新疆塔里木中央隆起区中2井上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩沉积相和测井参数

塔里木中央隆起区中2井位于塔中南坡台缘带,上奥陶统凯迪阶良里塔格组频繁出现浅水粒屑滩沉积,以及由蓝藻、钙藻兼以少量珊瑚、苔藓虫等造礁生物以不等含量分别构成生物障积或粘结型礁灰岩,棘皮类、腕足类和三叶虫等壳相生物碎屑丰富。可分出数层典型的生物礁、滩组合序列,总体显示为原地生长和近源搬运的生物礁滩复合体建造。环境的动能条件略有变化,但皆属浪基面之上的沉积深度。礁、滩储层形成模式主要受于沉积相带、成岩改造的控制,储层以生屑灰岩、藻粘结灰岩、障积灰岩及砂屑灰岩为主,储集空间类型包括次生溶蚀孔隙、晶洞与裂缝,同时伴随少量的白云岩化作用,且孔隙以深埋藏溶蚀成因为主,次生胶结作用也十分强烈,礁相储层潜力好于滩相。     

江苏南京茨山晚石炭世黄龙组的四射珊瑚

茨山位于南京东24km。本文有关剖面系沿茨山东坡采石公路西壁测制。此地黄龙组厚106m,岩性以浅灰色块状生物屑微晶灰岩为主夹少量亮晶灰岩、砂屑灰岩。我们于其中发现12个产珊瑚化石层,自上而下如次:     

川东南古蔺铁索桥剖面志留系石牛栏组上段生物-沉积相特征

川东南古蔺铁索桥剖面志留系兰多维列统沉积时的古地理位置处于滇黔桂古陆之北的陆表海环境。埃隆阶上部石牛栏组从下段薄层泥状灰岩形成之后,相变为上段的生屑-砂屑灰岩夹含少量粉砂质泥岩,展示海水深度变浅的过程。本文基于该剖面露头和灰岩薄片鉴定,专述石牛栏组上段生物-沉积类型并分析浅海环境指标。石牛栏组上段粉砂质泥岩中大化石稀少,而灰岩层中底栖型后生动物壳相化石具有中等多样性,少量出现能鉴定属级的大化石密集层,可识别3种不同水动力强度改造的腕足类介壳滩;该段上部赋存珊瑚-层孔海绵原地格架生长建造的小型点礁,标定了该时期最接近滇黔桂古陆的后生动物造礁群落生态域分布点。石牛栏组上段不同粒度的壳相生屑颗粒与泥状灰岩砂屑构成灰岩的重要组分;海底环境指标,特别是不同水动力强度作用主导了灰岩中颗粒与灰泥含量的差异。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘陕西陇县晚奥陶世背锅山组生物礁

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘的陕西陇县李家坡晚奥陶世背锅山组生物礁为典型的台地边缘礁,包括层孔虫礁、珊瑚礁、钙藻礁等几种类型,主要为层孔虫礁。经过系统古生物学研究,鉴定出层孔虫有5个属,分别为Ecclimadictyon(蜂巢层孔虫)、Clathrodictyon(网格层孔虫)、Tuvaechis(图瓦层孔虫)、Rosenella(罗森层孔虫)、Labechiella(小拉贝希层孔虫)等;珊瑚有6个属,分别为Tetradium(四分珊瑚),Hemiagetolitella(拟半阿盖特珊瑚),Plasmoporella(似网膜珊瑚),Eofletcheria(始弗莱契珊瑚),Catenipora(镣珊瑚),Reuschia(劳氏珊瑚);钙藻以Vermiporella(蠕孔藻)和Solenopora(管孔藻)为主。礁发育早期以层状层孔虫包卷砂屑、单体珊瑚、管状海绵、块状钙藻等形态为主要特征,礁发育中后期以块状和球状的层孔虫以及大型的床板珊瑚形成格架为主要特征。礁体发育过程中居礁生物都很丰富,有三叶虫、腕足类、介形类、大棘皮类和丛状的蓝细菌等。通过与塔中台地以及扬子台地的晚奥陶世台缘礁对比,发现造礁生物的属种和礁岩类型均有相似之处,说明中国晚奥陶世生物礁的分布具有等时性。     

黔北凤岗硐卡拉奥陶系湄潭组中灰岩:典型的暖水相

黔北凤岗硐卡拉剖面下—中奥陶统湄潭组泥岩、粉砂岩中夹含一套47.5m的连续灰岩建造,是区内迄今所测得厚度最大的"中灰岩"段。中灰岩的岩石学特征显示其成分多为分异度很高的生屑、鲕粒(豆粒)和核形石等,颗粒破碎程度偏高,丰度高时可达颗粒支撑,灰泥基质和亮晶方解石胶结均有。这些颗粒堆积形成中—高能带生屑、内碎屑浅滩,纵向上略显旋回,亦见两层较薄含瓶筐石格架的生物层。这些特征皆属浅海带暖水型沉积的标志,将该剖面的湄潭组中灰岩与之同期的大湾组和紫台组中的灰岩相比较,后者形成于偏深的相带,灰泥和泥级、粉砂级陆源碎屑含量高,也缺乏典型的暖水成因标志,故可推知扬子区陆表海的灰岩沉积相存在深度控制的海水温差分异现象。     

探秘白莲洞:独特的生物多样性

白莲洞所处的柳州拗陷在古生代为一南北向的大海槽,处于海水淹没之中,早中晚石炭世,柳州沉积了白云质灰岩、白云岩。白莲洞由浅灰—白色厚层块状结晶灰岩、生物灰岩、白云质灰岩和白云岩组成。蜓类、珊瑚、海百合     

不溶性基质中天冬氨酸丰富的蛋白在珊瑚的钙质骨片形成中的重要作用

一般认为, 酸性蛋白在控制矿物的形成和发展中发挥重要作用。因此, 在不溶性有机基质中鉴定酸性蛋白对于理解珊瑚中个体蛋白的功能是非常重要的一步。在短指多型软珊瑚(Sinularia polydactyla)的可溶性和不溶性基质层中分析蛋白组分表明, 在不溶性基质和可溶性基质层中天冬氨酸的含量分别是61%和29%。利用体外分析法发现, 基质蛋白诱导碳酸钙形成非晶态析出相先于其形成钙质的结晶态。利用X-射线衍射来鉴定骨片上结晶态的碳酸钙, 结果表明钙质的多晶态呈现强反射。傅利叶变换红外光谱分析表明珊瑚基质中富含天冬氨酸的蛋白和多醣的结构。在不溶性基质组分中用钙离子结合分析显示一个分子量为109 kD的蛋白质可以与形成骨片的钙离子结合, 这一过程对骨片形成非常重要。在对生物钙化过程中起重要作用的碳酸酐酶的分析中显示了此酶的新颖的活性。以上结果显示珊瑚中不溶性基质内的富含天冬氨酸的蛋白在生物矿化调控过程中起重要作用。     

贵州省惠水县王佑中泥盆世晚期的四射珊瑚(一)

贵州省惠水县王佑至翁赖一带出露的中泥盆世晚期浅海底栖相地层翁赖组(新名)陆源碎屑发育,沉积厚度巨大,单体珊瑚居多。由于受到当地穹窿地质构造的影响,只出露了中泥盆统的最上部,即相当于独山剖面的独山组鸡窝寨段和宋家桥段这二段地层,而相当于鸡泡段及其以下的地层都被掩埋在地下。根据岩性和珊瑚群组合面貌,翁赖组可以分成上、下两个部分:下部砂岩比较多,也有少许灰岩和泥质砂岩,大致可与独山剖面的独山组宋家桥段相当;上部虽然也有砂岩和泥质砂岩,但灰岩和泥质灰岩明显增加,最富有生物地层学意义的是在上部之底发现了中泥盆世晚期的标准珊瑚化石Sinospongophyllum,表明它可与独山剖面的独山组鸡窝寨段进行对比。无独有偶,独山县的泥盆系剖面是以群体的内板珊瑚(Endophyllum)层作为鸡窝寨段的底界的,Endophyllum层之上是鸡窝寨段(灰岩);Endophyllum层之下则是宋家桥段(砂岩)。Sinospongophyllum(单体珊瑚)与Endophyllum(群体珊瑚),虽然它们外部形态不同,但它们的骨骼内部构造基本上是相同的或者是非常相似的,而它们外形的差异主要是受不同海洋生态环境(如海浪的强弱和陆源碎屑物的多少)影响的结果。文中描述了翁赖组下部的四射珊瑚,共有6属7种,含2个新种,分别是:Grypophyllum cf.primum Wedekind,Grypophyllum wangyouense(Li in Kong and Huang),Cyathophyllum wenglaiense sp. nov.,Sinodisphyllum litvinovitshae(Soshkina),Temnophyllum majus Walther,Argutastrea quadrigemina(Goldfuss)和Ceratophyllum simplex sp. nov.。它们都是华南以及亚洲、欧洲、澳大利亚和北美西部等地中泥盆世晚期常见的一些珊瑚属种。     

黔东北石阡志留系雷家屯组的生物-岩相分异

黔东北石阡志留系兰多维列统埃隆阶上部的雷家屯组属灰岩和碎屑岩混合相,其分布限于滇黔桂古陆以北离岸几十千米范围内的浅海区。出露于枫香铺子沟、雷家屯、白沙龙口—筷子山、白沙均田和本庄岩门的5个剖面存在生物-沉积相的差异性。铺沟村粉砂岩—泥岩含量高于灰岩,达到4∶1,壳相化石丰度最低且无生物礁滩灰岩沉积;其它4个剖面的碎屑岩—灰岩比例约1∶1,雷家屯壳相化石最丰富,上部出现米级厚度的珊瑚-层孔虫点礁;筷子山剖面的雷家屯组下部开始出现雏形礁,之上的礁核灰岩现已被剥蚀掉,但从礁基的菲利普构造和礁翼塌积岩推测,点礁的正向隆起规模是很明显的;均田剖面仅出露雷家屯组上部约7m的地层,多为粉砂岩和生屑灰岩薄层;岩门剖面多为薄层细颗粒生屑滩相灰岩,近顶部出现钙质微生物形成的叠层石。偏西剖面的雷家屯组顶部展现侵蚀面、泥裂等现象,是桐梓上升期海底暴露的证据,唯有最靠东的铺沟村雷家屯组顶部未见暴露标志,与之上马脚冲组呈整合接触。     

陕南寒武纪早期仙女洞组生物礁灰岩微相序列

扬子地台北缘在寒武纪筇竹寺期—沧浪铺期出现海退,该时期的仙女洞组属浅海碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩的混合沉积单元,分布于陕西南部及四川北部。陕南南郑福成和碑坝剖面组成完整仙女洞组序列,其中包含8期生物礁相单元。单层礁体为米级厚度,形态特征显示丘状隆起或平缓延伸。水体的清澈度、深度以及水动力强度变化对各期礁相单元生长的控制力度因时而异,陆源碎屑数次侵入导致海水浑浊度增高,点断了礁体生长。礁灰岩微相类型包括钙质微生物粘结岩、古杯-钙质微生物绑结岩、古杯漂砾-砾屑灰岩、粒泥状-泥粒状灰岩以及泥状灰岩。早期礁灰岩中钙质微生物粘结岩含量丰富,之后古杯绑结岩在礁灰岩构建中具有丰度增长的趋势,且上部礁灰岩层位中不规则古杯占主要地位。仙女洞组沉积晚期海水变浅和水动力条件增强,常见漂砾灰岩和砾屑灰岩。     

Emsian (Early Devonian) Yujiang Event in South China

The Yujiang Event is reported here as a newly recognized event that occurred during the deposition of the Early Devonian Yukiang Formation in Liujing, Guangxi, and its equivalents in South China. The first episode of the Yujiang Event is characterized by the extinction of biostrome that is constructed mainly by colonies of rugose coral, tabulatimorph coral and bryozoan as well as the extinction of evolved biota including some brachiopods, bivalves, etc. The age of the first episode of the Yujiang Event dated by conodonts is at the beginning or the lower part of the Polygnathus nothoperbonus Zone. The main episode of Yujiang Event is evidenced by the extinction of the Rostrospirifer tonkinensis Fauna (sensu lato) at the top of Yukiang Formation and by the sudden occurrences of the dolostones and dolomitic limestone of the overlying Moding Formation. At the basal part of the Moding Formation, the new finding of conodont Polygnathus nothoperbonus and dacryconarids Nowakia (N.) barrandei indicates that this episode of Yujiang Event may occur in the upper part of the Polygnathus nothoperbonus Zone. Overlying the Yukiang Formation and its equivalent beds, various lithic deposits correspondingly yielding different biota can be seen widely in many localities and sections in South China and northern Vietnam. Therefore, the Yujiang Event can be recognized not only as a biotic extinction event, but also as a geological event.     

从塔北隆起奥陶纪钙藻化石探讨奥陶纪的古环境

塔里木盆地塔北隆起轮南46井、英买1、2井奥陶纪石灰岩内含有大量的钙藻化石、蓝细菌以及疑难微体化石。这些钻井岩芯均在深达5000-6200m的地下深部取得。钙藻主要为绿藻类的Dasyporella,Ver‘miporella,Moniliporella以及?Plexa;红藻类的管孔藻类Solenoporaceans;钙化蓝细菌则有Girvanella,Botomaella,?Subtifloria等;疑难微体化石有Bevocastria,Nuia,Rothpletzella。这些钙藻生活于热带或亚热带正常盐度的浅海水内,其水深不到20m。世界各地的奥陶纪Vermiporella均位于古赤道的两侧,这表明它们是在气候炎热、温暖海水中生活的一类海洋藻类。Girvanella以藻灰结核和内碎屑最为常见,某些球粒可能代表Girvanella破碎后形成的单管或小棒。塔里木盆地钙藻植物群相似于哈萨克斯坦、波罗的海周围地区以及北美同时代植物群,这表明这些钙藻和蓝细菌化石具有遍布于全球的性质。塔北隆起早、中奥陶世沉积属于典型的碳酸盐岩台地相沉积。到晚奥陶世时,碳酸盐岩沉积被浅水陆棚沉积所取代,以陆源碎屑岩为主,夹少量的碳酸盐岩。     

华南中泥盆世艾菲尔期浅海相四射珊瑚的组合特征和古生物地理区系

虽然在华南中泥盆世艾菲尔期(Eifelian)较深水或斜坡相地层中产有许多国际标准的牙形类带化石,但在广阔的浅海相地层中却很难寻觅到其踪影。华南浅海相沉积地区是否缺失艾菲尔阶?在野外众多剖面的实地考察中表明,从下泥盆统埃姆斯阶到中泥盆统吉维特阶都是连续沉积,中间并没有发现地层的缺失或间断现象。浅海相的艾菲尔阶与其上覆的吉维特阶和下伏的埃姆斯阶都是连续沉积,说明可能是由于海水太浅,不太适合那些国际标准分子的生存而已。艾菲尔期中期末发生一次生物灭绝事件(Mid-Eifelian event),favositids,heliolitids和许多古老类型的珊瑚在地球上灭绝。华南艾菲尔期四射珊瑚可以划分成下、上两个完全不同的组合:1)Utara-tuiasinen sis-Sociop hyllum minor组合(牙形类partitus带—costatus带);2)Columnaria spinosa-Dendrostella praerhenana组合(牙形类australis带—kocklianus带)。     

Microfacies and depositional environment of an Upper Triassic intra-platform carbonate basin: the Fatric Unit of the West Carpathians (Slovakia)

Facies associations of the Rhaetian Fatra Formation from the Veká Fatra Mts. (West Carpathians) were deposited in a storm-dominated, shallow, intra-platform basin with dominant carbonate deposition and variable onshore peritidal and subtidal deposits, with 21 microfacies types supported by a cluster analysis. The deposits are formed by bivalves, gastropods, brachiopods, echinoderms, corals, foraminifers and red algae, ooids, intraclasts and peloids. A typical feature is the considerable variation in horizontal direction. The relative abundance and state of preservation of components as well as the fabric and geometric criteria of deposits can be correlated with depth/water energy-related environmental gradients. Four facies associations corresponding to four types of depositional settings were distinguished: a) peritidal, b) shoreface, above fair-weather wave base (FWWB), c) shallow subtidal, above normal storm wave base and d) above maximum storm wave base. The depositional environment can be characterized as a mosaic of low-relief peritidal flats and islands, shoreface banks and bars, and shallow subtidal depressions. The distribution and preservation of components were mainly controlled by the position of base level (FWWB), storm activity and differences in carbonate production between settings. Poorly or moderately diverse level-bottom macrobenthic assemblages are dominated by molluscs and brachiopods. The main site of patch-reef/biostrome carbonate production was located below the fair-weather wave base. Patch-reef/biostrome assemblages are poorly diverse and dominated by the branched scleractinian coral Retiophyllia, forming locally dm-scale autochthonous aggregations or more commonly parautochthonous assemblages with evidence of storm-reworking and substantial bioerosion by microborings and boring bivalves.Facies types and assemblages are comparable in some aspects to those known from the Upper Triassic of the Eastern and Southern Alps (Hochalm member of the Kössen Formation or Calcare di Zu Formation), pointing to similar intra-platform depositional conditions. The absence of large-scale patch-reefs and poor diversity of level-bottom and patch-reef/biostrome assemblages with abundance of eurytopic taxa indicate high-stress/unstable ecological conditions and more restricted position of the Fatric intra-platform setting from the open ocean than the intra-platform habitats in the Eastern or Southern Alps.     

四川江油渔洞子下三叠统飞仙关组巨鲕灰岩中疑似蓝细菌及早三叠世疑似蓝细菌的双幕式爆发

二叠纪末海洋生态环境的恶化导致海洋底栖生物的大灭绝及早三叠世蓝细菌的爆发,有关这一时期我国华南蓝细菌化石的报道主要来自早三叠世早期的微生物岩。四川江油渔洞子剖面下三叠统飞仙关组下部巨鲕灰岩中首次发现有丰富的疑似蓝细菌,在种类和结构上与以往所报道的蓝细菌有着明显区别。疑似蓝细菌在巨鲕内和围岩中的富集,表明巨鲕灰岩的成因与疑似蓝细菌的活动有关,与飞仙关组底部微生物岩在成因上有着密切联系,显示早三叠世早期在这一地区发生了疑似蓝细菌的双幕式爆发,同时,暗示着这一地区二叠纪-三叠纪之交至少发生了两次海洋环境恶化及动物灭绝事件。疑似蓝细菌的爆发性生长,对于海洋生态环境的修复和海洋含氧条件的改善,进而为早三叠世末、中三叠世的生物全面复苏、辐射有着重要意义。     

新疆中天山汗吉尕组Helenifore robustum放射虫动物群及其年代地层学意义

汗吉尕组是新疆中天山温泉小区中泥盆统的一个地层单元,为海相碎屑岩夹火山碎屑岩沉积。过去在灰岩团块和灰岩砾石中发现较为丰富的中泥盆世珊瑚和腕足类化石。这次,我们在该组上部地层硅质岩透镜体中首次发现晚泥盆世弗拉晚期的放射虫Helenifore robustum动物群。对于温泉地区该组地层的时代归属,我们认为:由于已发现的中泥盆世珊瑚、腕足类化石主要产于灰岩砾石或外来块体中,因此,这些化石的时代并不代表该组形成的时代;而产于硅质岩透镜体中的晚泥盆世弗拉晚期的放射虫化石很可能代表该组的年代。全文共描述放射虫5属11种,归属3目4科。     

BRACHIOPOD PALAEOECOLOGY IN MIDDLE DANIAN LIMESTONES AT FAKSE, DENMARK

The Danian limestone in the Fakse quarry displays banks of coral limestone interfingering with banks of bryozoan limestone. (1) Previous and present studies on the brachiopods show that ‘Rhynchonella’ flustracea Buch, ‘R.’ faxensis Posselt, ‘Terebratula’ mobergi Lundgren, and Argyrotheca pindborgi (Nielsen) are restricted to the coral limestone of Fakse. (2) Crania (Danocrania) transversa (Lundgren), C. (D.) tuberculata (Nilsson), Isocrania aff. egnabergensis (Retzius), ‘Terebratula’ fallax Lundgren, and Carneithyris incisa (Buch) are known from bryozoan limestone at Fakse and other Middle Danian localities. (3) Common to both kinds of sediments in Fakse quarry and found at other Middle Danian bryozoan limestone localities as well are Terebratulina aff. chrysalis (Schlotheim), Argyrotheca scabricula (Koenen), Megathiris bruennichi (Rosenkrantz), Platidia sp., and Thecidellina? groenwalli (Nielsen). (4) ‘Terebratula cincta’ Nielsen is restricted to Fakse quarry and occurs in both kinds of sediments. (5) Some of the species restricted to the coral limestone appear to be morphologically adapted to fit in between the branches of the dominant coral in Fakse quarry, Dendrophyllia candelabrum Hennig.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗晚奥陶世生物地理和奥陶-志留系分界

通过最近对内蒙古额济纳旗东南珠斯楞海尔罕一带(阿拉善地块)奥陶—志留系界线地层和生物群的野外调查和室内研究,首次在上奥陶统上部巴丹吉林组中发现阿什极尔中期(mid Ashgill)腕足动物化石巨大全嘴贝(Holorhymchus giganteus Kiaer),这是该属在我国奥陶系中的首次记录。根据未成年个体的切片所发现的腹壳顶端发育中隔板构造,修订该属定义,并证明研究小个体对识别物种特征、探讨个体发育和系统演化有重要意义。分析了全嘴贝属的群落生态、生物地理和演化意义后,发现它在奥陶纪末大灭绝过程中,因居群规模和分布范围极大地缩减,至今未发现其化石记录;但在志留纪初环境好转后继续存活,可暂视其为复活属。根据在拐子湖组近底部发现志留系最下部Akidograptus ascensus带的重要分子Normalograptus lubricus Chen et Lin,确定本区的奥陶—志留系分界。阿拉善地块因不发育Hirnantia动物群,表明奥陶纪末期它与扬子区、西藏、滇西等富含该动物群的地区属于不同的生物地理区系;在阿什极尔中期可能位于热带海域,与祁连山、中亚、乌拉尔等地有重要联系。文中描记H．giganteus种,评述正常笔石类(normalograptid)的系统分类位置并描记N．lubricus种。     

Effects of monsoon-driven wave action on coral reefs of Guam and implications for coral recruitment

Benthic cyanobacteria can respond rapidly to favorable environmental conditions, overgrow a variety of reef organisms, and dominate benthic marine communities; however, little is known about the dynamics and consequences of such cyanobacterial blooms in coral reef ecosystems. In this study, the benthic community was quantified at the time of coral spawnings in Guam to assess the substrate that coral larvae would encounter when attempting settlement. Transects at 9, 18, and 25-m depths were surveyed at two reef sites before and after heavy wave action driven by westerly monsoon winds. Communities differed significantly between sites and depths, but major changes in benthic community structure were associated with wave action driven by monsoon winds. A shift from cyanobacteria to crustose coralline algae (CCA) accounted for 44% of this change. Coral recruitment on Guam may be limited by substrate availability if cyanobacteria cover large areas of the reef at the time of settlement, and consequently recruitment may in part depend upon wave action from annual monsoon winds and tropical storms which remove cyanobacteria, thereby exposing underlying CCA and other substrate suitable for coral settlement.     

四川江油马角坝中、晚石炭世的(竹蜓)类

中、上石炭统在四川省境内分布范围较窄,除涪陵一带可能有中石炭统沉积外,只在西北部龙门山一带及松潘区(?)有零星出露。其中以江油马角坝附近发育比较完整,产化石较丰富。1961年,我所川北地层队在江油县马角坝附近张坝沟一个采石场测得中、上石炭统剖面一个,采集了(竹蜓)类及珊瑚类化石若干。剖面的层序自上而下为: