免疫学检测试验并联合应用1H-NMR分析法后可更好地控制纯化肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖的质量。     

肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖结构与合成的研究进展

肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)是一种能够引发人类肺炎和脑膜炎等严重疾病的病原体。其中,包裹着细菌的荚膜多糖(capsular polysaccharide, CPS)是关键的致病因子和重要抗原,已被制成多糖疫苗和多糖蛋白结合疫苗,在抗细菌感染中发挥了巨大作用。荚膜多糖由寡糖单位重复聚合而成,每个寡糖单位通常含有2−8个单糖残基,其结构复杂,具有不同的抗原表位。荚膜多糖也是细菌分型的依据,目前已发现肺炎链球菌有107种血清型,每种血清型都有特定的荚膜多糖结构、遗传基础和血清学特征。荚膜多糖结构的多样性和不断变化是肺炎链球菌难以被根除的主要原因。本文总结了目前已知的95个肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖的化学结构,探讨了荚膜多糖的遗传基础、合成机制和纯化方法,旨在提高对荚膜多糖结构的全面认知,为深入研究荚膜多糖的功能和进化机制以及多糖疫苗的制备提供参考。     

人血清中肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖IgG抗体定量ELISA的初步验证

目的对肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖Ig G抗体定量ELISA,用于人血清中12F、19A、22F及33F型Ig G抗体的检测进行初步验证。方法以不同生产企业相同型别的12F、19A、22F及33F型荚膜多糖为包被抗原,用肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖Ig G抗体定量ELISA,对人血清中12F、19A、22F及33F型Ig G抗体进行定量检测,并对该方法的线性、检测限、检测范围、准确度、精密度、特异性进行初步验证。结果该方法检测13份质控血清的12F、19A、22F及33F型Ig G抗体的范围分别是0.02~4.38 ng/m L、0.14~34.68 ng/m L、0.10~25.20 ng/m L和0.12~29.78 ng/m L,r2均0.99,最低检测限分别为0.35 ng/m L、0.37 ng/m L、0.44 ng/m L和0.88 ng/m L。准确度为71.15%;试验间CV值均20%;特异性均85%。结论肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖Ig G抗体定量ELISA,用于人血清中12F、19A、22F及33F型Ig G抗体的检测,需对准确度、精密度和特异性进一步验证。     

Purification of capsular polysaccharide produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of invasive infection in young infants and older adults. There are currently 90 capsular serotypes identified and 23 serotypes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19F, 19A, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F) are responsible for about 90% of invasive disease. Among the more than 90 different S. pneumoniae serotypes, serotype 19A is globally very prevalent. A simplified purification procedure including adjustment of cell lysate pH to 4.5, fractionation with 50- 80% ethanol, and dialysis rendered capsular polysaccharide (CPS) in a yield of 31.32 +/- 3.11 mg from 1 l culture (75% recovery after lyses). The product contained only 69.6 microng of protein (99.78% purity) and 0.8 mg (sum of the precipitants from 50~60%, 60~70%, and 70~80%) of nucleic acid (97.45% purity). The purified CPS was conjugated with bovine serum albumin; the product size ranged from 100 to 180 kDa.     

Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 18F

The structure of the capsular polysaccharide elaborated by Streptococcus pneumoniae type 18F (S18F) has been investigated by using n.m.r. spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and characterisation of oligosaccharides obtained on partial hydrolysis. It is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of pentasaccharide repeating-units having the following structure. (formula; see text) In this structure, the absolute configuration of the glycerol phosphate moiety has not been determined, but is assumed to be D-glycerol 1-phosphate (sn-glycerol 3-phosphate). The location of an O-acetyl group at O-6 of the terminal alpha-D-glucopyranosyl groups is tentative only.     

Optimization of medium and cultivation conditions for capsular polysaccharide production by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23F

The influence of medium composition and culture conditions on Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23F cultivation was investigated in order to develop an industrial method for polysaccharide (PS) production. Acid-hydrolyzed casein (AHC) and dialyzed enzymatically hydrolyzed soybean meal (EHS) were investigated as nitrogen sources, and the vitamin solution of Hoeprich's medium and dialyzed yeast extract as vitamin sources. The influence of initial glucose concentration was also evaluated. In flask experiments, the best nitrogen source for PS production was AHC; EHS yielded small amounts of PS without interfering with bacterial growth. Dialyzed yeast extract provided an approximately 2-fold increase in PS production when compared to Hoeprich's vitamin solution. In a 5-l bioreactor, it was observed that the pneumococcus did not grow under aerobic conditions, CO(2) did not increase PS yield, glucose was inhibitory above 30 g l(-1), and the main glucose catabolism product was lactate, which had an inhibitory effect on cell growth. When anaerobic cultivation was performed under N(2) flow using the optimized medium, 240 mg l(-1) of soluble PS was obtained, which represents a 3-fold increase in yield as compared to that described in the published patent [Yavordios and Cousin (1983) European Patent 0 071515 A1]. Application of these results would considerably simplify upstream and downstream processes for PS production.     

Virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6C in experimental otitis media

Increases in colonization with serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae not contained within the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) have been reported among children following introduction. Serotype 6C has emerged as prevalent in nasopharyngeal colonization and acute otitis media (AOM), though it is uncommonly recovered from children with invasive pneumococcal disease. Vaccine serotypes within PCV7 have been replaced by nonvaccine serotypes without significant changes in the overall carriage rate. We hypothesize 1) that serotypes vary in their ability to evade host defenses and establish AOM following colonization and 2) the observed reduction in pneumococcal otitis results from a reduced disease potential by some ‘replacement serotypes’. We compared the capacity of S. pneumoniae serotypes 6C and 19A to produce experimental otitis media (EOM) in a chinchilla model. The proportion of chinchillas that developed culture positive EOM and density of middle ear infection was evaluated. EOM was found in 28/82 (34%) ears challenged with 6C compared to 13/18(72.2%) with 19A [p = 0.0003]. When disease due to 6C did occur, it was characterized by low-density infection. Our findings demonstrate that challenge with serotype 6C results in EOM less frequently than 19A. These data support the need for greater knowledge regarding differences among serotypes to produce AOM.     

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6C: an intra- and interclonal complex comparison

We report the annotated draft genome sequences of four serotype 6C Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates of differing genetic backgrounds. Serotype 6C isolates are increasing in prevalence and becoming progressively more resistant to antibiotics. As a result, these strains are likely to become more important in the near future.     

检测人血清中肺炎球菌10A型荚膜多糖IgG抗体的包被抗原适用性研究

目的 确定用于23价肺炎多糖疫苗免疫后临床血清样本检测的包被用10A型肺炎球菌荚膜多糖(Pn10A)。方法 根据WHO推荐的检测人血清中肺炎球菌荚膜多糖IgG抗体含量的ELISA(PnPSELISA),包被不同来源(ATCC、A公司、B公司、5个公司混合)的10A多糖[Pn10A(ATCC)、Pn10A(A)、Pn10A(B)、Pn10A(mix)],检测38份血清中Pn10AIgG抗体的几何平均浓度(GMC)和相同样本免疫前、后的阳转率(免疫后/免疫前≥2为阳转),确定用于临床血清检测的包被Pn10A。结果 用Pn10A(ATCC)、Pn10A(A)、Pn10A(B)包被检测38份相同样本免疫前、后血清中Pn10AIgG抗体的GMC和阳转率,Pn10A(A)与Pn10A(ATCC)包被的检测结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),数据一致性好(r>0.9);Pn10A(B)与Pn10A(ATCC)包被的检测结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),数据一致性差(r<0.8);再以Pn10A(A)、Pn10A(ATCC)、Pn10A(mix)包被检测另46份相同样本免疫前、后血清中Pn10AIgG抗体的GMC和阳转率,Pn10A(A)、Pn10A(mix)与Pn10A(ATCC)包被的检测结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),数据一致性好(r>0.9),免疫前、后GMC值相近,阳转率相近,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 Pn10A(A)、Pn10A(mix)与Pn10A(ATCC)均可以作为包被多糖用于检测人血清中肺炎球菌Pn10AIgG抗体;但从长久使用相同抗原检测大批量临床样本的需求考虑,Pn10A(mix)更具有足量、经济的优势。     

Synthesis of trisaccharide methyl glycosides related to fragments of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 18C.

The synthesis is reported of methyl 3-O-(4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D- glucopyranosyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), methyl 2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D- galactopyranoside (3), methyl 3-O-(4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-alpha-L- rhamnopyranoside 3-(sn-glycer-3-yl sodium phosphate) (2), and methyl 2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-4-O-beta-D- glucopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside 3-(sn-glycer-3-yl sodium phosphate) (4), which are trisaccharide methyl glycosides related to fragments of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 18C ([----4)-beta-D- Glcp-(1----4)-[alpha-D-Glcp-(1----2)]-[Glycerol-(1-P----3)]-beta-D-Galp - (1----4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1----3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1----]n). Ethyl 4-O-acetyl-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside (10) was coupled with benzyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (6). Deacetylation of the product, followed by condensation with 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-O-allyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (18), gave benzyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-3-O-[2,3,6-tri-O- benzyl-4-O-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-O-allyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha- D- glucopyranosyl]-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (19). Acetolysis of 19, followed by methylation, deallylation (----22), and further deprotection afforded 1. Condensation of methyl 2,4-di-O-benzyl-3-O-[2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-4-O-(2,4,6-tri- O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl]-alpha-L- rhamnopyranoside (22) with 1,2-di-O-benzyl-sn-glycerol 3-(triethyl-ammonium phosphonate) (24), followed by oxidation and deprotection, yielded 2. Condensation of ethyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside (27) with methyl 3-O-allyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-beta-D-galactopyranoside (28), selective benzylidene ring-opening of the product, coupling with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (31), and deallylation afforded methyl 6-O-benzyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-O- (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside (33). Deprotection of 33 gave 3, and condensation of 33 with 24, followed by oxidation and deprotection, gave 4.